The purpose of this study was to investigate self-esteem, body image, body cathexis and body attitude of female middle school students. A total of 298 subjects were included in this study. Subjects were classified into weight control group and a non weight control group. As a result of analyzing body shapes satisfaction was higher in the non weight control group 2.83 than in the weight control group 2.28 (p<0.001). The weight control group revealed lower body satisfaction than the non weight control group. The result of the reason for weight control was the ratio of ‘weight loss’ 84.6%, respectively (p<0.001). Factors impacting physical image of female middle school students were analyzed as friends (3.46), internet (3.22), and TV (3.13). Results suggest that educational program should be combined with a positive emphasis on physical image and self-esteem for female middle school students. Also, there was a high correlation between body weight and self-esteem. Results indicate that female middle school students are interested in weight loss with the wrong body image. Therefore, female middle school students should be provided with an educational approach to such issues so that they have a realistic perception of their body and form realistic values about self-esteem and body.

This study was conducted to investigate the risk of chronic disease as predicted by abdominal obesity in Korean adult females. Data on 2,738 adult females aged 40~64 yrs was obtained from the 2013~2014 Korean National Health Nutrition Examination Survey. The subjects were divided into normal (n=1,835), abdominal obesity (AO, n=73), and BMI-diagnosed abdominal obesity (BMI-AO, n=505) groups based on the NCEP-ATP III guidelines and by applying the KSSO definition regarding waist circumference. Triglyceride blood levels, fasting blood sugar levels, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure were higher in the AO and BMI-AO groups than in the normal group. The HDL-cholesterol levels of subjects in the two abdominal groups were lower as compared to those of subjects in the normal group. The mean adequacy ratio was lower among subjects in the AO and BMI-AO groups than among those in the normal group. Moreover, the NAR and INQ scores of some micro-nutrients in both of the abdominal obesity groups were lower than those in the normal group. Both the AO and BMI-AO groups showed significantly higher risks of hypertriglycemia, hyperglycemia, hypertension, hypoHDL-cholesterolemia, and metabolic syndrome than were shown by the normal group. Notably, as compared to the normal group, the AO group showed higher risk of hypercholesterolemia, hyperLDL-cholesterolemia, hypertriglycemia, and metabolic syndrome than did the BMI-AO group. This finding suggests that it is essential to develop prevention programs including programs for those with abdominal obesity despite their having a BMI within the normal range.

목 적 : 생체부분간이식(Living Doners Liver Transplantation. 이하 LDLT) 에서 간 공여자의 수술 전 검사는 RARE sequence로 T2효과를 높여 간 담도내의 해부학적 구조물을 잘 관찰하기 위한 검사이다. 이에 본 논문에서는 3D T1 VIBE sequence에서 획득한 영상을 3D MRCP post-processing함으로써 그 유용성을 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 2015년 11월부터 2016년 2월까지 본원에 간 공여자로 내원한 환자 총50명(남자:33명 여자:17명, 평균나이:32.6세)을 대상으로 하였다. 검사에 사용된 장비는 Siemens skyra (3.0T)로 검사하였다. 2D-MRCP은 Breath-hold Single-shot RARE sequence 매개변수는 TR/TE:928/2010ms, matrix: 384×384, slice thickness: 4cm, radial (oblique coronal) & oblique axial projection image 얻고. 3D-MRCP 영상은 respiration-triggering sequence기법으로 매개변수는 TR/TE:698/5438ms, matrix: 384×384, slice thickness: 1㎜ thin slice coronal image 획득했다. Dynamic MR 영상으로 3D T1 VIBE sequence 매개변수는 TR/TE:2.5/5.6ms, matrix: 320×310, , GD-EOB-DTPA (primovist)를 IV injection후 vascular phase 영상을 얻고, 20분 경과 후 간담도기 영상으로 지방을 소거한 slice thickness:1.5, 3㎜ coronal image 얻었다. 영상처리 장비는 GE Workstation (AW volumeshare 4.6)에서 3D기법 중 Maximum Intensity Projection(MIP)와 Volume-rendering(VR)으로 간담도에 평행하게 slab rendering 기법으로 다양한 두께의 slab와 angle을 주어 간담도가 영상처리 했다. 평가방법은 정성적 분석으로 biliary track와 hepatic ducts의 해부학적 구조와 명확도를 2D-MRCP와 3D-MRCP/ T1 VIBE MIP/VR image를 비교하여 방사선과 2명이 판독했다. 결 과 : 3D source data image를 3D MIP/VR으로 간담도를 영상처리했을때, 3D-MRCP 검사는 호흡불량으로 인해 50건 중 12건(24%)이 영상처리 재구성이 불가능 했다. 3D T1 VIBE sequence는 간담도와 간문맥의 관계를 3D 영상처리 재구성 할 수 있었고, 간담도 변이의 종류는 총 5 가지로 나타났다. 총간관에서 분지하여 우간관 좌간관 연결되는 classic Type이 50건 중 34건 68%였고, RPHD into LHD 7건 14%였다. RPHD into CHD 4건 8%, trifurcation 3건 6%, 기타 2건 4%이다. 결 론 : 생체부분 간이식에서 간 공여자마다 간담도 형태가 다양하고 복잡하기 때문에, 3D MIP/VR slab rendering 기법으로 적당한 slabs angle를 적용하여 간담관 구조를 영상처리 한다. 3D T1 VIBE sequence의 post-processing은 간담도와 간문맥의 해부학적 관계를 동시에 보여줌으로써, LDLT 수술을 계획하는 외과의에게 정확한 정보를 제공하여, 간 공여자의 안전과 수술시간 단축에 기여할 수 있으리라 사료된다.

