한국에 서식하는 딱다구리목 드러밍의 생물음향학적 특성 연구 Drumming bioacoustics of woodpeckers in South Korea
pp.404-410
본 연구는 딱다구리류의 드러밍 음향특성 분석을 위해 우리나라에 서식하는 대표적 딱다구리를 크기별로 대형, 중형, 소형으로 구분, 까막딱다구리, 오색딱다구리, 쇠딱다구리 3종을 대상으로 드러밍 소리를 녹음하여 분석하였다. 연구대상지는 강원도 원주시 치악산국립공원 구룡사계곡과 상지대학교 캠퍼스와 접한 산림이었다. 드러밍 녹음은 조사경로를 따라 걸으며 딱다구리의 드러밍 소리가 나면 해당 지역으로 찾아가 쌍안경으로 종을 확인하고 녹음을 실시하였다. 회당 평균 드러밍 시간은 까막딱다구리 1.614초, 오색딱다구리 0.683초, 쇠딱다구리 0.200초이었다. 드러밍 동안 평균 두드림은 까막딱다구리는 31.2회, 오색딱다구리 14.9회, 쇠딱다구리 6.7회이었다. 두드림 속도는 까막딱다구리 19.3회/초, 오색딱다구리 21.8회/초, 쇠딱다구리 33.3회/초이었다. 드러밍 우점 주파수는 까막딱다구리 776.9Hz, 오색딱다구리 1,213.8Hz, 쇠딱다구리 826.0Hz이었다. 드러밍 음향특성에 대해 분산분석을 실시한 결과 모든 항목에서 유의수준 1%에서 통계적으로 유의미한 차이가 있었는데, 딱다구리의 생체량이 클수록 드러밍 시간이 길고, 두드림 회수 또한 많았다. 두드림 속도는 크기가 작을수록 빨라 종별 몸체의 크기에 따른 드러밍 특성이 명확히 구분되었다. 두드림 우점 주파수는 중간 크기의 오색딱다구리가 높고, 까막딱다구리와 쇠딱다구리가 비슷하게 나타나 크기별로 뚜렷한 경향은 없었다.
In this study, we conducted an analysis of the drumming bioacoustics of three woodpeckers typical to South Korea. The targeted species were, from largest to smallest in size, the Black Woodpecker(Dryocopus martius), the Great Spotted Woodpecker(Dendrocopos major) and the Japanese Pygmy Woodpecker(Dendrocopos Kizuki). The drumming sounds of these three species of woodpeckers were recorded and analyzed. Sound recordings were taken in the Guryongsa Valley, Chiaksan National Park and on the campus of Sangji University, Wonju City, South Korea. Drumming recordings were obtained in the following manner. As researchers walked along trails in the investigation areas, when woodpecker drumming sounds were indicated, positive identification of the species was made using binoculars then the recording of the drumming sound was started. The average time per drumming, in seconds, was Black Woodpecker(D. martius) 1.614 seconds, Great Spotted Woodpecker(D. major) 0.683 seconds and Japanese Pygmy woodpecker(D. Kizuki) 0.200 seconds. The average number of strikes for each drumming was Black Woodpecker(D. martius) 31.2 times, Great Spotted Woodpecker(D. major) 14.9 times and Japanese Pygmy Woodpecker(D. Kizuki) 6.7 times. The strike speed, in strikes/sec, for each species was the Black Woodpecker(D. martius)19.3strikes/sec, the Great Spotted Woodpecker(D. major) 21.8strikes/sec and Japanese Pygmy Woodpecker(D. Kizuki)33.3strikes/sec. The frequency of drumming, in Hertz, was Black Woodpecker(D. martius) 776.9Hz, Great Spotted Woodpecker (D. major) 1,213.8Hz and Japanese Pygmy Woodpecker(D. Kizuki) 826.0Hz. In interpreting this data, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used and it was determined that there was a significant statistical difference between species in drumming duration, time and interval of striking. The findings support that the bigger the biomass of the woodpecker, the longer the drumming duration and striking time. However, the smaller the size of the woodpecker, the faster the strike speed. A correlation between body type size and drumming characteristics was clearly identified. As for strike frequency, measured in Hertz, the medium sized Great Spotted Woodpecker's (D. major) frequency was high whereas the Black Woodpecker(D. martius) and Japanese Pygmy Woodpecker's(D. Kizuki) frequency was similar. A clear trend in reference to body size on this measure does not exist.