The objective of this study was to determine the effect of injection application of pig slurry on ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission from timothy (Phleum pretense L.) sward. The three treatments were applied: 1) only water as a control, 2) pig slurry application by broadcasting, 3) pig slurry application by injection. The pig slurry was applied at a rate of 200 kg N ha-1. Total NH3 and N2O emission, expressed as a cumulative amount throughout the measurement time (40 days), was 2.68 kg NH3-N ha-1 and 6.58 g N2O-N ha-1, respectively, in the control. The injection application of pig slurry decreased total NH3 and N2O emission by 39.8% and 33.3%, respectively, compared to broadcasting application of pig slurry. The present study clearly showed that injection application exhibited positive roles in reducing N losses through NH3 and N2O emission.

Entomological data can provide valuable information for crime scene investigation especially in postmortem interval (PMI) estimation. This study aimed to establish the candidate species for forensic indicator-to-be. Cadaveric beetles of 48 species belonging to 13 families were retrieved, collated and interpreted from the biological recording data that had been obtained from 45 animal dead bodies between 2016 and 2017. Twelve species including Onthophagus fodiens, Creophilus maxillosus, and Platydracus paganus were observed in higher frequencies (>50%, p<0.05) during animal decomposition. However, the communities of cadaveric beetles differ in their species composition by different localities, suggesting the comprehensive understanding of local α-diversity should be important for forensic entomology.

As the size of the wind turbine tower becomes larger and larger, research on assembled wind turbine tower that is advantageous for transportation and installation is continuing. Large wind turbine tower require door openings for maintenance. The opening of the tower has an irregular cross section, and an excessive stress is generated due to the door opening. The result is structural damage to the tower and many accidents. In this research, stress analysis was performed on a model with internal stiffener to prevent excessive stress. The stress was investigated around the openings where the tower was resonant and excessive stressed, and the shape of the openings was optimized. Through optimization, we confirmed that the maximum stress was reduced by about 6% with respect to the initial value.

In order to compare greenhouse gases emission from different animal manures and to explore how different animal manures effect on soil mineralization, three kinds of materials, cattle, goat and chicken manure were amended to soil for 14 days incubation as CtS (cattle manure-amended soil), GS (goat manure-amended soil) and ChS (chicken manure-amended soil). Cumulative NH3 emissions in all treatments were rapidly increased until day 7 and then it was slightly increased in three manure-amended soils but maintained in control until day 14. GS had the highest NH3 emission at 0.14 mg kg-1 during the entire experimental period. Emissions of CO2 were highly increased by 7.8-, 9.0- and 12.4-fold in CtS, GS and ChS, respectively, compared to control at day 14. A significant increase of N2O emission in all treatments occurred within 5 days and then it was slightly increased until day 14. N2O emission was 2-fold higher in all manure-amended soils than that of control. Compared to day 1, inorganic N (NH4 + plus NO3 --N) content was highly increased in all four treatments at day 14. The increase rate was the highest in CtS treatment. Net N mineralization was increased by 4.0-, 2.4- and 2.9-fold in CtS, GS and ChS, respectively, compared to control. These results indicate that increase of NH3, CO2 and N2O gas emissions was positively related to high N mineralization.

As the size of the wind power becomes larger, the development of the assembly type wind power which is advantageous in transportation and installation is active. This advantage comes from the economic point of view, and the stiffener is applied to the inner side, so that the safety is high. Large wind power require door openings for maintenance. The door opening has an irregular cross-section, and an excessive stress active due to the door opening. In this paper, the stresses occurring around the door opening was analyzed. As a result, small stress values were appeared in the tower, as the number of stiffeners were increased. Also, stress values were decreased a little in the tower as the opening shape become to ellipse was closer.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) and urease inhibitor hydroquinone (HQ) on ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission from pig slurry applied to Timothy (Phleum pretense L.) sward. The daily emission of ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O) was monitored for 9 days in three different treatments; 1) control (only pig slurry application), 2) DCD treatment (pig slurry + DCD), and 3) HQ treatment (pig slurry + HQ). Most NH3 emission occurred after 4~5 days in three treatments. Total NH3 emission, expressed as a cumulative amount throughout the measurement time, was 1.33 kg N ha 1 in the control. The DCD and HQ treatment decreased total NH3 emission by 16.3% and 25.1%, respectively, compared to the control. Total N2O emission in the control was 47.1 g N ha 1. The DCD and HQ treatment resulted in a reduction of 67.9% and 41.8% in total N2O emission, respectively, compared to the control. The present study clearly indicated that nitrification and urease inhibitor exhibited positive roles in reducing N losses through NH3 and N2O emission.

It analyzes the new structure and mechanism of organ type accel pedal to have a double curve to obtain a low effort force has been devised an electronic accel pedal consisting of two springs. To confirm the characteristics of effort force on variation of spring constants for two springs, dynamic analyzes were performed by using the ADAMS software program. According to the result of the simulation analysis, new mechanism of organ type accel pedal has an inflection point of the curve of pedal effort force on variation of spring constants, k, in various range of pedal angle.

