대두(大豆)를 이용(利用)한 요구르트 및 유산균(乳酸菌) 음료(飮料)의 제조(製造)를 위(爲)하여 두유(豆乳) 요구르트에 대한 유산균(乳酸菌) 생육(生育)과 산생성(酸生成) 및 여러가지 첨가물(添加物)에 대한 영향(影響)을 조사(調査)하였다. 시비조건(施肥條件)에 차이(差異)를 두어 재배(栽培)한 대두(大豆)를 이용(利用)한 두유(豆乳)에서의 유산균(乳酸菌) 생육(生育) 및 산생성(酸生成)은 큰 차이(差異)가 없었으나 개발복비(開發複肥)를 사용(使用)한 Soybean D가 다소(多少) 양호(良好)한 것으로 나타났으며, 두유(豆乳), 탈지두유 및 분리대두단백(分離大豆蛋白)에서의 산생성(酸生成)은 두유(豆乳)가 탈지두유보다 양호(良好)했으며 분리(分離) 대두단백(大豆蛋白)으로 조제(調製)한 두유(豆乳)에서는 현저(顯著)히 낮았다. 두유(豆乳) 요구르트의 제조(製造)에 사용(使用)한 균주별(菌株別) 산생성능력(酸生成能力)은 L. bulagricus와 L. acidophilus가 우수(優秀)하였다. 당(糖)과 각종(各種) 발육촉진물질(發育促進物質)의 첨가(添加)에 의해 균증식(菌增殖) 및 산생성(酸生成)이 촉진(促進)되었으며 특(特)히 Glucose와 Yeast Extract의 첨가(添加)는 현저(顯著)한 효과(效果)를 나타내었다.

질소원(窒素源)을 달리한 비료시용(肥料施用)이 대두(大豆)의 생육(生育), 수량(收量), 영양성분(營養成分) 및 단백질(蛋白質) 소화율(消化率) 등(等)에 미치는 비효(肥效)는 다음과 같다. 대두(大豆)의 생육상황(生育狀況)은 시비조건간(施肥條件間)에 대체로 유사(類似)하였으나 유안구(硫安區)와 무질소구(無窒素區)에 있어서 절수(節數)가 적었다. 근류수(根瘤數)와 무게는 유안구(硫安區)와 무질소구(無窒素區)가 낮았고 그 밖의 처리구(處理區)에 있어서는 차이가 보이지 않았다. 근류수(根瘤數) 당(當) 질소고정력(窒素固定力)은 생육초기(生育初期)와 개화기(開花期)에는 거의 비슷하였으나 pod 신장기(伸長期)에서는 개발복비구(開發複肥區)가 타처리구(他處理區)보다 비교적 높았다. 대두(大豆)의 100립중(粒重) 및 10a 당(當) 수량(收量)은 개발복비구(開發複肥區)가 타처리구(他處理區)보다 높았고 무질소구(無窒素區)는 질소원(窒素源) 비료(肥料)의 시용구(施用區)보다 대체로 낮았다. 또한 대두(大豆)의 조단백질(粗蛋白質) 함량은 질소원(窒素源) 비료(肥料)의 시용구(施用區)가 무질소구(無窒素區)에 비해 높았고 조지방(粗脂肪) 함량은 오히려 낮았다. 조회분(粗灰分) 함량은 시용구간(施用區間)에 대체로 비슷하였으나 조섬유(粗纖維) 함량은 기존복비구(旣存複肥區)가 타처리구(他處理區)에 비해 높았다. Ca, P, Na, K, Mg, Zn, Mn 및 Cu 함량은 시비조건간(施肥條件間)에 대체로 비슷하였으나 Fe 함량은 무질소구(無窒素區)가 질소원(窒素源) 비료(肥料)의 시용구(施用區)에 비(比)해 월등히 낮았으며, 단백질(蛋白質) 소화율(消化率)은 무질소구(無窒素區)에서 가장 높았다.

