This study was conducted to investigate the flora of Sonjukdo Island (Yeosu-si), Korea. From results of four field surveys from April 2023 to October 2023, we identified 483 total taxa, representing 440 species, seven subspecies, 35 varieties, and one hybrid. They were placed in 322 genera and 109 families, including 249 taxa newly recorded in this study. Among them, four taxa were endemic to Korea, four taxa were IUCN red list plants, and 22 taxa were climate sensitive indicator plants. Floristic target plants amounted to 99 taxa, including two taxa of grade IV, 41 taxa of grade III, 10 taxa of grade II, and 46 taxa of grade I. A total of 54 taxa of alien plants were identified, with a Naturalized Index of 11.2% and an Urbanization Index of 13.8%. Three plants disturbed the ecosystem. The flora of this surveyed area belongs to the south-coast province among floral provinces of the Korean Peninsula. Our results provide basic data on vascular plants flora, plant species diversity, and distributional changes.

본 연구는 남북한 공영방송국의 날씨방송 영상을 비교·분석하기 위한 연구이다. 이를 위하여 먼저 날씨방송을 이론적으로 고찰하고, 지난 1년 간 우리나라 공영방송인 KBS 뉴스의 날씨방송과 북한 공영방송인 조선중앙TV 뉴스의 날씨방송을 연구 대상으로 삼아, 영상구성과 의미연결망분석을 실시하 였다. 결과는 다음과 같았다. 첫째, 우리나라 날씨방송은 북한 날씨방송에 비 하여 약 3배 정도 짧게 구성되었다. 둘째, 우리나라 날씨방송은 ‘기온’, ‘서울’ 등이 의미연결망의 중심부에 있었고, 북한 날씨방송은 ‘지역’, ‘기온’이 의미 연결망 중심부에 있었다. 셋째, 우리나라 날씨방송이 전달하는 날씨 건강주의 정보는 ‘대기질’이었고, 북한은 ‘지자기’로 분석되었다. 이를 통하여 우리나라 날씨방송은 그 길이가 짧고 주요도시를 중심으로 한 빠른 전개가 특징이었던 반면, 북한 날씨방송은 그 길이가 길고 지역을 중심으로 한 느린 전개가 특징 이었다. 또한 건강주의 정보로 우리나라는 미세먼지 등 대기질 정보를 건강주 의 정보로 전달하는 반면, 북한은 협심증, 고혈압 등 순환기질병 지자기 정보 를 건강주의 정보로 전달하고 있었다. 끝으로 본 연구는 기후변화 및 기후위 기의 시대에 들어, 한반도를 공유하고 있는 남북한 공영방송국의 날씨방송이, 향후 어떤 지점을 어떻게 교류·개선할 수 있는지 추가적인 논의체계가 필요할 수 있다는 점을 밝히며 본 연구를 마쳤다.

2020년 6월 여름철 중위도 동아시아 지역의 온난화가 PM2.5 에어로졸의 생성기작에 미치는 영향을 WRF-Chem 모델에 기상과 기후 입력 자료를 적용하여 산출한 PM2.5 에어로졸 아노말리를 통해 분석하였다. 30년(1991-2020년) 동 안 동아시아 지역의 10년 단위 기온 변화 경향은 최근에 겨울보다는 여름에 온난화가 더 커지는 것으로 나타나고 있다. 동아시아 지역의 여름철 온난화는 중국 내륙의 대류권 하층에서는 저기압, 대류권 상층에서는 고기압을 발생시키고 있 었다. 대류권 하층 저기압과 상층 고기압의 경계가 티베트고원으로부터 한국으로 낮아지는 지형을 따라 경사져 분포하 고 있었다. 중국 동부-황해-한국의 지역에는 저기압과 더불어 북서 태평양 고기압의 발달로 동중국해로부터 온난 다습한 남서 기류가 수렴하고 있었다. 한국에서는 1973년 이래로 6월 중에는 2020년에 가장 높은 기온이 관측되었다. 한편 동아시아 지역에서 강화된 온난화는 중국 동부지역으로부터 한반도로 장거리를 이동하는 PM2.5 에어로졸의 생성을 증 가시키고 있었다. WRF-Chem (Weather Research Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry) 모델에 배출량의 변동은 고려하지 않고, 기상 및 기후 입력장(1991-2020년)만을 적용하여 산출한 PM2.5 아노말리는 중국 동부지역으로부터 황해 와 한국, 그리고 북서 태평양 지역에 걸쳐 양(+)으로 분포하고 있었다. 따라서, 2020년 6월 동아시아 지역에서 PM2.5 질량 농도에 대한 온난화 기여도는 50% 이상이었다. 특히 PM2.5 에어로졸이 중국 동부로부터 황해를 거쳐 한국으로 장 거리 수송되는 과정에서 온난 다습한 남서 기류에 의해 황산염은 습식세정 되고 있지만 질산염은 생성이 촉진되고 있 었다.

