The genus Pratylenchus is considered as one of the most important plant-parasitic nematodes around the world because of its broad spectrum host ranges and worldwide distribution. 72 species of root-lesion nematodes have already been described from various parts of the globe. Among all of them, only 5 species are regulated as a target species in quarantine inspection. As the importation of target items inspecting nematodes are surely increasing every year, detection rate of nematodes in quarantine also increased. However, the rate of species identification has been decreased due to lack of related information. The species belonging to genus Pratylenchus are shown very low identification rate because we have specimens and information about only 10 domestic species and 5 regulated species. In this study, we identified the species in the genus Pratylenchus and obtained related information for application in the quarantine field. Species identification was performed with extracted nematodes from plants obtained in the recent quarantine inspection. Newly identified species were 5 species including Pratylenchus crenatus, P. fallax, P. kumamotoensis, P. panamaensis and P. penetrans. The photos, measured value and morphological characters of each species are provided.

가막만은 여수반도 남단에 위치한 해역으로 동쪽으로 돌산도, 서쪽으로 고돌산반도 남똑으 로는 개도 등 여러 섬들로 둘러싸인 전형적인 반폐쇄적인 해역으로서, 납북방향의 길이가 약 15km, 동서방향으로 약 9km인 타원형 내만이며, 평균수심은 9m인 천해이다. 가막만의 퇴적물은 주로 silt와 clay로 구성되며 만전체적으로 세립질 퇴적상을 보인다. 지형특성에 따라 대체로 개의 수괴가 존재하 며, 만 내부의 북서쪽은 대형 웅덩이 형태의 지형을 보이며 생활하수가 유입되어 쌓이며 만내의 해수 유동에 의해 물질이 수렴되고 있다. 이처럼 영양염이 풍부하여 양식이 활발히 성행하고 있으며 북서쪽 내만역과 북동쪽 대경도를 중심으로 수하식 홍합양식과 피조개 양식, 만 중앙부에는 굴양식장이 산재 하며, 만 남쪽 입구에는 가두리 어류 양식이 이루어지고 있다. 따라서 해양환경 보전해역으로 지정되 어 있으나 분서 내만역을 중심으로 일부 해역은 생활하수와 양식부산물 등에 의해 부영양화가 진행되 어 고수온기 저층해수에 빈산소층이 형성되고 적조 발생등 다양한 환경문제를 일으킨다. 한편 중금속은 해수 중에 극미량으로 존재하고 있으며 유입시 분해되지 않는 특성을 가지고 있어 잔류성 오염물질로 분류되고 있다. 생물에 농축 될 뿐 아니라 먹이사슬에 의해 갈수록 축적 정도가 커 지며 하천이나 비, 대기 또는 직접적 유입 등 여러 경로로 환경 중으로 유입된다. 해양으로 유입된 중 금속은 수중의 생지화학적 과정에 의해서 입자화되어 퇴적물에 축적되어 저서생물에 영향을 미치게 된다. 가막만에 대한 중금속의 연구보고는 거의 없으며, 퇴적물은 해수보다 높은 농도로 존재 하기에 엄격 히 관리되어야 한다고 판단된다. 본 연구는 가막만을 대상으로 하여 3월과 8월 두차례에 걸쳐 조사하였으며, 3월 조사 결과 분포범위 와 평균값은 Cr이 4.31～75.63(평균 55.72) mg/kg, Cu가 1.87～37.30(평균 14.97) mg/kg, Zn이 26.31～ 148.98(평균 102.60) mg/kg, As는 5.05～9.98(평균 6.34) mg/kg, Pb는 10.58～33.37(평균 21.26) mg/kg, Al은 2.63~5.68(평균 4.01) %로 검출되었으며, Cd과 Hg는 검출되지 않았고, 8월 조사 결과 분포범위와 평균값은 Cr은 56.63～123.42(평균 91.39) mg/kg, Cu가 12.44～40.11(평균 22.98) mg/kg, Zn이 97.05～ 186.03(평균 133.84) mg/kg, As는 7.52～14.06(평균 9.75) mg/kg, Pb는 20.62～44.65(평균 28.87) mg/kg, Al은 0.95~4.36(평균 3.09) % 검출되었으며, Cd와 Hg는 검출되지 않았다.

