The purpose of this study was to evaluate indoor air pollutants of children’s facilities in libraries. The indoor pollutants, which were managed under the “Indoor Air Quality Control Standards” and “Environmental Safety Standards for Children’s Activity Zones,” were measured within five months. The new environmental pollutants such as phthalates and pesticides were also measured. The pollutant-measuring device was installed in children’s spaces in libraries and children’s libraries of the metropols. The result of investigating indoor pollutants showed that the concentration of fungus and floating bacteria had low distributions due to the use of air purifiers in all libraries. The concentration of HCHO and TVOCs was also measured lower than the environmental standards in well-ventilated libraries. On the other hand, phthalates and pesticides were detected in all libraries. In the case of heavy metals, they were mainly found in the finishing materials of the library walls and floors. As a result, indoor pollutants are managed under court receivership. On the other hand, phthalates and pesticides, which are not regulated by environmental standards should be managed because they were detected in all libraries.
For the important safety system, two or more units of identical equipment or redundant components with similar function were installed to prevent abnormal failure. If the failure probability of such equipment is independent, this redundancy could increase the system safety remarkably. However, if the failure of each component is highly correlated by installing in a structure or experiencing an earthquake event, the expected redundancy effect will decrease. Therefore, the seismic correlation of the equipment should be evaluated quantitatively for the seismic probabilistic safety assessment. The correlation effect can be explained in the procedure of constructing fragility curves. In this study, several methodologies to quantify the seismic correlation in the failure probability calculation for multiple components were reviewed and two possible ways considering the realistic situation were selected. Simple examples were tested to check the applicability of these methods. The conversion method between these two methods was suggested to render the evaluation using the advantages of each method possible.
Analysis of the 2016 Gyeongju earthquake and the 2017 Pohang earthquake showed the characteristics of a typical high-frequency earthquake with many high-frequency components, short time strong motion duration, and large peak ground acceleration relative to the magnitude of the earthquake. Domestic nuclear power plants were designed and evaluated based on NRC's Regulatory Guide 1.60 design response spectrum, which had a great deal of energy in the low-frequency range. Therefore, nuclear power plants should carry out seismic verification and seismic performance evaluation of systems, structures, and components by reflecting the domestic characteristics of earthquakes. In this study, high-frequency amplification factors that can be used for seismic verification and seismic performance evaluation of nuclear power plant systems, structures, and equipment were analyzed. In order to analyze the high-frequency amplification factor, five sets of seismic time history were generated, which were matched with the uniform hazard response spectrum to reflect the characteristics of domestic earthquake motion. The nuclear power plant was subjected to seismic analysis for the construction of the Korean standard nuclear power plant, OPR1000, which is a reactor building, an auxiliary building assembly, a component cooling water heat exchanger building, and an essential service water building. Based on the results of the seismic analysis, a high-frequency amplification factor was derived upon the calculation of the floor response spectrum of the important locations of nuclear power plants. The high-frequency amplification factor can be effectively used for the seismic verification and seismic performance evaluation of electric equipment which are sensitive to high-frequency earthquakes.
In this study, we develop a sampling-based seismic probabilistic risk assessment (SPRA) quantification technique that can accurately consider a partially dependent condition of component seismic fragility information. Specifically, the SPRA quantification method is proposed by combining the advantages of two representative methodologies: EPRI seismic fragility and JAERI seismic fragility input-based quantification. The most important feature of the proposed method is that it performs a SPRA using a sampling technique by transforming the EPRI seismic fragility input into JAERI seismic fragility input. When the proposed sampling-based approach was applied to an example of simple system and to a SPRA problem of a nuclear power plant, it was observed that the proposed method yields approximately similar system seismic fragility and seismic risk results as those of the exact solution. Therefore, it is believed that the approach proposed in this study can be used as a useful tool for accurately assessing seismic risks, considering the partial seismic dependence among the components; the existing SPRA method cannot handle such partial dependencies.