황해는 지정학적으로 한국, 중국, 북한 사이 해역에 위치하고 있으며, 최근 해양공간 이용이 확대되어 사회적·경제적 가치가 증가하고 있다. 또한 기후변화로 인한 해양환경 변화, 대기오염물질 이동 등 한·중 공동 대응 및 협력의 필요성이 증가되고 있다. 본 연구 에서는 황해(Yellow Sea) 키워드의 연구논문을 대상으로 핵심주제(Topic)을 도출하고, 저자 네트워크 분석을 수행하여 연구동향을 탐색하 였다. 연구대상으로 1984년부터 2021년 사이에 게재된 Web of Science DataBase의 황해 관련 연구논문을 추출하고, 한중 어업협정, 해양환 경공동조사 등 한국과 중국의 주요 이벤트를 중심으로 4개의 시기로 구분하였다. 연구방법으로 텍스트 마이닝(Text Mining)의 일종인 토픽 모델링(Topic Modeling)을 활용하여 Topic을 도출하였다. 또한 저자 네트워크를 분석하여 해당 분야의 주요 연구 그룹(Community)과 연구자 및 연구기관의 영향력을 파악하고 시사점을 제시하였다. 분석결과 황해 연구논문의 핵심주제는 1기 퇴적물, 해양생물, 2기 산성화, 미세먼 지, 3기 수산양식, 지진, 4기 탄소요인, 해양생태계 등으로 변화하였고, 시기별로 핵심 연구자를 중심의 연구자 그룹이 증가하였다. 연구결 과를 토대로 황해 관련 연구 동향과 주요 연구자 및 연구기관을 파악함으로써 향후 한국과 중국 간의 황해 연구협력에 기여하고자 한다.

The key to invasive pest management lies in preemptive action. However, most current research using species distribution models is conducted after an invasion has occurred. This study modeled the potential distribution of the globally notorious sweet potato pest, the sweet potato weevil (Cylas formicarius), that has not yet invaded Korea using MaxEnt. Using global occurrence data, bioclimatic variables, and topsoil characteristics, MaxEnt showed high explanatory power as both the training and test areas under the curve exceeded 0.9. Among the environmental variables used in this study, minimum temperature in the coldest month (BIO06), precipitation in the driest month (BIO14), mean diurnal range (BIO02), and bulk density (BDOD) were identified as key variables. The predicted global distribution showed high values in most countries where the species is currently present, with a significant potential invasion risk in most South American countries where C. formicarius is not yet present. In Korea, Jeju Island and the southwestern coasts of Jeollanam-do showed very high probabilities. The impact of climate change under shared socioeconomic pathway (SSP) scenarios indicated an expansion along coasts as climate change progresses. By applying the 10th percentile minimum training presence rule, the potential area of occurrence was estimated at 1,439 km2 under current climate conditions and could expand up to 9,485 km2 under the SSP585 scenario. However, the model predicted that an inland invasion would not be serious. The results of this study suggest a need to focus on the risk of invasion in islands and coastal areas.