연구의 목적은 여자 중학생의 대인관계문제가 섭식문제에 영향을 미치는 과정의 이면기 제를 밝히고자 대인관계문제와 섭식문제의 관계에서 긍정반응경향의 매개효과를 검증하는데 있다. 대전 및 충청권에 거주하는 여자 중학생 712명으로부터 자기보고식 질문지 자료를 수집 하고 구조방정식모형(structural equation modeling) 분석을 실행하였다. 긍정반응경향이 대인 관계문제와 섭식문제의 관계를 매개하는 관계모형의 적합도를 검증하고, Sobel 검증을 사용하 여 긍정반응경향의 매개효과를 검증하였다. 첫째, 연구모형(부분매개모형)에 비해 경합모형 (완전매개모형)의 적합도가 더 양호하였다. 둘째, 대인관계문제와 섭식문제의 관계에서 긍정 반응경향의 매개효과가 유의하였다. 긍정반응경향이 매개변인으로 설정되면, 대인관계문제가 섭식문제에 직접 영향을 주기보다는 긍정반응경향을 통해서 간접적으로 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 대인관계문제의 수준이 높을수록 긍정반응경향의 수준이 낮고, 긍정반응경향 의 수준이 낮을수록 섭식문제의 수준이 높았다. 이러한 결과는 여자 중학생의 대인관계문제가 긍정반응경향의 감소라는 매개과정을 통해 섭식문제를 증가시킬 가능성을 시사한다. 마지막으로, 이 연구가 이미 섭식문제를 겪고 있거나 섭식문제를 겪을 위험에 놓인 여자 중학생들을 위한 개입과 예방 및 코칭 프로그램 개발에 가지는 시사점, 연구의 제한점, 후속연구를 위한 제언을 논의하였다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate perception of the Food Allergy Labeling System (FALS) of school foodservice in female middle school students. The subjects were 148 female middle school students in the Incheon metropolitan area. In this cross-sectional study, data were collected using self-administered questionnaires. Only 20.9% of subjects had experience of food allergy education. There was no significant difference in food allergy knowledge by grade. The scores of perception of food allergy labeling by school foodservice were significantly higher in lower grade students (p<0.001). In all grades, highest scores were observed for ‘food allergy labeling is necessary’, whereas the lowest scores were for ‘I check the food allergy labeling’. The percentages of subjects who wanted to participate in food allergy education were significantly different (p<0.01); 73.8% in 1st grade, 50.0% in 2nd grade, and 35.7% in 3rd grade. For desired education contents to enhance perception of FALS, 57.5% of subjects answered ‘emergency management’ and 23.0% said ‘information of food allergy causing food’. Therefore, it is necessary to increase food allergy education and educate female middle school students according to grade in order to enhance perception of FALS.