토양중(土壤中) 유효인산(有效燐酸) 함량(含量)을 기준(基準)으로 하여 낙동(洛東)벼 재배(栽培)에 인산(燐酸) 시비량(施肥量)을 결정(決定)하고 낙동(洛東)벼 재배(栽培)에 이용(利用)할 수 있는 유효인산(有效燐酸) 정량방법(定量方法)을 알아보고자 상관계수(相關係數)를 조사(調査)하였다. 또 낙동(洛東)벼의 유효인산(有效燐酸) 이용(利用)과 인산시용(燐酸施用) 효과(效果)를 조사(調査)하기 위(爲)하여 토양중(土壤中) 유효인산(有效燐酸) 함량(含量)과 토양(土壤)의 물리화학적(物理化學的) 성질(性質)이 상이(相異)한 토양(土壤)을 공시(供試)하여 pot시험(試驗)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같았다. 낙동(洛東)벼의 이앙(移秧) 후(後) 생육(生育)은 무인산구(無燐酸區)에 비(比)해 인산시용품(燐酸施用區)의 초기(初期) 생육(生育)이 촉진(促進)되었고, 분벽(分檗)이 증가(增加)했으며, 위 실험(實險)에 사용(使用)된 4지역(地域)의 토양(土壤)에서 토양(土壤)A는 인산시용량(燐酸施用量)이 /10a까지 분벽수(分檗數), 초장(草長), 그리고 수량(收量)에 큰 영향(影響)을 미치는 유효경수(有效莖數), 입수(粒數)가 증가(增加)했고 그 이상(以上) 시용(施用)에서는 별다른 차이(差異)가 없었다. 토양(土壤)B와 C, D에서는 인산(燐酸) 시용량(施用量)이 /10a까지 유효경수(有效莖數), 수량(收量)이 증가(增加)했고 그 이상(以上) 시용(施用)에서는 차이(差異)가 크지 않았다. 유효인산(有效燐酸) 정량방법별(定量方法別) 유효인산(有效燐酸) 함량(含量)은 Bray No.2법(法)이 가장 높았고, Lancaster법(法)과 Bray No.1, North Carolina, Olsen 법(法)의 순(順)으로 감소(減少)하였다. Pot시험(試驗) 결과(結果) 정량(定量) 방법별(方法別) 유효인산(有效燐酸) 함량(含量)과 상대수량(相對數量)과의 상관계수(相關係數)는 North Carolina법(法)이 0.952로 가장 높았다.

광교(光敎)를 비롯한 12개품종(個品種)의 대두근류(大豆根瘤)로부터 탐색분리(探索分離)한 질소고정균(窒素固定菌)의 생리적(生理的) 특성(特性) 및 숙주작물(宿主作物)과의 접종친화성(接種親和性)을 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. YMA배지(培地)에서 자란 질소고정균(窒素固定菌)의 색상(色相)은 백색상(白色相), 반투명색상(半透明色相), 투명색상(透明色相)이 각각(各各) 60%, 30%, 10%였으며 Litmus milk 반응(反應)은 alkali, acid serum, alkali serum, acid가 각각(各各) 51%, 29%, 9%, 11%로 나타났다. 2. 우량질소고정균(優良窒素固定菌)의 YM배지(培地)에서의 생육속도(生育速度) 및 pH의 변화(變化)는 S 022, S 096이 생육속도(生育速度)가 느리고, alkali를 생성(生成)하였으며 S 080, S 090, S 118은생육속도(生育速度)가 빠르고 산(酸)을 생성(生成)하였다. 3. YM배지(培地)의 초기(初期) pH가 6.0~7.0의 범위(範圍)에서 Rhizobia의 생육(生育)이 가장 좋았다. 4. 질소원(窒素源)으로서 glutamine, asparagine, allantion 등(等)은 Rhizobia의 생육(生育)을 촉진(促進)시켰다. 5. 분리(分離)한 균주(菌株) 전부(全部)가 대두(大豆)에 근류(根瘤)를 형성(形成)시켰으며, 우량질소고정균주(優良窒素固定菌株)는 그중 색상(色相)이 백색(白色)이고 colony가 소형(小型)이며 질산환원력(窒酸還元力)이 있고 아질산환원력(亞窒酸還元力)이 없으나 비교적(比較的) 높은 질소고정력(窒素固定力)을 나타냈다. 6. 동일균주(同一菌株)라도 숙주작물(宿主作物)의 친화성(親和性)에 따라서 질소고정능력(窒素固定能力)에 차이(差異)가 있었으며, 질소고정능력(窒素固定能力)이 없는 무효근류(無效根瘤)를 형성(形成)하는 균주(菌株)도 있었다.