최근 해외 주요 정보선진국들 차원에서 국가안보의 위협에 대한 인식들의 변화가 발견된다. 전통적인 국가안보의 위협이었던, WMD, 적국 스파이행 위, 군사도발, 테러리스트ㆍ초국가 범죄단체의 위협들 외에도 기후변화, 전 염병과 신종바이러스의 위협, 식량과 반도체 등 공급망, 사이버 공격, 신 기술과 관련된 경쟁과 악용에 대한 위협들이 새롭게 인식되고 있다. 무엇 보다 악의적 허위정보, 정보조작을 통한 사회혼란, 여론조작, 선거개입 등 의 민주주의 시스템을 흔드는 시도들은 자유민주주의 국가에 대한 중요한 위해요소로 등장하였다. 이 같은 위협들이 실존적인 인류와 국가의 생존과 관련되면서 해외주요 국가들은 정보기관들에 복합적 국가안보위협에 대응 하기 위해 기술적, 지식적, 인지적 준비를 갖출 것을 요구하고 있다. 이를 위해서는 입법을 통한 정보기관 권한 강화하가 가장 중요하다. 그러나 국 내의 경우 정보기관의 수사 및 정보활동을 더 약화되었고 현재 주요 국내 정보기관의 활동은 해외의 정보강국들에 비해 상대적으로 크게 위축된 상 황이다. 반면, 미국 등 서구 주요 정보선진국들은 새로운 안보위협들에 대 응할 수 있도록 정보기관의 활동과 권한을 강화할 입법조치를 취하고 있 다. 이러한 변화는 신냉전 상황에서 각 국가의 핵심적인 안보전략과 정보 기관의 업무범위와 방향을 일치시키고 조율하는 것으로 향후 수년간 이러 한 추세가 지속될 것이 예측된다. 따라서 주요 정보강국들의 정보기관 활 동과 권한을 규정하는 법률들을 이해하는 것은 오늘날 한국의 국가안보차 원의 정보활동에 중요하다. 그러나 국내에는 이와 같은 관점에서 정보활동 을 강화하는 법률에 대한 고찰연구를 발견하기 어렵다. 이에 따라 이 연구는 미국의 국가안보와 관련된 가장 핵심적 정보기관들의 정보활동, 업무, 권한과 이를 규정하는 법률들에 대해 소개하고자 한다. 이러한 연구의 목 적을 위해서 다양한 자료들을 대상으로 문헌분석을 수행하였다. 결론 부분 에서 미국 사례분석에 근거하여 국내 정보기관의 권한과 관련한 입법관련 정책시사점이 논의되었다.

Species distribution model (SDM) is used to preserve biodiversity and climate change impact. To evaluate biodiversity, various studies are being conducted to utilize and apply SDM. However, there is insufficient research to provide useful information by identifying the current status and recent trends of SDM research and discussing implications for future research. This study analyzed the trends and flow of academic papers, in the use of SDM, published in academic journals in South Korea and provides basic information that can be used for related research in the future. The current state and trends of SDM research were presented using philological methods and text-mining. The papers on SDM have been published 148 times between 1998 and 2023 with 115 (77.7%) papers published since 2015. MaxEnt model was the most widely used, and plant was the main target species. Most of the publications were related to species distribution and evaluation, and climate change. In text mining, the term ‘Climate change’ emerged as the most frequent keyword and most studies seem to consider biodiversity changes caused by climate change as a topic. In the future, the use of SDM requires several considerations such as selecting the models that are most suitable for various conditions, ensemble models, development of quantitative input variables, and improving the collection system of field survey data. Promoting these methods could help SDM serve as valuable scientific tools for addressing national policy issues like biodiversity conservation and climate change.

In this study, the biogeochemistry management (BGC-MAN) model was applied to North and South Korea pine and oak forest stands to evaluate the Net Primary Productivity (NPP), an indicator of forest ecosystem productivity. For meteorological information, historical records and East Asian climate scenario data of Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) were used. For vegetation information, pine (Pinus densiflora) and oak (Quercus spp.) forest stands were selected at the Gwangneung and Seolmacheon in South Korea and Sariwon, Sohung, Haeju, Jongju, and Wonsan, which are known to have tree nurseries in North Korea. Among the biophysical information, we used the elevation model for topographic data such as longitude, altitude, and slope direction, and the global soil database for soil data. For management factors, we considered the destruction of forests in North and South Korea due to the Korean War in 1950 and the subsequent reforestation process. The overall mean value of simulated NPP from 1991 to 2100 was 5.17 Mg C ha-1, with a range of 3.30-8.19 Mg C ha-1. In addition, increased variability in climate scenarios resulted in variations in forest productivity, with a notable decline in the growth of pine forests. The applicability of the BGC-MAN model to the Korean Peninsula was examined at a time when the ecosystem process-based models were becoming increasingly important due to climate change. In this study, the data on the effects of climate change disturbances on forest ecosystems that was analyzed was limited; therefore, future modeling methods should be improved to simulate more precise ecosystem changes across the Korean Peninsula through processbased models.