Chitosan을 Bacillus pumilus BN-262 유래의 chitosanase로 처리한 경우에는 tnmer, tetramer, pentamer가 전체 올리고당 중 64.3%에 달하는 비교적 저분자의 chitooligosaccharides로 구성된 chitooligosaccharidesⅠ을 얻을 수 있었다 그러나 Trichoderma viride 유래의 chellulase로 처리한 경우에는 중합도 7 이상의 것이 전체 올리고당 중 49.3%에 달하는 상대적으로 분자량이 큰 chitooligosaccharides로 구성된 chitooligosaccharideⅡ를 얻을 수 있었다. 따라서 생리적 기능성이 높은 hexamer 이상의 chitooligosaccharides를 얻기 위해서는 chitosanase의 처리 조건을 달리하여 분해가 덜 일어나도록 하거나 cellulase와 같은 효소를 처리함으로써 chitosan의 부분적인 분해를 유도하는 것이 필요하다고 판단되었다. Chitin과 chitooligosaccharides의 응집성에 대하여 조사하였다 고분자의 chitosan은 2가 음이온을 함유하는 무기화합물 및 고분자의 유기화합물과 반응하여 응집이 일어났다. 분해가 많이 일어난 chitooligosaccharideⅠ은 무기물질과는 침전하지 않았으나 고분자화합물을 함유하는 유기화합물과는 반응하여 침전이 일어났다. 분해가 적게 일어난 chitooligosaccharideⅡ는 2가 음이온을 함유하는 무기화합물 및 고분자의 유기화합물과 반응하여 침전이 일어났다

술의 종류에 따른 핵산관련물질의 함량을 비교하기 위해서 HPLC로서 그 함량을 조사하였다. Cystosine의 함량은 앵두술>자두술>동동주>청하>파인애플술>소주의 순서였다. Guanine의 함량은 동동주>청하>파인애플술>자두술>소주의 순서였다. Uridine의 함량은 동동주>청하>앵두술>파인애플술>자두술>소주의 순서였다. Adenine의 함량은 동동주>청하>앵두술>파인애플술>자두술>소주의 순서였다. Guanosine의 함량은 동동주>앵두술>청하>자두술>파인애플술>소주의 순서였다. Adenosine의 함량은 동동주>청하>앵두술>자두술>파인애플술>소주의 순서였다.

This paper designed modular agricultural robotic platform capable of a variety of agricultural tasks to address the problems caused by a decline in agricultural populations and an increase in average age. We propose a modular robotic platform that can perform many tasks required in field farming by replacing only work modules with common robotic platforms. This platform is capable of steering while driving on four wheels in an upland environment where farm work is performed, and an attitude control module is attached to each drive module to control the attitude of the platform. In addition, the width of the platform is designed to be variable in order to operate in various ridges according to the crop cultivation method. Finally, we evaluated five items: variable width, gradient, attitude control angle, step and road speed in order to carry out the farming industry while maintaining a stable posture.