Residence time is defined as the time taken for a material in a system to leave the system. The residence time characteristics in shellfish aquaculture determine the dispersion of excretion from aquaculture farms, along with the supply of food by seawater exchange. In this study, we estimated the spatial distribution of average residence time in the shellfish farming area using a particle tracking model. As a result, a relatively short average residence time of about 20 days or less was calculated in most areas, but an average residence time of more than 40 days was calculated in the inner areas. Relatively long average residence times were calculated along the west coast compared to the east coast, with the longest average residence time of more than 50 days in the northwestern areas. It can be inferred that the disturbance of the benthic ecosystem caused by shellfish farms is likely to be large because of the relatively weak dispersion of excrement from shellfish farms located on the west coast, especially in the northwest region. This distribution of average residence time is important for understanding the potential effects of seawater exchange on the environmental sustainability of shellfish farms, along with the seawater circulation characteristics of Jaran Bay.

In patients with acute cerebral infarction, taranscranial ultrasonography is helpful in assessing blood flow, but in some patients, failure to detect cerebral blood flow through the temporal window is an important problem in expansion of clinical indications for transcranial ultrasonography. This study was performed between May 2016 and September 2016 in patients admitted to the neurology department of Chosun University Hospital with cerebral infarction and underwent transcranial ultrasonography and brain magnetic resonance image. Of the 129 patients, 47 were female (36.4%). The mean age of the patients was 80.7±8.0 years. Fifty patients (38.8%) did not showed any blood flow signal due to poor temporal window. The mean age of patients with temporal window failure (83.8±6.0 years) was significantly higher than without temporal window failure (78.7±8.5), and the temporal window failure was significantly higher in women. In conclusion, temporal window failure was more common in elderly and women in this study. In addition to temporal bone thickness and heterogeneity of temporal bone due to osteoporosis, hyperlipidemia may also be associated with temporal window failure and future prospective studies will be needed.

This study investigated both leaching of heavy metals and ecological toxicity when coal bottom ash (CBA) generated by power plants has been used to reduce both erosion and turbidity of surface runoff at construction sites. The Korean leaching test (KLT) method, sequential extraction method, and acute toxicity test using Daphnia magna were performed to evaluate the environmental impacts and the ecological risks of CBA. According to the results of the KLT method of CBA, trace amounts of Cu were leached at limit of quantitation whereas metal leaching was not monitored for other heavy metals. Through the sequential extraction method of CBA, the relatively high leaching potential was found for As and Pb due to greater fraction of exchangeable (F1) and bound to carbonates (F2), and reasonable probability of leaching under the reducing/anaerobic environment was expected for Cu due to high faction of bound to Fe?Mn oxides (F3). However, significantly low probability of leaching was expected for Cd, Cr, Ni, and Zn with grater fractions of bound to organic matter (F4) and residual (F5). Additionally, total amount of heavy metals in CBA was lower than criteria for soil pollution concerns, and were similar or slightly lower levels than the ‘15 National soil average concentration excluding Cr6+. Finally, acute toxicity test using Daphnia magna display no impact for mobilization and lethality in either the prefiltration or post-filtration experiment, indicating that the ecological toxicity was insignificant with zero values of toxic unit. Consequently, no environmental impacts or ecological toxicity are expected when CBA generated by power plants has been used to reduce both erosion and turbidity of surface runoff at construction sites.