Seismic responses due to the dynamic coupling between a primary structure and secondary system connected to a structure are analyzed in this study. The seismic responses are compared based on dynamic coupling criteria and according to the error level in the natural frequency, with the recent criteria being reliant on the error level in the spectral displacement response. The acceleration responses and relative displacement responses of a primary structure and a secondary system for a coupled model and two different decoupled models of two degrees-of-freedom system are calculated by means of the time integration method. Errors in seismic responses of the uncoupled models are reduced with the recent criteria. As the natural frequency of the secondary system increases, error in the natural frequency decreases, but seismic responses of uncoupled models can be underestimated compared to that of coupled model. Results in this paper can help determine dynamic coupling and predict uncoupled models’ response conservatism.
In 2016, an earthquake occurred at Gyeongju, Korea. At the Wolsong site, the observed peak ground acceleration was lower than the operating basis earthquake (OBE) level of Wolsong nuclear power plant. However, the measured spectral acceleration value exceeded the spectral acceleration of the operating-basis earthquake (OBE) level in some sections of the response spectrum, resulting in a manual shutdown of the nuclear power plant. Analysis of the response spectra shape of the Gyeongju earthquake motion showed that the high-frequency components are stronger than the response spectra shape used in nuclear power plant design. Therefore, the seismic performance evaluation of structures and equipment of nuclear power plants should be made to reflect the characteristics of site-specific earthquakes. In general, the floor response spectrum shape at the installation site or the generalized response spectrum shape is used for the seismic performance evaluation of structures and equipment. In this study, a generalized response spectrum shape is proposed for seismic performance evaluation of structures and equipment for nuclear power plants. The proposed response spectrum shape reflects the characteristics of earthquake motion in Korea through earthquake hazard analysis, and it can be applied to structures and equipment at various locations.
본 연구에서는 바이오매스 폐기물인 Corynebacterium glutamium을 Alg를 이용한 고정화와 PEI 표면개질 과정을 통하여 유해 미세조류인 Microcystis aeruginosa를 제거할 수 있는 흡착소재인 PEI-AlgBF를 개발하였다. 녹조의 발생단계에 상관없이 PEI-AlgBF는 수계로부터 M. aeruginosa를 성공적으로 제거할 수 있었으며 유해조류 제거과정에서 M. aeruginosa 세포의 파괴를 유발하지 않았다. 흡착소재의 표면적은 M. aeruginosa의 제거효율에 매우 큰 영향을 주는 주요인자로 확인할 수 있었다. PEI-AlgBF를 사용한 M. aeruginosa 흡착/제거 방식은 기존 기술에 비하여 환경영 향성이 낮기 때문에 보다 안전하고 안정적인 유해조류의 제어 방식이 될 것이다.
우리나라에서 쌀(Rice, Orzya sativa L.)은 주식일 뿐만 아니라 다양한 가공식품원료로서 그의 가치가 높은 식품자원이다. 본 연구는 쌀맥주 제조 시 당화가 잘되는 쌀의 전 처리 방법에 대해 탐색하고자 수행되었다. 쌀을 미세분쇄, 수침처리, 볶음처리, 호화처리, 팽화처리 후 맥아와 함께 당화를 한 결과, 팽화미를 함유한 맥즙이 가장 높은 당도 (°Bx)를 나타내었다. 또한 액화 및 당화효소를 첨가하지 않고, 맥즙을 제조 시 쌀 30% 첨가했을 때 당도가 가장 높은 결과를 나타내었다. 볶은쌀과 팽화미를 이용하여 10, 20, 30% 첨가한 맥주를 제조한 결과 팽화미를 30% 첨가 한 맥즙의 가용성고형분이 15.4 °Bx로 가장 높고 당화도 잘되었으며, 맥주의 알코올함량이 5.0-5.4%로 볶은쌀 첨가 맥주에 비해 높았으며, 탁도가 없었고 쓴맛도 적은 결과를 보였다. 팽화처리는 쌀의 당화를 개선 할 수 있는 좋은 가공방법이라고 생각되며, 팽화미를 첨가한 쌀맥주 제조방법은 편리하고, 좋은 품질의 맥주를 생산 할 수 있는 방법 중의 하나라고 기대된다.