본 연구는 여자 아이돌 그룹에 대한 선호도 및 팬덤 활동 참여 의도 결정 요인을 살펴보기 위한 것이다. 주요 연구 결과들은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 여자 아이돌 그룹 유형별 선호도 결정 요인 을 일반 기획사 및 메이저 기획사 소속 아이돌에 대한 선호도로 구분해 살펴보았다. 일반 기획사 소속 여자 아이돌 그룹 선호도 결정 요인은 외부 선호도와 여성적 매력이 정적으로 영향을 미치 는 것으로 나타났다. 성별 요인은 남자 응답자들의 선호도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 메이저 기획 사 소속 여자 아이돌 그룹 선호도의 경우, 음악성 및 여성적 매력이 통계적으로 의미 있는 설명 요인으로 나타났다. 둘째, 여자 아이돌 그룹 팬덤 활동 참여 의도를 결정하는 요인을 살펴본 결 과, 음악성을 포함해 외부 선호도와 여성적 매력 요인들이 포함되는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 여 자보다는 남자 응답자들의 팬덤 활동 참여 의도가 증가하는 것으로 나타났다.

neighbors separated by a narrow strip of water, China and Japan have periodic rises and falls in their diplomatic relationship, but there are many things the two countries share in common. China experienced great social upheaval and Japan went through World War II, but despite these different historical traumas, both resolved to assign priority to economic development. Yet how will the dramatic social changes and the fading away of tradition affect the Chinese and Japanese people, especially the thought and values of their young people. Amid dramatic social changes and turbulence in values, what are the characteristics of their young people’s attitudes and behavior? Focusing on such problems, the author of this paper spent four years carrying out indepth investigations and research on college students’ understanding of nature, ecological and environmental issues, etc. The college students in this study came from nearly 20 universities in Japan and 20 universities in China. This paper will undertake a detailed comparative analysis of the ideological and value orientations of young people in China and Japan.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relations between HbA1c level and health risk factor. For analysis, 330 elderly women aged 65 years and over were recruited in Jeonla province, Korea. The subjects were classified into two groups according to their HbA1c level; the diabetic group (HbA1c level≥6.5%, n=68, 20.6%) and control group (HbA1c level< 6.5%, n=262, 79.4%). Demographic characteristics were collected, as well as information on physical measurements, blood tests for biochemical indicators, a health status and health-related life style, dietary behavior, favorite food groups, consumption frequency of food groups and nutrient intake. Educational level of the diabetic group was significantly lower than that of the control group. The height of the diabetic group was shorter, and percentage fat of the diabetic group was higher than those of the control group. In the diabetic group, the higher concentrations of creatinine and activity of alkaline phosphatase were found to be significantly unfavorable factors. Therefore, the diabetic group was assumed to be at risk of decreased liver and renal function. The self-rated health level of the diabetic group has a declining tendency, while the medicine intake was significantly higher than that of the control group, but there are no significant differences in visiting frequency of hospital and community health center. The distribution of physical activity showed a significant difference between the groups. Although there are no significant differences in nutrient intake, the diabetic group had relatively inferior nutrient intake of diet, especially vitamin C, as contrasted with the control group. In conclusion, the weight control and increasing physical activity may be effective in the prevention of the diabetes and continuous education and intervention by specialized nutritionists will be needed for diabetic patients. These results could be useful to plan effective strategies to increase the health-life expectancy and the prevention of the diabetes of Korean elderly people living in rural areas.

