Background: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, untact online classes have expanded in universities. To ensure continuous improvements in the quality of university education, it is important to analyze factors affecting students’ satisfaction with lectures in this untact online environment. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate lecture satisfaction among physical therapy students with experience of untact online classes. Design: Questionnaire design. Methods: The study population comprised 124 physical therapy students with experience of participation in untact online classes. We analyzed various factors affecting students’ satisfaction with lectures delivered via untact online classes and the correlations between these factors. Results: In terms of untact educational system quality, the level of satisfaction was significantly lower among students who had experienced more semesters with untact online classes than among those who had experienced fewer semesters with untact online classes (P＜.05). Untact educational service quality, untact educational information quality, untact educational system quality, and lecture satisfaction/recommendation intention showed statistically significant positive correlations (P＜.001). Conclusion: It is necessary to continuously improve online support systems and untact educational service quality to enhance physical therapy students’ satisfaction with lectures delivered via untact online classes.

E-commerce has been rapidly growing in China which has quickly become the largest e-commerce market in the world. However, this has also led to an increasing number of e-commerce disputes. In practice, such disputes are resolved by online dispute resolution. As the results of online dispute resolution are not legally binding, however, China’s online arbitration procedure has been criticized especially regarding the conflicts between party autonomy and institutional autonomy. China’s judicial reviews would claim that such awards cannot be enforced. Therefore, there is a call to make online arbitral awards enforceable and to expand the application of online arbitration to more e-commerce disputes in China. This paper examines how to best analyse and address such conflicts. We explain the importance of arbitral institutions’ autonomy in terms of ensuring access to justice as well as the importance of limiting party autonomy in certain circumstances due to the rise in online disputes.

In view of the activated carbon pore-forming mechanism, the fractal hypothesis of pore interior growth was proposed by optimizing the structure of Sierpinski sponge. Based on the hypothesis and the definition of fractal dimension, the function relationship between the reaction degree, reaction step length, specific surface area and pore volume was deduced, and the pore fractal growth model of activated carbon activation process was established. Semi-coke, apple charcoal and lychee charcoal were used to prepare activated carbon. The pore size distributions of the activated carbons are in accordance with the fractal growth hypothesis. Further, the reaction degree and reaction step length can be determined by the experimental data of pore and surface structure, which verified the feasibility of the pore fractal growth model.

but interpretation and application of the relevant provisions differ, and the views expressed on them still leave ample room to be unilaterally interpreted and applied. So, it is undeniable that conflicts over ocean waters among the concerned countries are serious and difficult to overcome. To solve these problems, the UNCLOS calls for the countries concerned to make every effort to enter into provisional arrangements of a practical nature. Korea and Japan have maritime boundary problems in the waters surrounding the Korean peninsula, and so, in order to solve those problems, both nations established a joint development zone (JDZ) in the East China Sea in 1974. The zone can be terminated in 2028. Therefore, this study examines and analyzes the impact of the JDZ agreement between Korea and Japan over the East China Sea as to the delimitations of the continental shelf/EEZ

In this study, phase-pure titanium dioxide TiO2 ceramics are sintered using standard high-temperature solid-state reaction technique at different temperatures (1,000, 1,100, 1,200, 1,300, 1,400 oC). The effect of sintering temperature on the densification and impedance properties of TiO2 ceramics is investigated. The bulk density and average grain size increase with the increase of sintering temperature. Impedance spectroscopy analysis (complex impedance Z * and complex modulus M *), performed in a broad frequency range from 100 Hz to 10 MHz, indicates that the TiO2 ceramics are dielectrically heterogeneous, consisting of grains and grain boundaries. The complex impedance Z *-plane indicates the resistance of grains of the TiO2 ceramics increases with increasing sintering temperature, while that of grain boundaries develops in the opposing direction. The complex modulus M *-plane shows a grain capacitance that seems to be independent of the sintering temperature, while that of the grain boundaries decreases with increasing sintering temperature. These results suggest that different sintering temperatures have effects on the microstructure, leading to changes in the impedance properties of TiO2 ceramics.

To improve the pyrolytic carbon (PyC) deposition rate of Carbon/Carbon (C/C) composites prepared by the traditional chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) method, the 3D Ni/wood-carbon (3D Ni/C) catalyst was introduced into the CVI process. The effects of catalyst on the density of C/C composites were studied, and the deposition rate and morphologies of PyC were investigated after catalytic CVI. The morphologies of catalyst and PyC were characterized by scanning electron microscope and polarized light microscopy. The catalytic deposition mechanism of PyC was studied by density functional theory. The experimental results show that the initial carbon deposition efficiency of the catalytic pyrolysis process was 3–4 times that of the noncatalytic process. The catalyst reduced the energy barrier in the first step of deposition reaction from 382.55 to 171.67 kJ/mol according to simulation results. The pyrolysis reaction energy with Ni catalyst is reduced by 54% than that without the catalyst.

As Europe is a weaker actor mainly due to her digital underdevelopment, the EU is settling on the regulatory side of digital sovereignty. The article is to comparatively analyze the European and Chinese AI ethical guidelines considering the strategic and normative scope of the guidelines as well as their implications on the legal frameworks of AI both in Europe and China. In this field, the most important initiative in the EU was carried on by the High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence, which, in 2019, released the “Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI,” a catalogue of principles as well as operative measures to achieve Trustworthy AI. In China, instead, the most important initiative was the “Beijing AI Principles” released in 2019 by the Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence, and the “Principles to Develop Responsible AI for the New Generation Artificial Intelligence: Developing Responsible Artificial Intelligence” released in 2019 by the New Generation AI Governance Expert Committee.