본 연구는 왕우렁이의 생리․생태적 특성 및 논 잡초방제를 위하여 투입된 왕우렁이들의 집단패사 원인을 구명하기 위하여 수행하였다. 1983년 국내에 도입되어 양식과 논 잡초방제를 위하여 활용되고 있는 왕우렁이의 종(species)은 연체동물문(Mollusca), 복족강(Gastropoda), 중복족목(Mesogastropoda), Ampulariidae과, Pomacea속에 속하는 Pomacea canaliculata Lamarck이다. 왕우렁이의 생리․생태적 특성조사 결과 왕우렁이 성체들이 국내에서 월동되고 있으나 왕우렁이 알로는 월동되지 못하고 있다. 수컷과 암컷의 비율은 1:1.99~2.33배로 암컷의 구성비가 높았다. 생장량은 1일에 87.7 mg이었으며, 껍질은 각고가 0.31 mm, 각경이 0.33 mm씩 자랐다. 왕우렁이의 생장은 먹이의 조건 등에 따라서 차이가 있을 수 있으며, 매우 빠른 생장량을 나타내었다. 한편, 건조에 대한 저항성은 매우 강하여 3개월까지 생존율이 약 80%에 달하였다. 왕우렁이 서식에 따른 수질에 미치는 영향을 평가한 결과 다량의 서식 밀도에서는 약간의 영향을 줄 수는 있겠으나, 잡초방제를 위하여 투입되는 밀도에서는 전혀 영향이 없었다. 논 잡초방제를 위하여 벼 이앙초기에 투입되는 왕우렁이가 2~3일이내에 일시에 집단 패사되는 직접적인 원인은 미소생물인 패충류(참씨벌레)에 의하여 발생되지 않는 것으로 판명되었다. 다만 패충류 (참씨벌레)에 의하여 패사되는 비율은 밀도에 따라 2.86%와 5.71%로 매우 미미하였고, 통계적인 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 논 잡초방제를 위하여 투입된 왕우렁이들은 벼 이앙시기가 빨라지고, 일교차가 커지면서 추운 저온의 날씨로 인하여 논의 흙속으로 들어가서 죽거나 일부는 새의 먹이가 되어 사라지기 때문에 다량이 죽은 것으로 오해되었다.

This study was conducted to investigate farmers’ satisfaction in organic farming technologies developed by the Rural Development Administration (RDA). The survey targeted farmers who were eco-friendly or interested in eco-friendly agriculture. 70% of the target farmers were doing eco-friendly farming, and the satisfaction rate of the technology developed by the RDA was 3.85 points. The satisfaction of the farmers who participated in demonstration and demonstration of the farming field of the developed technology was 4.00 and the satisfaction level of organic farming instruction manual was 3.95. In addition, 38.4% of the surveyed areas were found to be pest control areas, and the impacts on the satisfaction of the organic cultivation related technology utilization and the satisfaction of the organic cultivation guide were analyzed. As a result, the RDA needs to develop and supply customized technology for aged small farmers.

This experiment was conducted to develop control method for Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) on eggplant using sticky trap method. According to the color of the sticky traps, the attractiveness of the B. tabaci was the highest in the yellow trap, followed by the green and orange. However, white, blue, red, black and green sticky traps have reduced attractiveness of B. tabaci. In order to improve the efficiency and attractiveness of sticky trap to the B. tabaci, the different kinds of sugars such as glucose, fructose, oligosaccharide, starch syrup and pure sugar were added to sticky traps respectively. However, the effect of B. tabaci attractiveness was low in starch syrup, pure sugar, and non-treated sticky traps. The attracting effect of B. tabaci was depending on the location of sticky trap. The highest value was obtained where sticky traps were located in the top of the eggplant, followed by 30 cm above from the top level. In addition, we were installed up to 40 sticky traps to determine the optimal amount of sticky traps to control B. tabaci in eggplant. When increasing the sticky traps, the number of adult and nymphs of B. tabaci were tended to be decreased significantly. This tendency was more effective in the latter stages than in the early stages. As the number of sticky traps increased, not only the growth rate of eggplant, leaf length, and stem diameter were to be better. But also number of fruits and product marketable value were increased at the early stage of growing as well. The study had proven that the sticky traps had an effect on increasing the yield at the early stage of growth, but the efficiency of controlling decreased due to the high density of B. tabaci of the next generation.

친환경 벼 재배농가에서 혼합유박비료를 관행적으로 이앙 3일 전에 사용함에 따라 분얼 기 이후에 비료효과가 나타나므로 수량이 감소하는 문제를 해결하기 위해 본 연구를 수행 하였다. 실내에서 조사한 혼합유박비료의 무기화는 담수조건에서 7주까지 NH4-N가 증가하 였고, 비담수 조건에서 5주까지 NO3-N가 증가하였다. 벼 이앙 20일에 논토양의 질소무기화 는 이앙 20일 전 처리구가 0.85%로 가장 높았다. 수확기 토양특성은 혼합유박비료 시비시 기에 따라 토양유기물함량을 제외하고 차이가 없었다. 이앙 60일에 초장, 간장, 수장은 이 앙 20일 전 처리구가 가장 길었다. 또한 이앙 20일 전 처리구에서 수수, 등숙비율, 천립중이 높게 나타나 백미수량이 관행처리(이앙 3일 전)에 비해 9% 증가하였다. 백미의 백도와 amylose는 차이가 없었지만, 단백질 함량과 식미치는 이앙 20일과 30일전 처리에서 같은 수 준이었다. 쌀 수량과 품질 등을 혼합유박비료 시용시기와 관계식으로 산출하면 혼합유박비 료의 적정 사용 시기는 이앙 21.3일 전으로 나타났다.