치과 콘빔 전산화단층 검사 시 갑상선 부위의 방사선 피폭선량을 최소화하기 위하여 보루스 (Bolus)를 이용한 차폐체를 제작하고, 방사선 차폐 효과와 영상의 적정성을 평가하였다. 치과용 콘빔 전산화단층검사 장비를 사용하여 치과방사선 두부 팬텀을 대상으로 갑상선의 좌, 우측 부위에 유리선량계를 부착시켜 방사선량을 측정하였다. 차폐체의 두께를 각각 10 mm, 20 mm, 30 mm로 다르게 하여 각 차폐체별로 흡수선량을 측정하여 차폐체를 사용하지 않았을 경우와 비교하였다. 8명의 평가자가 진료영상의 적정성을 여부를 평가하였다. 왼쪽 갑상선 부위에 30 mm Bolus 차폐체를 사용한 경우에는 결과값이 평균 342.67 μ㏉로 Bolu s 차폐체를 사용하지 않고 측정한 결과값의 평균 431.22 μ㏉보다 20.7% 감소하였고, 오른쪽 갑상선 부위에 30 mm Bolus 차폐체를 사용한 경우에는 평균 424.56 μ㏉로 21.9%의 선량감소효과를 보였다. 진료 영상의 적정성은 평가자 모두 사용 가능하다 판단하였다. 결론적으로, 치과 콘빔 전산화단층검사 시 갑상선 부위의 방사선 피폭선량을 최소화하기 위해 제작된 Bolus 차폐체는 장해음영 없이 적정한 진단 영상 처리가 가능하고, 방사선차폐 효과가 있어 유용한 차폐체로 적용 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models such as the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model are essential for forecasting one-day-ahead solar irradiance. In order to evaluate the performance of the WRF in forecasting solar irradiance over the Korean Peninsula, we compared WRF prediction data from 2008 to 2010 corresponding to weather observation data (OBS) from the Korean Meteorological Administration (KMA). The WRF model showed poor performance at polluted regions such as Seoul and Suwon where the relative Root Mean Square Error (rRMSE) is over 30%. Predictions by the WRF model alone had a large amount of potential error because of the lack of actual aerosol radiative feedbacks. For the purpose of reducing this error induced by atmospheric particles, i.e., aerosols, the WRF model was coupled with the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. The coupled system makes it possible to estimate the radiative feedbacks of aerosols on the solar irradiance. As a result, the solar irradiance estimated by the coupled system showed a strong dependence on both the aerosol spatial distributions and the associated optical properties. In the NF (No Feedback) case, which refers to the WRF-only stimulated system without aerosol feedbacks, the GHI was overestimated by 50–200 W m-2 compared with OBS derived values at each site. In the YF (Yes Feedback) case, in contrast, which refers to the WRF–CMAQ two-way coupled system, the rRMSE was significantly improved by 3.1–3.7% at Suwon and Seoul where the Particulate Matter (PM) concentrations, specifically, those related to the PM10 size fraction, were over 100 g m-3. Thus, the coupled system showed promise for acquiring more accurate solar irradiance forecasts.

This study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the antibiotic effects of leaves, stems, and roots in yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius). Antibacterial activity of leaf extract by disk diffusion method with Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli respectively showed 13.3 and 13.75mm diameters of clear zone. There was no significant difference between the stems and leaves. The minimum inhibitory concentration of leaves’ heating and agitation extraction showed a restrain of strain at 1mg/ml, but the stems and root extract did not appear. Yacon is a functional antibacterial material, and methanol extraction is more effective than water. This research was to investigate the growth stage of collection has the most effective antibacterial effects. It has collected yacon's leaves from June to October, which is an appropriate time for collection right before reaping. Yacon leaf has antibacterial effects on Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecium, and Salmonella enteritifis. There were no significant differences by the growth stage of collection. Leaves collected in July are high in phenol which helps in sulfating activity works well considering the high scavenging capability of DPPH. Leaves collected in September are high in total flavonoid.