Typical games and dance in conjunction with research to express the character and the heart of digital content in it is very difficult relationship, looking for relationship problems also have difficulties. However, analysis of the history and the story of the character and skills, and to extract emotional elements, each with its own character is only through the collective images that melts in your character, and want to revive your character as a human being with a new emotional vocabulary. In other words, game content and prejudices that have a negative genre, thus free from adverse effects it caused, watching the game character as a human being it seeks sublimated into art of dance. This place inside cultural content to the artistic value of game genres, be re-evaluated when the digital element is considered highly likely to have a greater significance that can be converted into a new perspective to the analog element. The research method is a game of emotions LOL prototype model of James Russell (J. Rusell) to organize a theoretical basis mainly characterized by emotion and skill of the women champions background with LG Business Insight Weekly Focus 'emotional code of the digital crowd'It presents a new emotional models centered round. And to analyze the characteristics of the X-axis independent champion (Hero), crowd (Hero) analysis of the structure in the Y-axis line (善) and the plot, and presents an opinion on the scope and sensibility.

This study was carried out to determine the depression symptoms and nutritional status of elderly females that ate congregate meals at lunch in rural Pocheon. The subjects were 18 elderly females aged over 65 (75.7±4.6 years) and information on smoking, subjective health status, depression symptoms and malnutrition risk were collected using a questionnaire administered with the help of trained research assistants. Measurements included mid-arm circumference and calf circumference. Food consumption for 3 days during breakfast and supper were determined by 24-hour recall and food consumption at lunch was determined as the difference between the amounts served and the plate waste. All data were compared between two age groups (≤ 75 and > 75). The subjects had the lowest nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) for vitamin B6 (0.523), followed by calcium and niacin and the lowest index of nutrient quality (INQ) for calcium (0.738). The older elderly had significantly lower NAR for vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B6 and niacin as well as significantly lower mean adequacy ratio (MAR) compared to the young elderly. They also had significantly lower INQ for vitamin B1 and vitamin C and significantly thinner arm circumference (28.3 cm vs. 31.3 cm). They consumed more than 40% of their daily intake for each nutrient at lunch. Higher proportions of nutrient intake from lunch provided evidence of the importance of congregate meals, suggesting that the government and society should support congregate meals to improve nutritional status.

This study aims to integrate sports uniform design into fashion as an effective communication means by analyzing the uniforms of women's pro basketball and volleyball teams in the country. As part of the research method, a literature review was conducted on the domestic pro sports background and women's basketball and volleyball uniforms. For empirical research, an analysis was performed of the uniforms of 12 teams in total: six women's pro basketball teams and six women's pro volleyball teams in the 2013~2014 league. The following results were obtained. First, in terms of formativeness, sleeveless shirts and shorts are basic in both basketball and volleyball. However, there are remarkable differences between the two. Shirts in volleyball are tighter, with the body figure visible, and shorts are shorter in length than those in basketball. Most basketball uniforms have a V-neckline and are collarless, while volleyball uniforms have a standup collar in all teams. Second, both basketball and volleyball apply the representative color of the sponsoring company and the team's typical color, but common colors, such as blue, navy, and white, are used in many teams, which fails to represent a uniquely differentiated image. Third, the logo or symbol of a sponsor is excessively applied to both basketball and volleyball uniforms. This downgrades the uniform's own esthetic features. Fourth, a fashionable uniform design, that reflects the bodily characteristics of women and the characteristics of the sports game would be a beneficial communication tool for all the tiers to become involved in participation and entertainment.

This study was conducted to investigate the dietary and other factors affecting bone mineral density (BMD) in older Korean women. A total of 340 women aged 65 to 74 were recruited from the Kugoksoondam area (Kurye, Goksung, Soonchang and Damyang counties), known as the longevity-belt region in Jeonla province, Korea. They were categorized into two groups according to bone status by T-score : a nonosteoporotic group and an osteoporotic group. Demographic characteristics were collected, as well as information on physical measurements, blood tests for biochemical indicators, health status health-related life style, dietary behavior, favorite food groups, nutrient intake and mini nutrition assessment (MNA). The results are as follows: The mean age of 185 nonosteoporotic women was 69.6 years and that of 155 osteoporotic women was 70.9 years (p<0.001). The mean T-score of the nonosteoporotic group was －1.5 mg/cm3 and that of theosteoporotic group was －3.2 mg/cm3 (p<0.001). Height and body weight in the nonosteoporotic group were significantly higher than in the osteoporotic group (p<0.001, respectively). There was no significant difference in BMI, although the BMI in the nonosteoporotic group was slightly higher. Waist and hip circumferences in the nonosteoporotic group were significantly higher than in the osteoporotic group (p<0.01, respectively), and the mid upper arm and calf circumferences were also significantly higher than in the osteoporotic group (p<0.001, p<0.01, respectively). The 5 m walking ability was significantly superior compared to the osteoporotic group. Serum levels did not show any significant differences between the groups and were within normal range. The serum total protein, albumin and Insulin-like growth factor (IGFs) levels of the nonosteoporotic group were significantly higher than those of the osteoporotic group (p<0.05, p<0.05, p<0.001, respectively). IGF was 104.7 ng/mL for the nonosteoporotic group and 88.1 ng/mL for the osteoporotic group. Physical activity and appetite in the nonosteoporotic group were significantly higher (p<0.01, p<0.05, respectively). The favorite food groups of the nonosteoporotic group comprised more meats and fish than those of the osteoporotic group (p<0.05, respectively). Nutrient intake was not significantly different, with the exception of niacin intake (p<0.05), but the nutrient intake of the nonosteoporotic group was slightly higher than that of the osteoporotic group. The niacin intake of the nonosteoporotic group and the osteoporotic group were 11.4 mgNE and 10.0 mgNE, corresponding to 103.6% and 90.9% of the Korean EAR, respectively. The MNA score of the nonosteoporotic group was significantly more favorable than for the osteoporotic group. In conclusion, it is necessary to maintain adequate body weight and muscle mass. Habitual physical activity may have a beneficial effect on BMD for older women. Dietary factors, such as meat and fish, higher intake of niacin rich foods and nutrient status for older women also appear to have favorable effects on bone mineral density.

large amount of effluent water would be produced from low temperature coal catalytic gasification (LTCCG) developed by ENN Co, Ltd, which located at Langfang, Hebei Province. Many phenol homologous compounds and a large amount of other organic compounds were contained in this effluent water, but the overall concentration of the organic compounds was not very high (CODCr value was about several thousands mg/L). Too high cost would occur if treating it with a traditional liquid-liquid extraction process, and it was a waste of resources if the effluent water was directly purified with biochemical technology. In this paper, a decontaminating and recycling technique was developed for an effluent water, and a two-step technique includes flocculation-recycling and ion exchange adsorption-elution processes. By this two-step process, the CODCr value of the final outlet water was decreased to meet the related national standards, and at least 90% of the organics in the effluent water could be recovered.

본 연구의 목적은 사회복지적 원조방안의 기초자료를 제공하기 위하여 여자대학생 115명의 건강증진행위에 대한 자기애적 성격성향과 다이어트 행위의 관계를 규명하는데 있다. 건강증진행위에 관련된 요인들이 다양하지만 본 연구에서는 자기애적 성격성향과 다이어트 행위요인이 어떻게 관련되어 있는지를 밝히고자 하였다. 조사 대상자들은 임의 표집하여 건강증진 생활양식 척도, 자기애적 성격검사 척도, 다차원적 섭식태도 검사 척도를 사용한 자기보고질문지로 응답하였다. 조사 자료의 분석은 SPSS 15.0을 이용하여 기술통계분석, t-검정, 분산분석, 상관관계분석, 단계적 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 조사 대상자들의 건강증진행위의 평균점수는 129.51점으로 높게 나타났다. 세부 영역으로 실천 정도가 가장 높은 영역은 스트레스 관리이며, 가장 낮은 영역은 자아실현으로 나타났다. 둘째, 건강증진행위와 자기애적 성격성향, 다이어트 행위간에는 유의한 관계가 있는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 셋째, 자기애적 성격성향과 다이어트 행위는 여자대학생의 건강증진행위 예측 요인으로 나타났다. 그러므로 자기애적 성격성향과 다이어트행위의 고려를 반영하는 복지서비스 투입이 사회복지 실천에 있어서 여자 대학생을 위한 효과적인 개입으로 제안되었다.

The purpose of this study was to compare the degree nutrient intake, health status and other characteristics of females aged 65 years and over in a longevity area according to family arrangement. For analysis, 585 female elderly were recruited from the Kugoksoondam area (Kurye, Goksung, Soonchang and Damyang counties), known as the longevity-belt region in Jeonla province, Korea. The subjects were categorized into three groups according to family arrangement (living alone, living with spouse only and living with family). Demographic characteristics were collected, as well as information on physical measurements, blood tests for biochemical indicators, health status and health-related life style, dietary behavior, favorite food groups, consumption frequency of food groups, nutrient intake and mini nutrition assessment. In the group living with their spouse only, the highest education, physical activity, diverse food intake, frequency of eating meats and fish, energy and nutrients intake, and score on the mininutrient status assessment (MNA) were found to be significantly favorable factors. Taken together, these results demonstrated that the group living with their spouse only had relatively superior nutrient intake and the quality of diet. In contrast, the group living alone showed the lowest self-rated economic status, diversity of food intake, and physical activity, with the highest frequency of drinking, smoking and regular exercise for almost everyday compared with the other groups. On the other hand, those living with family demonstrated the lowest intake of supplements or functional foods, and levels of hemoglobin hematocrit MCH, but the highest HBA1c and blood sugar. Therefore, the group living with family was assumed to be at risk of anemia and diabetes. These results could be useful to plan effective strategies to increase the health-life expectancy of Korean elderly people living in rural areas, according to family arrangement.

Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia (IPEH) is a rare benign vascular lesion that rarely occurs in the oral cavity. Its clinical features are similar to neoplasms, which are easily identified in the oral cavity, and it can be misdiagnosed as an angiosarcoma. Therefore, it is important to recognize the characteristics of the lesion in order to both diagnose and treat it properly. We report a case of IPEH in a young Korean female patient, as well as discuss its differential diagnosis and treatment using a review of the related literature.

This study was conducted to measure the effect of a community-based nutritional intervention program on dietary behaviors and nutrient intakes of low-income elderly women in Korea. The subject of the study was a group of 88 elderly women using the free meal service in Dong-gu, Gwangju city in Korea. The study was carried out from April to July 2009, and the pretest, application of nutrition education, and post-test were applied in each stage. This community-based nutrition intervention program consisted of snack supplement and nutrition education provided three times a week and 36 times in total. The nutrition education was led by the nutritionists and professionals using various educational media. Snack supplement included were milk, soymilk, carrot juice, bread, yogurt, and bananas. The result of pretest showed that the nutrient intakes of the subjects were much below the Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) level of Dietary Reference Intake for Koreans. Comparison of the dietary behavior score and nutrient intakes before and after the nutritional intervention program indicated that the food behavior score increased from 3.1 to 5.6 (P<0.001) and intake of energy, protein, carbohydrate, thiamin, niacin, vitamin C, iron, and potassium of the subjects all increased significantly (P<0.05). Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR) of their nutrient intakes was also improved from 0.53 to 0.64 (P<0.01). These results indicated that the nutrition intervention program conducted in this study was effective in improving dietary behavior and nutrient intakes of elderly women in local community.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the suitability of brassiere size and wearing habits of Korean adolescent girls. Subjects were 13 to 17 years old girls (n=282). The data was collected by anthropometric survey and qualitative questionnaire survey. Anthropometric survey measured bust and under bust girths; Qualitative questionnaire survey focused on the practice of purchasing and wearing of brassiere. Two general conclusions emerged: 1) Majority of Korean adolescent girls wore a smaller sized cup than their breast volume 2) Korean adolescent girls wore a larger sized band. These results show the need of educating Korean adolescent girls for their appropriate brassiere size and fit. The value of the brassiere that Korean adolescent girls place differed by age. While the younger adolescent girls expected their brassiere to prevent showing the breast vibration, the older adolescent girls expected their brassiere to avoid breast sagging. The older aged adolescents more valued the fit and style of the brassiere compared to the younger aged group when they purchase brassiere. The younger adolescent girls were more likely to be dissatisfied with the fit of the cup. These results reveal that the junior brassiere should be designed to fit adolescent girls' breast shape and size.