This study evaluates the quality properties of soybean cultivar for fermented soybean products with several Aspergillus spp., which were selected based on their high antimicrobial activities. The six soybean varieties Daewonkong, Taekwangkong, Jinpung, Daechan, Daepung-2, and Seonpung were used in the experiment. Physicochemical analysis of soybeans showed that the cured fat and protein contents were 18.28-19.15 and 36.49-38.72%, respectively. The pH and total acidity (TA) were 6.31-6.60 and 0.36-0.48%, respectively. The amino nitrogen contents of all samples were in the range of 641.23 to 791.12 mg%, while Daechan showed the highest content (791.12 mg%). Mold counts of fermented soybean products were 7.63-9.20 log CFU/g. Hunter color values for L value, a value, and b value ranged from 59.52-71.28, 0.11-3.03, and 14.61-31.70, respectively. The amylase and protease activities of the Daepung-2 and Daechan were the highest among all the cultivars. The rank order of major free amino acids was glutamic acid > lysine > alanine > aspartic acid, with Daepung-2 and Daechan being the highest. As a result, Daepung-2 was suitable as a soybean cultivar, exhibiting high quality standards for the fermentation process of the fermented soybean products.
In this study, we analyzed the nutritional composition properties of soybeans and the organic acids, amino acids and volatile flavor compounds of fermented soybean products. We used five soybean cultivars including Pyeongwon, Jinpung, Saedanbaek, Saeolkong and Cheonga for this experiment. Physicochemical analysis of soybeans, showed that the cured protein and fat contents were 35.12∼45.12 and 14.26∼20.14%, respectively. The rank order of major organic acids was lactic acid > acetic acid > fumaric acid, with Saedanbaek being the highest. Total amino acid content of the samples was 358.12∼657.28 mg/100 g, and glutamic acid, alanine, cysteine, valine, leucine, histidine and arginine were the major amino acids. We identified a total of 34 volatile aroma-compounds, including 7 alcohols, 7 acids, 7 ketones, 5 phenols, 2 esters, 1 furan, 4 pyrazines, and 1 miscellaneous compounds. As a result of this, could be applied to determine the suitability of cultivars and the quality for the process of the fermented soybean products.
Sikhye is a traditional rice beverage, produced from steamed rice, barley or wheat malt and water. Nine varieties of barley and seven varieties of wheat cultivars were investigated and compared quality characteristics, diastatic power, and activities of α- and β-Amylase. For barley malt, the crude lipid and protein content of malt 1.74~2.42% and 10.71~14.36%, respectively. Also, the crude lipid and protein content for wheat malt 1.57~1.71% and 10.07~13.59%, respectively. The ‘Dahyang’ barley showed the highest diastatic power with 117.61 °L, while for wheat, ‘Baegjoong’ produced the highest diastatic power with 85.25 °L. The enzymatic activities, α- and β-Amylase for barley cultivar was 110.17~214.70 μnit/g and 869.73~1,638.43 μnit/g, respectively. Likewise, α- and β-Amylase for wheat cultivar was 73.19~132.23 μnit/g and 726.70~ 889.30 μnit/g, respectively. The highest sugar content of Sikhye from barley was 11.10 °Bx (‘Hyeda’), while from wheat, was 10.20 °Bx (‘Baegjoong’). Among the four free sugar components analyzed from Sikhye, maltose was the highest in all cultivars. The highest maltose content was produced in ‘Dahyang’ Sikhye at 6.91%. There was significant positivecorrelation among the diastatic power and enzymatic activities of malt and free sugar components in Sikhye.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of LED and QD-LED (Quantum Dot) irradiation on seed germination, antioxidant ability, and microbial growth, during red radish (Raphanus sativus L.) sprouts cultivation. Irradiated light was blue, red, blue + red and blue + red + far red (QD-LED) lights, and the controls were a fluorescent lamp (FL), and dark condition. Germination rate of red radish was highest in the dark condition. The plant height and fresh weight of red radish sprouts that irradiated each light for 24 hrs after 7 days growing in dark condition, did not shown significantly difference among treatments. After 24 hrs of light irradiation, cotyledon green was best in blue + red light, and the red hypocotyl was excellent in blue light and QD-LED light. DPPH and phenol contents were high in dark and blue + red light treatment, and anthocyanin content was high in blue light and QDLED light. Total aerobic counts were similar in all treatments and did not show bactericidal effect, whereas E. coli count was lowest in QD-LED light treatment, and yeast and mold counts were lowest in FL only treatment. Results suggest that when red radish seeds were germinated in dark condition and cultivated for 7 days as sprouts, and then treated with blue light or QD-LED light for 24 hrs, the seeds produced good quality red radish sprouts with greenish cotyledon, reddish hypocotyl, high anthocyanin content, and lower level of E coli contamination.