Background : Ginseng is a perennial plant and damaged by various diseases and insect pests. The damage lowers harvest and quality. Accordingly, a chemical control system was made with the aim of effectively control gray mold, anthrax, and spotting disease which occur during growth period. fungicide resistance of gray mold rot was examined to find out whether the chemical control system can be used over the long term. Methods and Results : This experiment was conducted in three areas including Geumsan-gun, Yesan-gun, and Sejong city. The chemical control system was done to the plants of two years old or older. As for the order of the treatment, from the end of April to May Fludioxonil (A) and Pyraclostrobin (B) were used; from the mid-May to the end of July of growth stages Difenoconazole (C), Iminoctadinetris (albesilate) (D), Cyprodinil (E), Metconazole (F), Fluazinam (G) and Pyrimethanil (H); from August to September nonresidualizing polyoxinB + mancozeb (K); in November of hibernating period, Fenhexamid (I) and Carbendazim/diethofencarb (J) were used. As for the interval, from the end of April to the end of July the interval was 10 days, in August and September once a month, and twice in every ten days in November. The isolation of Botrytis cinerea for examination into mycelial growth inhibition rate was conducted to 4-year old ginseng in Geumsan, 5-year old in Yesan, and 3-year old in Sejong. In Geumsan, the mycelial growth inhibition rate to Botrytis cinerea was 75.5% - 100%. Every fungicides showed good rate of mycelial growth inhibition. The lowest rate was seen in fungicide B at 75.5%. K showed the prevention rate at 76.8%, D at 82.7%, and I at 82.2%, and other fungicides at 100%. In Sejong area, the hyphal prevention rate of Botrytis cinerea was 71.0% - 100%, indicating all fungicides show good rate of mycelial growth inhibition. The lowest rate was recorded by fungicide B at 71.1%, D at 81.1%, K at 85.4%, and I at 95.4%. Yesan area also showed similar results to those of Geumsan and Sejong. Conclusion : Botrytis cinerea was isolated from ginseng and mycelial growth inhibition effect was examined in concentration of 11 kinds of fungicides. In all three areas where chemical control system were applied, resistance was not found, suggesting that the chemical control system can be applied to control diseases of ginseng.

Background : Ginseng is a perennial plant and damaged by various diseases and insect pests. The damage lowers harvest and quality. In particular, gray mold rot occurs to plants of every year, growth duration, and hibernating stage, and decays leaves, stems, and roots, lowering the amount of harvest. This experiment was conducted with the aim of effectively preventing gray mold rot, and other major diseases such as anthrax and spotting disease, and establishing chemical control system. Methods and Results : This experiment was conducted in three areas including Geunsan-gun, Yesan-gun, and Sejong city. As for the procedure of medical treatment, from the end of April to early May of germination period, Fludioxonil and Pyraclostrobin were used. From the mid-May to the end of July of growth period, Difenoconazole, Iminoctadine tris (albesilate), Cyprodinil, Metconazole, Fluazinam, and Pyrimethanil were used. From August to September, non residualizing polyoxinB + mancozeb was used. In November of hibernating stage, Fenhexamid and Carbendazim/diethofencarb were used. As for the interval, from the end of April to the end of July the interval was 10 days, in August and September once a month, and twice in every ten days in November. The chemical control system effect was compared with conventional prevention. When chemical control system was used, stem spotting disease occurred at a lower rate of 0.34% than 1.2% of the conventional method. Leaf spotting disease occurred at a lower rate of 1.4% compared with 7.1% of the conventional method, and anthrax occurred at a lower rate by more than 10% than the conventional method. Stem gray mold rot occurred at a rate of 4.1% when the conventional method was used, but the rate stood at 5.3% in Geumsan, 8.9% in Yesan, 2.3% in Sejong when the prevention method was used, which suggest the chemical control system was effective. Conclusion : When chemical control system was applied to prevent major diseases of ginseng, spotting disease, anthrax, and gray mold occurred at lower rates compared with the case where the conventional method was used. The finding is that the chemical control system can be utilized to prevent major diseases of ginseng.