Carbon is not only an essential element for life but also a key player in climate change. The radiocarbon (14C) analysis using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) is a powerful tool not only to understand the carbon cycle but also to track pollutants derived from fossil carbon, which have a distinct radiocarbon isotope ratio (Δ14C). Many studies have reported Δ14C of carbon compounds in streams, rivers, rain, snow, throughfall, fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and wastewater treatment plant effluents in South Korea, which are reviewed in this manuscript. In summary, (1) stream and river carbon in South Korea are largely derived from the chemical weathering of soils and rocks, and organic compounds in plants and soils, strongly influenced by precipitation, wastewater treatment effluents, agricultural land use, soil water, and groundwater. (2) Unprecedentedly high Δ14C of precipitation during winter has been reported, which can directly and indirectly influence stream and river carbon. Although we cannot exclude the possibility of local contamination sources of high Δ14C, the results suggest that stream dissolved organic carbon could be older than previously thought, warranting future studies. (3) The 14C analysis has also been applied to quantify the sources of forest throughfall and PM2.5, providing new insights. The 14C data on a variety of ecosystems will be valuable not only to track the pollutants derived from fossil carbon but also to improve our understanding of climate change and provide solutions.

Since maize (Zea mays L.) originated in central and south America, it requires warm climate conditions throughout its growing season. Growth halts when night-time temperatures drop below 10℃, and the plant may die if temperature reach -1.7℃. Thus, temperature should be maintained between 10 and 30℃ from seeding to maturity. The germination temperature for maize should be at least 8-11℃, whit an optimal range 32-34℃. Since temperature significantly affects the germination rate and period, it plays a crucial role in maize growth. In this study, we evaluated the quantity and feed value of 11 major varieties to determine those best suited for maize cultivation as feed in higher latitude, specifically in Democratic People’s of Republic of Korea, below 38 degrees north. A cultivation test was also conducted in Suwon in Republic of Korea, to assess adaptability in areas south of Mt. Suyang. Among the varieties tested, Shinhwangok2 reached silking the fastest, in 65 days, while Gwangpyeongok took the longest at 75 days. The stem length of all varieties exceeded 230 cm. Gwangpyeongok had the tallest stems, while Daanok and Shinhwangok2ho displayed the highest ear ratios. Dacheongok presented the highest values in both dry matter and TDN quantity, with 31,420 kg/ha and 21,66 kg/ha respectively. Pyeonggangok had the highest crude protein content at 8.0%. TDN (%) ranged from 57-68%, with Hwangdaok reaching up to 68%. Based on these findings, Dacheongok and Pyeonggangok appear to be the most suitable varieties for cultivation in terms of both quantity and feed value.

Recently, a closed-type plant factory has been receiving attention as a advanced agricultural method. It has diverse advantages such as climate-independence, high productivity and stable year-round production. However, high energy cost caused by environmental control system is considered as a challenges of a closed-type plant factory. In order to reduce the energy cost, investigation about energy load which is directly connected to energy consumption needs to be conducted. In this study, energy load changes of a plant factory have been analytically analyzed according to the environmental changes. The target plant factory was a lettuce growing container farm. Firstly, the impact of photoperiod, set temperature and relative humidity change were examined. Under the climate condition of Daejeon in South Korea, increase of photoperiod and set temperature rose a yearly energy demand of a container farm. However, increase of set relative humidity decreased a yearly energy demand. Secondly, the climate environment effect was compared by investigating the energy demand under 9 different climate conditions. As a result, the difference between maximum and minimum value of the yearly energy demand showed 21.7%. Lastly, sensitivity analysis of each parameter (photoperiod, set temperature and relative humidity) has been suggested under 3 different climate conditions. The ratio of heating and cooling demand was varied depending on the climate, so the effect of each parameter became different.