This study was carried out to investigate the effect of chlorine water and plasma gas treatment on the quality and microbial control of Latuca indica L. baby Leaf during storage. Latuca indica L. baby leaves were harvested from a plant height of 10cm. They were sterilized with 100μL·L-1 chlorine water and plasma-gas (1, 3, and 6hours), and packaged with 1,300cc·m-2·day-1·atm-1 films and then stored at 8±1?and RH 85±5% for 25days. During storage, the fresh weight loss of all treatments were less than 1.0%, and the carbon dioxide and oxygen concentrations in packages were 6-8% and 16-17%, respectively for all treatments in the final storage day. The concentration of ethylene in the packages fluctuated between 1-3μL·L-1 during the storage and the highest concentration of ethylene was observed at 6 hours plasma treatment in the final storage day. The off-odor of all treatments were almost odorless, the treatments of chlorine water and 1 hour plasma maintained the marketable visual quality until the end of storage. Chlorophyll content and Hue angle value measured at the final storage day were similar to those measured before storage in chlorine water and 1 hour of plasma treatments. E. coli was not detected immediately after sterilization in all sterilization treatments. After 6 hours of plasma treatment, the total bacteria fungus counts were lower than the domestic microbial standard for agricultural product in all sterilization treatments. The total aerobic counts in the end storage day increased compared to before storage, whereas E. coli was not detected in all sterilization treatments. The sterilization effect against bacteria and fungi was the best in chlorine water treatment. Plasma treatment showed sterilization effects, but within a prolonged period of time. In addition, the sterilization effect decreased gradually. These results suggest that chlorine water and plasma treatment were effective in maintaining Latuca indica L. baby Leaf commerciality and controlling microorganisms during postharvest storage.
본 연구는 돈사 내 저장된 돼지분뇨 슬러리에 액상 일라이트와 일라이트 분말을 첨가하여 악취에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 공시 돼지는 3원교잡종(Yorkshire×Land race×Duroc) 4개월령 암컷 비육돈 (65~68 kg) 360두를 이용하였다. 시험구 배치는 무처리한 대조구와 돼지분뇨 슬러리에 일라이트 액상 33%와 분말 5%를 첨가한 처리구로 3반복(40두) 120두에 적용하여 완전 임의배치법의 3주간 사양 시험 하였다. 악취 저감제 처리는 슬러리 피트(slurry pit ; 3.75 m×9 m×1.2 m, 20 ton 저장 규모)아래에 저장된 슬러리양을 계산하여 일정한 비율에 맞추고, 매주 액상 일라이트는 분무하거나 또는 일라이트 분말은 뿌려주었다. 악취 측정은 슬러리 피트 위 10 cm 위치에서 암모니아, 황화수소, 메틸 메르캅탄 및 디메틸 설파이드를 측정하였다. 사양기간 동안 암모니아 발생량은 일라이트 처리 형태에 의해 크게 영향을 주었다(p<0.05). 특히 암모니아 발생량은 액상 일라이트 33% 처리구는 30~46%, 일라이트 분말 5% 처리구에서는 30~54% 감소되었다. 황화수소 발생량은 2018년 12월 24일에 측정된 결과를 제외 하고 사양기간 동안 일라이트 처리 형태에 따라 유의적으로 영향을 주었다(p<0.05). 처리구의 황화수 소 발생 감소량은 대조구와 비교할 때, 액상 일라이트 33% 처리구에서는 16~60%, 일라이트 분말 5% 처리구는 7~59%였다. 측정기간 동안 평균 메틸 메르캅탄과 디메틸 설파이드 농도는 모든 시험구에서 발생되지 않았다. 3주간 사양 시험에서 평균 암모니아 농도의 경우, 액상 일라이트 33% 처리구는 38.6%, 일라이트 분말 5% 처리구는 39.7% 감소되었다(p<0.05). 평균 황화수소 농도는 액상 일라이트 33% 처리구와 일라이트 분말 5% 처리구는 비슷한 수준인 42.5% 감소되는 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). 결론적으로 본 사양시험의 결과 액상 또는 분말 일라이트 처리는 돈사 내 발생되는 암모니아와 황화수소에 대한 유의미한 저감효과를 나타내었다.