Background : This study was carried out to understand the effect of seedling weight (SW) on growth and flowering in Panax ginseng. Methods and Results : The testing materials were Chunpoong (CP), Yunpoong (YP) and Jakyeongjong (JK). The increase of seedling (1yr) weight led to an increase in ratio of flowering plant and in number of flower per plant. The seed setting rate of two year-old plant (CP, YP, JK) increased with increase of SW at the planting time (PT) and number of flower per plant of three year-old plant (CP, YP) increased also. In the two year-old plant (JK), the ratio of three leaves per plant was 8.8, 19.6, 31.0, 42.0, 44.7 and 58.2%, respectively, in the SW of >0.6, 0.6~0.8, 0.8~1.0, 1.02~1.2, 1.2~1.4 and 1.4g<. The growth of ginseng plant was good with increase of SW at the PT. Conclusion : There was a highly positive correlation between seedling weight and flowering characteristics.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common, benign, and transient type of supraventricular arrhythmia encountered during the early postoperative period after a pulmonary resection. However, it sometimes might result in hemodynamic deterioration. We report on a case of new-onset atrial fibrillation in a 74-year-old male patient after right lower lobectomy, which was not controlled with intermittent bolus injection of esmolol and diltiazem. Successful pharmacological cardioversion was achieved with intravenous (6 mg/hr for 2 hours) followed by oral (90 mg q day) diltiazem 20 hours after this treatment. The literature on the risk factors and management of atrial fibrillation after pulmonary resection is reviewed.

TiO2- and SiO2-supported Co3O4, Pt and Co3O4-Pt catalysts have been studied for CO and C3H8 oxidations at temperatures less than 250℃ which is a lower limit of light-off temperatures to oxidize them during emission test cycles of gasoline-fueled automotives with TWCs (three-way catalytic converters) consisting mainly of Pt, Pd and Rh. All the catalysts after appropriate activation such as calcination at 350℃ and reduction at 400℃ exhibited significant dependence on both their preparation techniques and supports upon CO oxidation at chosen temperatures. A Pt/TiO2 catalyst prepared by using an ion-exchange method (IE) has much better activity for such CO oxidation because of smaller Pt nanoparticles, compared to a supported Pt obtained via an incipient wetness (IW). Supported Co3O4-only catalysts are very active for CO oxidation even at 100℃, but the use of TiO2 as a support and the IW technique give the best performances. These effects on supports and preparation methods were indicated for Co3O4-Pt catalysts. Based on activity profiles of CO oxidation at 100℃ over a physical mixture of supported Pt and Co3O4 after activation under different conditions, and typical light-off temperatures of CO and unburned hydrocarbons in common TWCs as tested for C3H8 oxidation at 250℃ with a Pt-exchanged SiO2 catalyst, this study may offer an useful approach to substitute Co3O4 for a part of platinum group metals, particularly Pt, thereby lowering the usage of the precious metals.

This study was carried out to determine the optimum harvest date of unshelled immature peanuts and dried kernels from 60 to 120 days after flowering. Fresh pod yield of spanish-type variety, 'Shaedl-tangkong(SD)' reached a peak of 9,140kg/ ha at 70 (days after flowering(Aug. 13) while that of virginia-type variety, 'Daepoongtangkong(DP)' reached a peak of 8,820kg/ha at 90 days(Sept. 11) after flowering. SD and DP showed maximum fresh kernel yield of 6,090 and 6,470kg/ha at 90 days after flowering (Sept. 11), respectively, while dry kernel yield reached a peak of 3,300 and 3,720kg/ha at 110 days(Oct. 1), respectively. Oil content of SD and DP were the highest at 90 days and 100 days after flowering, respectively and the oil content of two varieties increased rapidly from 60 to 90 days. Tannin content of the seed hull of SD increased continuously until 110 days after flowering while that of DP maximized at 100 days. The tannin content of the two varieties increased rapidly from 60 to 100 days. Total sugar of SD and DP showed highest content at 60 days and 70 days after flowering, respectively and suger content decreased very rapidly until 80 days and after that sugar content kept nearly constant. Oil, tannin and total sugar content of spanish-type SD were higher than those of virginia-type DP.