Climate change and biological invasions are the greatest threats to biodiversity, agriculture, health and the global economy. Tomato leafminer(Tuta absoluta) (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is one of the most important threats to agriculture worldwide. This pest is characterized by rapid reproduction, strong dispersal ability, and highly overlapping of generations. Plants are damaged by direct feeding on leaves, stems, buds, calyces, young ripe fruits and by the invasion of secondary pathogens which enter through the wounds made by the pest. Since it invaded Spain in 2006, it has spread to Europe, the Mediterranean region, and, in 2010, to some countries in Central Asia and Southeast Asia. In East Asia, Tomato leafminer was first detected in China in Yili, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, in 2017. There is a possibility that this pest will invade South Korea as well. This study provides this by the use of MaxEnt algorithm for modelling the potential geographical distribution of Tomato Leafminer in South Korea Using presence-only data.

Ceriagrion nipponicum (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) is listed as climate-sensitive indicator species in Korea and now expands its range northward. In this study, we sequenced complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of the species collected from South Korea for comparatively analysis in damselflies and to detect the genes suitable for subsequent population genetic study. Comparison of the mitogenomes from two geographic samples of C. nipponicum showed the highest variation in ND4 and ND1, whereas no variation was detected in COI, warranting usefulness of the two genes for subsequent population-level study. Phylogenetic analysis using 13 PCGs and 2 rRNAs in Zygoptera showed non-monophyletic Coenagrionidae, forming two groups.

This study aims to analyze the income structure, cost structure, and profit structure based on data related to the business performance of the boat seine fishery from 1990 to 2020, and to identify the direct and indirect factors affecting fishery profitability through panel regression analysis. The main analysis results are as follows. First, it was found that fish catch has a significant amount of impact on fishery profitability, which is a key factor in improving the profitability of anchovy boat seine fishery. Second, it is necessary to develop carbon-reduced fishing gear, develop fleet-reduced fishing gear, and improve the operating system in order to increase fishery profitability for the short run. Third, it is necessary to create and maintain sustainable profitability for the long run, the continuous fishing vessels buyback program, an active responses to climate change, and the follow-up investigations about marine aggregate extraction in the south sea EEZ are needed.

As the average temperature on Earth increases due to global climate change, crops are further needed to overcome this issue. Since sweet potato has high yield potential, can grow in harsh environments, and contains abundant nutrients, it is a potential substitute food in response to environmental crises. Compared to grains such as rice and barley, sweet potato has a lower glycemic load and contains various natural antioxidants, showing a variety of physiological functions. Thus, sweet potato is in the spotlight as a healthy food. Although domestic sweet potato production continued to decrease from 1990 to 2010, its production was maintained or slightly increased until 2020 due to the changes in consumers’ dietary habits that emphasize health. In this regard, steamed or roasted sweet potatoes were consumed as a snack substitute in the previous eating form. Furthermore, sweet potato starch has been used in various industries, including food. Therefore, this study intends to discuss the value of sweet potatoes as food, the production trend and cultivation method of sweet potatoes in South Korea, and the industrial application of sweet potatoes.

Surface environmental factors such as climate change can affect the safety of the disposal system by changing groundwater recharge or flow. Therefore, it is important to identify surface environmental factors and hydrogeological factors to evaluate long-term changes in hydrogeological environment of a disposal system. In particular, evapotranspiration is an important to be considered because it loses 70% of rainfall and has a great effect on groundwater recharge. Evapotranspiration can be estimated using simple or complex models based on meteorological data. Meteorological data from January 2010 to December 2022 were collected from 44 Automatic Synoptic Observation Systems (ASOS) of the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA), which observe factors necessary for calculating evapotranspiration. For the estimation of evapotranspiration through simple models, temperature-based models (Blaney-Criddle method, modified Blaney-Criddle method, Hargreaves-Samani method) and radiation-based models (Simple Abtew method, Makkink method, Prietley-Taylor method, Turc method, Solar radiation-Maximum temperature method) were used. The calculation of evapotranspiration through the complex model used the Penman-Monteith method, which is used as a standard model in the USA, Japan, and FAO. By comparing the evapotranspiration calculated by complex and simple model, methods with small errors were identified each region. In addition, long-term climate change scenarios were applied to confirm changes in long-term evapotranspiration in South Korea. The results of this study will be used to find alternative models in the case of missing data in the Penman-Monteith model, which requires a lot of meteorological data, and can be used as basic data for calculating groundwater recharge that can affect the disposal system in the future.

The global nuclear nonproliferation regime has developed over the past 50 years based on the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) with three pillars: disarmament, nonproliferation and peaceful use of nuclear energy. Due to climate change and energy security in recent years, nuclear energy has been in the spotlight as an electricity generation source, and many countries are paying attention to introducing nuclear power plants (NPP). Whereas exporters pursue profit by selling their NPP, international organisations and member states that seek nuclear nonproliferation are concerned with potential proliferation risks by expanding the nuclear power industry worldwide. Simultaneously, the member states’ right to peaceful use of nuclear energy has to be guaranteed as specified in NPT Article IV. Accordingly, the trade of nuclear power between the member states taking full responsibility is desirable from the nonproliferation perspective. This paper investigates whether the countries capable of exporting their nuclear power have complied with the global nuclear nonproliferation regime, deriving the role and position that South Korea is faced with, accordingly, has to take. The dynamics of exporters’ competitiveness are discussed, emphasising that compliance with the regime must be considered a qualification when exporting NPP. The achievement that South Korea has attained, fulfilling its role and responsibility under the regime, is highlighted. Since South Korea has developed the nuclear power industry in cooperation with the United States under the NPT and the ROK-US Agreement for Peaceful Nuclear Cooperation, the status quo of the two countries in the nuclear nonproliferation and industrial landscape is discussed. Among the newcomers who have officially announced the plan to introduce NPP, Saudi Arabia is put in a crucial position to aggregate or alleviate nuclear nonproliferation. To this end, the rationale for the ROK-US cooperation is proposed, evaluating the value of nuclear nonproliferation in support of exporting nuclear power.

본 연구는 극지의 높은 교육적 가치를 바탕으로 극지 교육의 방향과 과학과 교육과정을 올바르게 설정하기 위 한 노력의 일환으로 학생들의 극지 소양을 평가, 분석했다. 연구를 위해 개발된 극지 소양 검사 문항은 극지에 대한 지 식, 기능, 태도, 신념 영역과 학생들의 배경 변인을 묻는 문항으로 구성되었다. 예비 검사를 통해 여러 차례 수정, 보완 된 최종 검사 문항은 3 2 3명의 중학교 2학년 학생들을 대상으로 적용되었다. 전체 학생들에 대한 극지 소양 문항의 응 답 특성을 분석했고, 극지 문제를 바라보는 관점에 따라 학생들을 세계 시민적 관점 또는 실용적 관점을 지닌 집단으 로 구분하여 이들의 극지 소양을 추가로 비교 분석했다. 분석 결과, 학생들은 극지의 기후 변화와 생물에 대한 이해는 높았으나 극지의 핵심 구성 요소인 ‘얼음’에 대한 이해는 매우 낮았으며, 극지의 문제를 다룰 때 지구 시스템적 사고로 접근하지 못했다. 또한, 세계 시민적 집단의 학생들은 실용적 집단의 학생들보다 극지의 문제에 대한 지적 이해가 높고, 그 심각성에 대해 깊게 공감하고 있었다. 본 연구는 설문 결과를 바탕으로 극지 교육이 앞으로 나아가야 할 구체적인 방향을 제시했다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

The physiological characteristics, growth, and yield of each regional rice variety (‘Odaebyeo’, ‘Saechucheong’, ‘Ilmibyeo’) were investigated depending on the impact of changes in temperature and CO2 concentration. Experiments were conducted with a control group, which reflected atmospheric CO2 concentration and temperature, and treatment groups, in which the CO2 concentration and temperature were increased by 250 ppm and 2.0℃ from those in the control group. The results showed that the increase in CO2 concentration and temperature reduced the growth and yield of the rice ‘Odaebyeo’, but did not substantially change the productivity of the ‘Saechucheong’ and ‘Ilmibyeo’. The increase in CO2 concentration and temperature increased stomatal conductance and rate of transpiration of the ‘Odaebyeo’ variety, thereby decreasing its water use efficiency (WUE). In contrast, the increase in CO2 concentration and temperature increased the photosynthetic rate and WUE of the ‘Saechucheong’ and ‘Ilmibyeo’ varieties. The gradual change in climate is considered to directly affect growth and development of rice and diversely affect the productivity of each variety. Therefore, it is necessary to implement technological development, select regionally optimal rice varieties, develop new rice varieties, as well as conduct long-term monitoring of each rice variety for climate adaptation to counter global warming.