논문 상세보기
pp.67-81
축구경기에서 승부차기 시 선수들은 킥 기술 외 환경적·상황적 요인에 따라 다양한 심리적 갈등을 경험한다. 본 연구는 축구선수들이 승부차기 시 경험하는 킥 선호순위, 습관요인, 방해요인과 그에 따른 대처요인을 규명하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 초·중·고 각 5개 학교의 축구선수 총 300명을 대상으로 선택형 질문과 개방질문지를 사용하였다. 그 분석 결과, 첫째, 승부차기 시 싫어하는 킥의 순서는 1번과 5번 그리고 좋아하는 순서는 2번과 3번으로 나타났다. 둘째, 승부차기 시 갖는 습관요인은 방향설정, 징크스 행동, 골키퍼 견제, 호흡, 발걸음 수 공식화, 기도, 기타 7개 영역으로 나타났다. 특히 방향 설정에 대한 습관은 "차는 쪽 반대쪽을 쳐다본다"가 가장 높은 빈도를 보였으며, 중·고 축구선수들은 "심호흡을 크게 한다"와 같은 호흡과 관련된 습관요인이 높은 빈도를 나타냈다. 여기서 축구선수들의 습관요인 중 골키퍼에게 킥의 방향을 예측할 수 있는 단서를 제공하는 습관이 있음이 발견되었다. 셋째, 승부차기 시 경험하는 방해요인은 실패 및 실수에 대한 걱정, 방향 설정에 대한 갈등, 자신감부족, 외부 요인의 작용, 기술 부족, 집중력 감소, 긴장 및 불안감 증대 7개 영역이 확인되었다. 넷째, 방해요인에 따른 대처요인은 정신 집중, 자기위안, 자신감 갖기, 자기암시, 목표 설정, 자기확신, 몰입, 연습, 심상 훈련, 마인드 컨트롤, 무시, 이미지 트레이닝, 심호흡 14개 요인으로 나타났다. 특히 실패 및 실수에 대한 걱정의 방해요인에 대해서는 심호흡, 마인드 컨드롤, 정신 집중, 자기위안 순위로, 자신감이 부족할 때는 자신감, 자기암시 방법과 같은 순위로 대처하였다. 모든 선수들이 공통적으로 가장 많이 사용하는 방해요인과 대처요인은 자신감 부족, 실패나 실수 걱정 그리고 자신감 갖기, 심호흡으로 나타났다. 축구 지도자들은 이와 갈이 승부차기 시 경험하는 축구선수들의 다양한 심리적 특성을 충분히 숙지하여 훈련에 임함이 바람직하겠다.
Soccer players experience various psychological conflicts at the time of penalty shoot-outs depending on circumstantial and situational factors in addition to their kicking capabilities. This article aims to identify sources of stress the players experience, their strategies to cope with the stress, and their habitual behavior in this circumstance. The study also tries to find out which kicking order the players prefer and want to avoid. This study is based on 300 soccer players from 15 elementary, middle, and high schools. The players were given multiple choice questions and open-ended questions. Analysis of the questionnaire revealed the following results. First, all levels of players wanted to avoid the spots for first and fifth kickers, and prefer second and third kicker spots. Therefore, coaches are advised to put emotionally stable and strong players in the first and fifth spots, all things being equal. Second, the players showed 7 types of habitual behavior at the moment of penalty shoot-outs. They included concentration, confidence, target decision, breathing, imagination, and observance of taboo. As for the target decision, many players were found to look at the opposite direction to which they would kick the ball. Third, in the case of soccer players, 7 domains were identified as sources of stress at the time of penalty shoot-outs: the concern about failure and mistake, conflict on target decision, lack of confidence, lack of kicking skill, decrease in concentration, increase in tension and anxiety and other external factors were important. Specifically, elementary school players frequently mentioned such concerns as "my team may lose because of me," and such lack of confidence as "I have no guts." Middle school and high school players expressed such lack of confidence as "I have no confidence," or "I`m not strong-minded," and such decrease in concentration as "Past failure occurs to me." Finally, the soccer players were found to use 14 strategies to cope with this stressful moment. They included mind concentration, relaxation, self-consolation, self-confidence, self-control, exercise, image training, mind control, avoidance, ignoring, and deep breathing. More specifically, to cope with the concern about failure and mistake, they used such strategies as relaxation, mind concentration, and self-consolation. When they felt they were not confident enough, they tried to regain self-confidence and used auto suggestion. In particular, for all levels of players, when they felt lack of confidence, they used strategies to boost self-confidence and self-assurance. Soccer players experience extreme psychological turmoil at the moment of penalty shoot-outs as this study has demonstrated. Therefore, it is imperative for soccer coaches to understand and consider these psychological aspects during training and competition contexts.
