KOREASCHOLAR

The purpose of this study was to verify the sensitive areas when the AI determines osteoporosis for the entire area of the panoramic radiograph. Panoramic radiographs of a total of 1,156 female patients(average age of 49.0±24.0 years) were used for this study. The panoramic radiographs were diagnosed as osteoporosis and the normal by Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology specialists. The VGG16 deep learning convolutional neural network(CNN) model was used to determine osteoporosis and the normal from testing 72 osteoporosis(average age of 73.7±8.0 years) and 93 normal(average age of 26.4±5.1 years). VGG16 conducted a gradient-weighted class activation mapping(Grad-CAM) visualization to indicate sensitive areas when determining osteoporosis. The accuracy of CNN in determining osteoporosis was 100%. Heatmap image from 72 panoamic radiographs of osteoporosis revealed that CNN was sensitive to the cervical vertebral in 70.8%(51/72), the cortical bone of the lower mandible in 72.2%(52/72), the cranial base area in 30.6%(22/72), the cancellous bone of the mandible in 33.3%(24/72), the cancellous bone of the maxilla in 20.8%(15/72), the zygoma in 8.3%(6/72), and the dental area in 5.6%(4/72). Consideration: it was found that the cervical vertebral area and the cortical bone of the lower mandible were sensitive areas when CNN determines osteoporosis in the entire area of panoramic radiographs.

Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION
Ⅱ. Materials and Methods
    1. Materials
    2. Deep learning model
Ⅲ. Results
Ⅳ. Discussion
REFERENCES

• 안정인(전남대학교 치의학전문대학원) | Jeongin An (School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University)
• 송인자(광주여자대학교 간호학과) | In-Ja Song (Department of Nursing, Kwangju Women's University)
• 송호준(전남대학교 치의학전문대학원 치과재료학교실, 치의학연구소) | Ho-Jun Song (Department of Dental Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, Dental Science Research Institute, Chonnam National University)
• 박병주(전남대학교 치의학전문대학원 구강생화학교실, 치의학연구소) | Byung-Ju Park (Department of Oral Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Dental Science Research Institute, Chonnam National University)
• 이재서(전남대학교 치의학전문대학원 구강악안면방사선학교실, 치의학연구소) | Jae-Seo Lee (Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Dental Science Research Institute, Chonnam National University)
• 윤숙자(전남대학교 치의학전문대학원 구강악안면방사선학교실, 치의학연구소) | Suk-Ja Yoon (Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Dental Science Research Institute, Chonnam National University) Corresponding author