The EU, China, and other WTO members recently released their concluded MPIA with its Annexes I and II as a temporary arrangement to deal with the appeals of panel rulings before the Appellate Body resumes its operation. The WTO dispute settlement mechanism is a complete unit with unique features and inherent logic. Although this arrangement maintains the two-tier process with arbitration to replace the appellate review, there is a fundamental difference between them, which is embodied not only in the dispute settlement process but also in the implementation of the rulings. The challenges that the WTO dispute settlement mechanism encounters are not limited to those procedural issues, but they are also connected with the substantive rules, with which the procedural issues should be jointly resolved. This is the correct way to deal with the current challenges and to reform the multilateral trade regime.

Well-crystallized vanadium pentoxide V2O5 thin films are fabricated on MgO single crystal substrates by using pulsed-laser deposition technique. The linear optical transmission spectra are measured and found to be in a wavelength range from 300 to 800 nm; the data are used to determine the linear refractive index of the V2O5 films. The value of linear refractive index decreases with increasing wavelength, and the relationship can be well explained by Wemple’s theory. The third-order nonlinear optical properties of the films are determined by a single beam z-scan method at a wavelength of 532 nm. The results show that the prepared V2O5 films exhibit a fast third-order nonlinear optical response with nonlinear absorption coefficient and nonlinear refractive index of 2.13 × 10−10 m/W and 2.07 × 10−15 cm2/kW, respectively. The real and imaginary parts of the nonlinear susceptibility are determined to be 3.03 × 10−11 esu and 1.12 × 10−11 esu, respectively. The enhancement of the nonlinear optical properties is discussed.

Bi2MoO6 (BMO) via the structure-directing role of CO(NH2)2 is successfully prepared via a facile solvothermal route. The structure, morphology, and photocatalytic performance of the nanoflake BMO are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fluorescence spectrum analysis (PL), UV-vis spectroscopy (UVvis) and electrochemical test. SEM images show that the size of nanoflake BMO is about 50 ~ 200 nm. PL and electrochemical analysis show that the nanoflake BMO has a lower recombination rate of photogenerated carriers than particle BMO. The photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) by nanoflake BMO under visible light is investigated. The results show that the nanoflake BMO-3 has the highest degradation efficiency under visible light, and the degradation efficiency reached 75 % within 120 min, attributed to the unique hierarchical structure, efficient carrier separation and sufficient free radicals to generate active center synergies. The photocatalytic reaction mechanism of TC degradation on the nanoflake BMO is proposed.

복장은 한 사람의 성격을 반영하고 개인의 심미적 수준 및 내재적 수양을 직관적으로 체현한다. 한 민족에게 이는 민족의 문화와 풍속 더 나아가 한 민족의 사상과 심미를 체현한다. 이는 일종 특수한 언어이고 매 역사 시기의 경제적 발전, 생활 환경, 종교적 신앙을 체현하기도 한다. 우리나라의 각 민족의 복장 특징에는 각 민족의 문화 형태가 들어있다. 중국 복장은 5,000년의 발전 역사를 지니고 있고 그 중 만족 복장 중의 치파오는 중국 복장 발전 역사 중 독특한 매력을 지니고 있을 뿐더러 그 속에 숨겨진 의미도 있다. 치파오의 정신에는 민족의 지혜가 숨겨져 있다. 민족의 신앙은 치파오가 수수께끼가 가득한 매력을 지니게 하였다. 어떠한 사회 혹은 민족이든 시시각각 변화하고 있는데 이는 문화 자체 혹은 기타 문화와 서로 접촉하여 생긴 문화적 융합과 변화이다. 치파오는 샤먼 복장 문화의 영향을 받아 한족 문화를 경험하고 또 치파오의 시대까지 오게 되었다. 복장 제도의 제한이든 민족 문화의 영향이든 치파오의 색채와 도안은 사람들이 아름다운 생활 형태에 대한 동경을 표현하였다. 치파오는 중국 전통적인 복장 문화의 중요한 조성 부분으로서 치파오 중의 요소는 역사적 문명을 계승하였을 뿐만 아니라 자신의 민족 특색 또한 보류하였고 참고, 전통, 재창조를 통하여 더욱 잘 융합시켰다. 치파오의 발전과 변화는 민족 복장 사이의 상호 반응에 유력한 작용을 하였다. 치파오의 요소는 이미 세계 복장 문화 속에서 풍부한 시대와 문화적 특징을 체현하였고 현대 복장 디자이너들에게 수많은 영감과 창작 원천을 제공하였다. 이후 치파오는 중국에서만 입는 것이 아니라 세계 적으로도 사랑을 받게 되었으며 현대에 수많은 예복의 양식 또 한 중국 치파오의 스타일 및 꽃무늬 도안을 참고한 것이다. 이러한 전통적인 복장은 현대 디자이너의 눈에는 기타 용도가 있을 것이고 그들의 창작 중 전통적인 ‘중국식 요소’는 새로운 빛을 발하게 될 것이다 — 이는 중국 전통적인 민족 복장이 세상에 가져다 준 서프라이즈와 마찬가지이다.

Unboxing videos allow consumers a vicarious experience of a product, with more emotional connection than a review. Unboxing is conceptualised as a practice distinct from opening a box, imbued with meaning for the viewer and consumer giving it potential as a marketing tool in attracting consumers’ attention.