본 연구는 옥상녹화 토심에 따른 온도 및 열류량 차이를 알아보고자 수행하였다. 470×270mm 크기에 높이가 10cm, 20cm, 30cm인 플라스 틱 용기를 각각 12개씩 준비한 후 플라이애쉬(fly-ash)를 채워 잔디를 식재하여 실험구를 조성하였다. 이때 아무것도 식재하지 않은 옥상바 닥을 대조구로 하였다. 실험결과 온도저감은 토심이 깊을수록 크게 나타났으며, 최고온도와 최저온도 차이는 대조구가 29.5℃로 가장 크 게 나타났으며, 그 다음으로 토심 30cm 27.2℃, 20cm 23.5℃, 10cm 23.0℃ 순으로 나타났다. 각 실험구 표면과 토양 하부의 최대온도의 차 이를 살펴보면 토심 30cm가 18.4℃로 가장 높았으며, 그 다음으로 토심 20cm가 16.1℃, 10cm가 14.4℃로 나타났다. 최대온도 도달시간을 살펴보면 토심 30cm는 7시간 50분이 소요되었으며, 토심 20cm는 7시간, 10cm는 4시간 50분으로 나타났다. 열류량의 변화는 측정기간 중 일사량이 가장 높았던 날(873.3W․m-2)을 기준으로 대조구에서는 408.9W․m-2를 나타낸 반면에 토심 20cm -3.8W․m-2, 30cm 2.7W․m-2, 10cm 4.5W․m-2로 나타나 토심이 깊어질수록 열전달이 감소되는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 종합하면, 옥상녹화를 조성함으로써 표 면온도의 감소는 물론 외기온도가 전달되는데 지연효과로 인한 차열이나 단열효과로 발생하는 냉난방 에너지 절약으로 이어질 수 있을 것 으로 판단된다.

Domestic urban railway underground station structures, which were built in the 1970s ad 1980s, had been constructed as Cut-and-Cover construction system without seismic design. Because the trends of earthquake occurrence is constantly increasing all over the world as well as the Korean Peninsula, massive human casualties and severe properties and structures damage might be occurred in an non-retrofitted underground station during an earthquake above a certain scale. Therefore, to evaluate the retrofit effect and soil-structure interaction of seismic retrofitted underground station, a centrifugal shaking table test with enhanced stiffness on its structural main member are carried out on 1/60 scaled model using the Kobe and Northridge earthquakes. The seismic retrofitted members, which are columns, side walls, and slabs, are evaluated to comparing with existing non-retrofitted centrifuge test results Also, to simulate the scaled ground using variation of shear velocity according to site conditions such as ground depth and density, resonant column test is performed. From the test results, the relative displacement behavior between ground and structures shows comparatively similar in ground, but is increased on ground surface. The seismic retrofit effects were measured using relative displacements and moment behavior of column and side walls rather than slabs. Additionally, earthquake wave can be used to main design factor due to large structural deformation on Kobe earthquake wave than Norhridge earthquake wave.

This experiment was carried out to determine the treatment interval on neem product for control of Bemisia tabaci on eggplant using eco-friendly agriculture. We have investigated the control effect of B. tabaci, growth characteristics of eggplant, economics according to neem product treatment interval on eggplant. The longer neem processing interval tended to decrease control effect on nymphs of B. tabaci. Control effect of nymph of B. tabaci according to treatment interval of 3 days, 5 days, 7 days, 10 days, and 15 days were 96.7%, 89.7%, 76.1%, 73.4%, and 51.0%, respectively. This result was the same tendency in adult of B. tabaci control effects on eggplant. Growth characteristics of eggplant according to neem the treatment interval of 3 days, 5 days, and 7 days, was less damaged on of B. tabaci. However, the 10 days, 15 days, and untreated of neem treatment intervals were badly damaged by B. tabaci. Therefore, neem treatment interval of 3~7 days for control of B. tabaci was high control effect. However, it is considered to be the most suitable to process every seven days considering the economics and so on. The results of economic analysis from income of 7 days neem treatment interval was the most high as 19.505 thousand won per 10a and the most economical treatment for control of B. tabaci.

The concepts of residence time and flushing time can be used to explain the exchange and transport of water or materials in a coastal sea. The application of these transport time scales are widespread in biological, hydrological, and geochemical studies. The water quality of the system crucially depends on the residence time and flushing time of a particle in the system. In this study, the residence and flushing time in Gamak Bay were calculated using the numerical model, EFDC, which includes a particle tracking module. The average residence time was 55 days in the inner bay, and the flushing time for Gamak Bay was about 44.8 days, according to the simulation. This means that it takes about 2 months for land and aquaculture generated particles to be transported out of Gamak Bay, which can lead to substances accumulating in the bay. These results show the relationships between the transport time scale and physical the properties of the embayment. The findings of this study will improves understanding of the water and material transport processes in Gamak Bay and will be important when assessing the potential impact of coastal development on water quality conditions.

For elevated railway station on which track is connected with superstructure of station, structural vibration level and structure-borne-noise level has exceeded the reference level due to structural characteristics which transmits vibration directly. Therefore, existing elevated railway station is in need of economical and effective vibration reduction method which enable train service without interruption. In this study, structural vibration non-transmissible system which is applied to vibroisolating material for column member is developed to reduce vibration. That system is cut covering material of the column section using water-jet method and is installed with vibroisolating material on cut section. To verify vibration reduction effect and structural performance for structural vibration non-transmissible system, impact hammer test and cyclic lateral load test are performed for 1/4 scale test specimens. It is observed that natural period which means vibration response characteristics is shifted , and damping ratio is increased about 15~30% which means that system is effective to reduce structural vibration through vibration test. Also load-displacement relation and stiffness change rate of the columns are examined, and it is shown that ductility and energy dissipation capacity is increased. From test results, it is found that vibration non-transmissible system which is applied to column member enable to maintains structural function.

The upland soils (56 samples) from organic farms in Gyeonggi-do (12 sites), Gangwon-do (8 sites), Chungcheong-do (14 sites), Gyeongsang-do (4 sites), Jeollado (18 sites) in Korea were collected and their physical and chemical properties were analyzed by RDA’s methods. In the results of physical property, the bulk density of soils averaged 1.14 Mg m-3 (surface soil), 1.38 Mg m-3 (subsoil), respectively. The porosity of them was 57%, 48%. Organically managed soil’s (OS) bulk density was lower than conventional soil’s but OS’s porosity was a little higher than conventionally managed soil in surface soil. The depth of plough layer in organically managed soils was 21.2 cm indicating that the organic farming had good effect on soil physical property. In the results of chemical property, the surface soil pH was 6.9 and the contents of organic matter (OM) was 26 g kg-1, available phosphate (Avail. P2O5) was 554 mg kg-1, exchangeable calcium (Exch. Ca) was 8.9 cmolc kg-1, exchangeable potassium (Exch. K) was 0.89 cmolc kg-1, exchangeable magnesium (Exch. Mg) was 2.0 cmolc kg-1. The subsoil pH was 6.8 and the contents of OM was 21 g kg-1, avail. P2O5 was 491 mg kg-1, exch. Ca was 7.9 cmolc kg-1, exch. K was 0.68 cmolc kg-1, exch. Mg was 1.8 cmolc kg-1. The nutrient accumulation emerged in organic farming. Compared to the optimum nutrient range for the conventional upland soils, the exceed rate of pH, OM, available phosphate, and exchangeable Ca, K, and Mg was 79, 52, 64, 84, 66% and 55%, respectively, which mainly resulted from the over-application of lime materials or livestock manure compost. With these results it is suggested thatorganic farm need to reduce the use of inputs, which make soil alkalification or nutrient accumulation. More study on effects of inputs on lowering soil pH from alkalification could help organically managed soil to be improved.