Since the directly bonded interface between TiAl alloy and SCM440 includes lots of cracks and generated intermetallic compounds(IMCs) such as TiC, FeTi, and Fe2Ti, the interfacial strength can be significantly reduced. Therefore, in this study, Cu is selected as an insert metal to improve the lower tensile strength of the joint between TiAl alloy and SCM440 during friction welding. As a result, newly formed IMCs, such as Cu2TiAl, CuTiAl, and TiCu2, are found at the interface between TiAl alloy and Cu layer and the thickness of IMCs layers is found to vary with friction time. In addition, to determine the relationship between the thickness of the IMCs and the strength of the welded interfaces, a tensile test was performed using sub-size specimens obtained from the center to the peripheral region of the friction-welded interface. The results are discussed in terms of changes in the IMCs and the underlying deformation mechanism. Finally, it is found that the friction welding process needs to be idealized because IMCs generated between TiAl alloy and Cu act to not only increase the bonding strength but also form an easy path of fracture propagation.
왕고들빼기(선향 품종)을 4주 간격으로 파종하여, 4주 동안 재배하여 어린잎(초장 10cm 이하)과 8주 동안 재배하여 성체(초장이 20±5cm) 상태에서 수확하였다. 수확 직후 조사한 호흡률과 에틸렌 발생률은 모두 어린잎이 성체보다 높았으며, DPPH 라디컬 소거능도 성체에 비해 어린잎에서 높았다. 잎의 L*, a*, b*값은 어린잎과 성체가 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았고 엽록소 함량은 성체에서 높았다. 왕고들빼기 성체와 어린잎을 미세천공 필름으로 포장하여 2oC, 8oC, 및 20oC에서 저장하였을 때, 저장온도가 높을수록 생체중 감소율이 높았으며, 2oC와 8oC에서는 성체의 생체중 감소율이 낮았다. 저장 중 패널테스트를 통해 진행한 외관상 품질도 저장온도가 높을수록 빠르게 나빠졌다. 또한 외관상 품질이 3점을 유지되었던 기간으로 계산한 저장수명은 성체가 2oC에서는 1.6일, 8oC에서는 1.4일, 그리고 20oC에서는 1.5일 어린잎보다 더 길었다. 저장 종료일 조사한 포장 내 산소 및 이산화탄소 농도는 대기 중 농도와 유사한 수준 이었다. 저장 종료일의 엽록소 함량은 저장온도가 낮을 수록 높게 유지되었고, 패널테스트로 조사한 이취는 어린잎에서 더 높은 수준이었다.
This study evaluates the quality properties of soy-paste soybean cultivar for fermented soybean products. The six soybean varieties that include Jinpung, Saedanbaek, Daepung 2, Pyeongwon, Cheonga and Saeolkong were used in the experiment. The range of water uptake ratio, hardness after soaking and hardness after steaming were 117.00~131.33%, 1.65~3.30 kg and 0.05~0.14 kg, respectively. The physicochemical analysis indicated the following: Moisture content, 63.27~68.72%; pH, 6.43~6.60; total acidity, 0.27~0.45%. Color values for L value (lightness), a value (redness), and b value (yellowness) ranged from 39.07~67.92, 7.64~11.79, and 7.48~20.67, respectively. The amylase and protease activities of the Saedanbaek samples were the highest among all cultivars. The amount of viscous substance in the fermented soybean products by cultivars ranged from 5.93 to 8.37%, and Saedanbaek was the highest. The total viable cells counts for soybean fermented products were 9.11~9.42 log CFU/g. The amino-type nitrogen contents of all samples were in the range of 401.07 to 524.47 mg% and Saedanbaek cultivars showed the highest content (524.47 mg%). Based on the results, Saedanbaek will be suitable as a soy-paste soybean cultivar and the quality standards for the fermentation process of the fermented soybean products.