Rhaphidophoridae (Orthoptera: Ensifera), commonly known as cave crickets, are a wingless family and considered the most ancient lineage within Tettigoniidea. However, previous molecular phylogenetic studies and morphological hypotheses have shown inconsistencies. Although their fossils have been found in Baltic amber, their systematic placement remains unrevealed. This study reconstructed a comprehensive phylogeny integrating both extant and fossil lineages. Initially, we revealed relationships within extant lineages through molecular phylogenetics including all extant subfamilies for the first time. Subsequently, using a cladistic approach based on morphology, we confirmed the systematic position of fossil taxa †Protroglophilinae with a report of a new species. Integrating molecular and morphological phylogeney by total evidence tip-dating, we present the comprehensive phylogeny of Rhaphidophoridae considering both extant and fossil groups.

• Do-Yoon Kim(School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea, Comparative Medicine Disease Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea)
• Sangil Kim(School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea, Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea, Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA)
• Hojun Song(Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA)
• Seunggwan Shin(School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea, Comparative Medicine Disease Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea, Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea)