Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is considered to be a significant cause of drug wastage. To mitigate clinical DILI risks, assessing drugs using human liver models is crucial since animal studies may fall short due to species-specific liver pathway variations. Cell-based preclinical hepatotoxicity testing is often pertinent. In the present study, cells from a human liver cancer line (HepG2 and HepaRG) were cultured in both formats of 2D and 3D spheroids to explore their responses to drugs. Liver-specific marker expressions across cell lines and culture formats were also examined to assess disparities in DILI marker expressions. After treating each cell with the drugs, cytotoxicity and liver injury markers aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were increased. In addition, liver specific markers albumin and urea decreased in a drug concentration-dependent manner. These findings were consistent with drug sensitivity. Additionally, mRNA expression levels of cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) involved in hepatocellular drug metabolism were compared following treatment with enzyme inducers. CYP1A2 and CYP2C9 were not epxressed in HepG2 cells. HepaRG cells exhibited significantly increased expression of CYP1A2, 2C9, and 3A4 post-treatment. Notably, enzyme expression was notably higher in 3D cultures than in 2D cultures. Collectively, these findings suggest that HepaRG cells and 3D cultures hold promise for evaluating DILI during early-stage drug development.
In this review, the regulatory mechanisms of autophagy were described, and its interaction with apoptosis was identified. The role of autophagy in embryogenesis, tooth development, and cell differentiation were also investigated. Autophagy is regulated by various autophagy-related genes and those related to stress response. Highly active autophagy occurrences have been reported during cell differentiation before implantation after fertilization. Autophagy is involved in energy generation and supplies nutrients during early birth, essential to compensate for their deficient supply from the placenta. The contribution of autophagy during tooth development, such as the shape of the crown and root formation, ivory, and homeostasis in cells, was also observed. Genes control autophagy, and studying the role of autophagy in cell differentiation and development was useful for understanding human aging, illness, and health. In the future, the role of specific mechanisms in the development and differentiation of autophagy may increase the understanding of the pathological mechanisms of disease and development processes and is expected to reduce the treatment of various diseases by modulating the autophagic phenomenon.
세계적으로 버섯에 대한 소비는 매년 증가하고 있으며 한국에서는 느타리버섯, 양송이버섯, 팽이버섯이 주로 유 통되고 있다. 하지만, 버섯의 재배와 가공 과정에서 미생 물 오염을 예방하기 위한 대안의 부재로 인하여 Listeria monocytogenes와 같은 병원성 미생물의 오염이 검출되고 있으며 버섯에 의한 식중독 및 리콜 사례가 다수 보고되 고 있다. 버섯에서 오염된 미생물을 저감화하는 방법으로 는 화학적 및 물리적 처리, 또는 이들을 결합하여 사용하는 병용처리 방법이 이용되고 있다. 화학적 처리로는 염소 혼 합물, 과산화아세트산, 4차 암모늄이온 화합물이 주로 사용 되고 있으며 오존과 전해수를 이용한 방법도 최근에 개발 되었다. 물리적 처리로는 초음파, 방사선조사, 콜드 플라즈 마 기술이 이용되고 있으며, 병용처리 방법으로는 자외선/ 염소 혼합물, 오존/유기산, 초음파/유기산 등이 연구되었다. 본 리뷰에서는 국내에서 소비되는 버섯의 종류와 그에 대한 미생물 오염도를 조사하고, 버섯에 오염된 미생물을 제 어할 수 있는 기술에 대하여 조사하여, 정리하였다.
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a very deadly and highly contagious disease that occurs in various cloven-hoofed animals. Korea imports vaccines including non-vaccinated serotype for the vaccine bank. The two company vaccines imported from 2019 to 2021 were evaluated through multiple tests based on national standard assay. SN titers for the vaccine of company A were more than 1.5 log10, those of company B vaccine in the geometric mean were at least 1.72. All imported vaccines exceeded the evaluation criteria, and the potency of each vaccine was above its own company standard. Stockpiled vaccines for emergency may help to control non-vaccinated serotypes of FMD outbreak nationally.
Laundry services are becoming more specialized and diversified. Therefore, this study investigated consumers’ perceptions of professional laundry shops by analyzing social media data. For this purpose, text data from blogs, cafés, and Q&A sections (‘Ji-Sik-In’) on the portal site, naver.com, was collected. Sixty-four keywords were extracted from 2,213 social texts and transformed into a one-mode matrix using KrKwic, a program for the analysis of Korean text. Semantic network analysis was conducted to understand the network structure and the results were visualized using NodeXL. Keywords included fashion items and materials that require specialized professional laundry services, words related to the establishment of laundry shops, and laundry shop brands. Essential keywords of professional laundry shops included ‘luxury,’ ‘footwear,’ ‘removal,’ ‘bag,’ ‘leather,’ ‘sneakers,’ ‘padding,’ ‘premium,’ ‘dyeing,’ and ‘franchise.’ These results could be used to deduce that consumers perceive a professional laundry shop as a franchise shop offering specialized professional laundry services. A cluster analysis was conducted to identify the types of consumer perceptions of professional laundry shops. The network was divided into three groups: ‘specialized professional laundry service,’ ‘laundry and repair of winter coats and jackets,’ and ‘the establishment of a professional laundry shop.’ According to the results, consumers perceive professional laundry shops as franchises that offer specialized professional laundry services rather than general laundry services. Therefore, professional laundry shops need a strategy to develop special laundry services that differentiate them from other companies and communicate with consumers about these services.
Contemporary University students are considered the Z generation who were born after 1995. They are more tech savvy than millennials. To target the generation, traditional class management platforms have evolved to smart LMS that is more customized and accessible for smart devices. Global level information search and collaboration can also be implemented using such smart LMS. However, switching from one LMS to another LMS requires great effort from teachers and support from staffs. This study measured the learners’ perception of the system when they were exposed to a new smart-LMS. Blackboard Learn Ultra was used for 15 weeks and at the end of the semester, a questionnaire was administered to the students of these classes. Results indicated that experience with previous LMS discouraged students from adopting Blackboard Learn. Result of TAM modeling indicated that perceived usefulness, compared to perceived ease of use and attitude, was an effective aspect to bring positive acceptance of the system. A qualitative approach and network analysis were also conducted based on students’ responses. Both positive and negative responses were detected. Inconvenience due to mechanical aspects was mentioned. Dissatisfaction compared to previous local LMS use was also mentioned. Mobile application and communication effectiveness were positive aspects. Revised course development and promoting how useful the system may help enhance the acceptance of the new system.
오늘날 양돈의 사양이 증가 함에 따라 부존사료 자원으로서 활용가치가 높은 물질에 항생제를 첨가 하지 않고 친환경적으로 제조된 가축용 사료를 개발하여, 기능성 친환경 돈육 및 가공품을 생산하는 것이 중요하다. 이에 따라 본 연구에서는 항암, 항염, 항산화 등 다양한 생리활성 물질이 다량 함유되어 있는 복분자(Rubus occidentalis, RO) 부산물을 양돈사료의 원료로 확립하고자 버크셔 돼지를 대상으로 복분자 발효사료(Rubus occidentalis fermented fodder, ROFF)의 혈액 내 영양 운반인자와 항산화 효능을 연구하기 위해 수행하였다. 시험구는 일반사료(대조구)에 ROFF를 0.3% 첨가하였고, 발효사료의 효능을 확인 하기 위해 각 체중에 따른 버크셔 거세돈 및 암퇘지에게 43~73일간 급여하여 효능을 확인 하였다. ROFF의 복합적인 효능은 혈액 생화학, 철분 및 항산화 분석을 통해 확인하였다. 그 결과 ROFF의 섭취로 인해 거세 자돈 및 육성돈, 암컷 자돈, 육성돈, 및 110-150 kg 암컷 비육돈 에서 total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) 모두 감소하거나 HDL-C이 증가하는 경향으로 보아 영양생리학적으로 개선되는 경향을 확인하였다. 암컷 비육돈에서는 생화학적 수치가 모두 증가하는 경향으로 보아 임신 가능성이 있는 비육기의 경우 이러한 수치 향상으로 자돈의 생산을 위한 원활한 영양 공급이 예상되며, 건강한 자돈의 생산에 도움이 될 것으로 판단된다. Transferrin (TFE) 함량은 거세돈에서는 변화가 크지 않았으며, 암컷 육성돈 및 110-150 kg 암컷 비육돈에서 ROFF 섭취로 인해 증가하는 경향이 나타남에 따라 ROFF가 철분 결핍으로 인한 부정적인 영향들을 최소화 할 수 있을 것이다. Glutathione peroxidase1 (GPx1)분석 결과 거세 비육 돈 및 110-150 kg 암컷 비육돈에서 ROFF의 섭취로 인해 GPx1 활성이 유의적이지는 않지만 크게 증 가한 것으로 보아 ROFF가 항산화능을 향상시키는 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구의 결과들을 종합할 때, ROFF의 급여가 전체적으로 시험 개체의 개선 효능에는 영향이 크지 않으나 RO의 함량을 고려 할 때 매우 긍정적인 원료사료 중 하나라 할 수 있으며, 특히 ROFF가 거세돈 보다는 암컷 버크셔의 영양 운 반 및 철분 함량 등에 긍정적인 영향을 줄 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.
The role of CXCR7, a seven-transmembrane G-protein coupled chemokine receptor, which binds with high affinity to chemokine CXCL11 and CXCL12 in oral cancer cells and the effect of transient CXCR7-downregulation on proliferation and migration of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells have not been reported. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of CXCR7 on an OSCC cell line. In this study, we down-regulated CXCR7 in the KOSCC25B OSCC cell line by siRNA. In vitro cell proliferation and migration assays were used to investigate the effect of CXCR7- downregulation on cell proliferation and migration in si.KOSCC25B cells. The CXCR7 down-regulated OSCC cells grew significantly slower than the negative control siRNA transfected KOSCC25B cells (p<0.05). Additionally, migration of si.KOSCC25B cells decreased significantly compared with non-transfected KOSCC25B cells (p<0.007). These results suggest that down-regulation of CXCR7 induces anti-proliferative and anti-migratory effects in OSCC, and that CXCR7 may be a useful target molecule for the treatment of OSCC.
The coat color of mammals is determined by the melanogenesis pathway, which is responsible for maintaining the balance between black-brown eumelanin and yellow-reddish pheomelanin. The melanogenesis-associated genes controlling pigmentation act as a complex and interact with each other to cause phenotypic and genotypic variations in cattle. That the MC1R genotype of Korean native cattle with dark muzzle was e/e or E+/e, while the genotype of Korean native cattle with light muzzle was E+/E+, which is a variant of the MC1R genotype in the Korean native cattle. Especially, the MC1R expression type is shows how much pigmentation, important factor in deciding its status in the coat and nose colours. However, information regarding the coat or nose colours-associated gene regulation of korean cattle is not yet unknown. Therefore, in this study was to investigate the expression patterns of melanogenesis-associated genes in black dot nose(korea brindle cattle) and normal nose(korea native cattle). Using microarray clustering and real-time polymerase chain reaction techniques, we analysed that the expression of genes involved in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Wnt signaling pathways is distinctively regulated in the dark and light muzzle tissues. Differential expression of tyrosinase was also noticed, although the difference was not as distinct as those of MAPK and Wnt. We hypothesize that emphasis on the MAPK pathway in the Korea brindle cattle induces eumelanin synthesis through the activation of cAMP response elementbinding protein and tyrosinase, while activation of Wnt signaling counteracts this process and raises the amount of pheomelanin in the native cattle. Regarding the increasing interest in the genetic diversity of cattle stocks, genes we identified for differential expression in the brindle cattle vs. native cattle may serve as novel markers for genetic diversity among cows based on the coat and muzzle color phenotype.
In this study, recrystallization behaviors in the two-phase (α+γ) region of micro-alloyed steels such as Base, Nb, TiNbV and CAlN were investigated in terms of flow stress, microstructure and associated grain boundary characteristics. The flow stress of all specimens reached peak stress and gradually decreased, which means that recrystallization or recovery of proeutectoid deformed ferrite and recovery or transformation to ferrite of deformed austenite occurred by thermal activation. The precipitation of carbide or nitride via the addition of micro-alloying elements, because it reduced prior austenite grain size upon austenitization, promoted transformation of austenite to ferrite and increased flow stress. The strain-induced precipitation under deformation in the two-phase region, on the other hand, increased the flow stress when the micro-alloying elements were dissolved during austenitization. The recrystallization of the Nb specimen was more effectively retarded than that of the TiNbV specimen during deformation in the two-phase region.
Most Korean companies in the fashion industry are SMEs, and the role of the CEO and management ownership is important for enhancing the firm’s competence and developing strategies. The study aims to examine the effect of management ownership on company financial growth. In particular, the study focuses on the moderating effect of company age and size on Korean fashion SMEs’ financial outcomes. Financial data based on company financial statements from 2012 to 2014 was collected by the Data Analysis, Retrieval and Transfer System of Korea’s Financial Supervisory Service. A total of 295 companies’ (domestic fashion businesses) data was analyzed by the bootstrap method. The median sales value in the financial year 2014 was 47,492,403,958 KRW, and the company size was divided by it. The companies were in business for an average of 20 years. According to the results, the management ownership had a negative effect on Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) for the three-years, and the relationship between the two variables was moderated by company age. Additionally, the interaction effect of management ownership and company age on 3-CAGR was also moderated by company size. When the companies had spent only a few years in business, a negative effect of management ownership for small firms and a positive effect of management ownership on financial growth for medium firms were found. These results suggest that small companies starting business need to manage their company governance structure to make flexible decisions, and after retaining financial growth, the companies can expand their businesses based on strong ownership.