This study was conducted to assess the efficacy of slurry acidification in reducing ammonia emission from manure storage and application. The non-fermented cattle manure (NFC) and swine slurry (SS) were acidified by sulfuric acid and stored in an acryl chamber for 168 and 96 hours, respectively. Ammonia emitted from the chamber was collected using an acid trap system. The amount of ammonia emission was significantly reduced when the livestock manures were treated with sulfuric acid. The absolute amount of ammonia in NFC increased rapidly starting from 48 h and 72 h in the control (pH 8.6) and acidified NFC (pH 6.5), respectively. The absolute amount of ammonia was the highest at 96 h (3.65 g kg ¯¹ h ¯¹) in the control and at 144 h (2.34 g kg ¯¹ h ¯¹) in pH 6.5 NFC. The cumulative ammonia content in the control continuously increased until 96 h and was maintained until 168 h, whereas the increase rate of emission gas accumulation in acidified NFC was much less throughout the experimental period. Acidification of SS mitigated ammonia emission as proven in NFC. The cumulative amount of ammonia emission was decreased by 49.4% and 92.3% in the acidified SS at pH 6.5 and pH 5.5, respectively, compared to the control at 96 h after treatment. These results indicate that ammonia emission can be significantly reduced by sulfuric acid treatment of livestock manure during processing and the subsequent land application.

Molybdenum (Mo) in rhizosphere influences sulfate assimilation as well as a number of other physiological aspects. In this study, the activity of key enzymes in sulfate assimilatory pathways, such as ATP sulfurylase (ATPs), adenosine 5'-phosphosulphate reductase (APR), as well as the responses of reactive oxygen species (ROS), were analyzed to elucidate the metabolic and physiological effects of external Mo supply to detached leaves of Trifolium repens L. Mo supply with a range from 1 mM to 40 mM depressed the activity of ATPs throughout the entire time course. In the leaves exposed to 1 mM Mo, a continuous decrease in the activity of ATPs was confirmed by Native-PAGE. The APR activity was also declined by Mo treatment. The accumulation of H2O2 and O2 were not significant up to 10 mM Mo, whereas a remarked accumulation was detected under 40 mM Mo supply. The data suggest that an external supply of Mo has an inhibitory effect on sulfate assimilation, and induces oxidative stress only at an extremely high concentration.

유채 품종에서 황 공급수준이 황산염 흡수 및 동화에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 어린 잎과 성엽조직에서 ATP sulfurylase (ATPs), SO42－ 흡수, 글루타치온 함량을 분석하였다. 본 실험에서 10가지 유채 품종들 (Mosa, Capitol, Saturnin, Akela, Pollen, Mokpo, Youngsan, Tamra Colosse 그리고 Naehan)은황 공급수준에 따라 몇 가지 황산염 흡수와 동화 능력이 다르게 나타났다. 황 결핍 조건에서 모든 품종의 ATP sulfurylase (ATPs) 활력은 늙은 잎에 비해 어린 잎에서 높게 나타났으며, 글루타치온 함량은황 공급수준이 감소함에 따라 어린 잎에서 많이 증가하였다. 이러한 결과들은 유채 품종별 황 결핍조건에서 황을 이용하는 능력이 다르다는 것을 잘 보여주었다.

To investigate the effect of S-availability on N and S assimilations, Enzymatic activity of nitrate reductase (NR), glutamine synthetase (GS), ATP sulfurylase (ATPS) and O-acetylserine(thiol)lyase (OASTL) was measured, and also followed by their activity staining in forage rape (Brassica napus L.) fed with three different SO₄²? levels (0, 0.1 and 2.0 mM) for 25 hours. NR activity decreased as S-availability decreased, especially in young and middle leaves. S-limited conditions (0 and 0.1 mM sot) resulted in a reduction of GS activity. The activity of ATPS tended to increase with decreasing the exogenous SO₄²? supplying level. The activity of OASTL also increased as S-availability decreased for all leaf tissues, while tended to decrease in root. The results indicated t㏊t N assimilation was restricted by the limited S-nutrition especially in the developing leaf tissues, but S assimilation was stimulated except for OASTL activity in the roots.

4차 산업혁명 사회에서의 PNT(Position, Navigation, and Timing) 정보의 중요성은 과거와는 또 다른 의미를 가진다. 자율 주행차, 자율 운항선박, 스마트그리드 그리고 국가 주요 기간시설에서는 PNT 정보의 고정확성 이외에도 지속가능하고, 신뢰할만한 서비스를 요구하 고 있다. PNT 정보를 제공하는 가장 대표적인 시스템인 위성항법시스템은 지구 대기 밖 위성으로부터 신호를 수신하므로 수신 신호전력이 낮고, 민간신호의 경우 신호구조가 공개되어 있다. 따라서 비의도적 또는 의도적인 간섭이나 해킹에 취약하다. 사용자 관점에서 적은 비용으 로 높은 성능의 PNT 정보를 쉽게 획득할 수 있는 위성항법시스템은 해킹의 취약성 때문에 이에 대한 보완이 요구된다. 이에 따라 응용분야 별로 다양한 연구가 진행되고 있으며, 본 논문에서는 기회신호 측면에서 현재 구축, 운영 중인 해상항법 및 통신 인프라를 활용한 R-Mode(Ranging Mode) 기술에 대해 다룬다. 이를 위하여 현재 전국망의 중파 비컨 기반 보강정보를서비스하고 있는 NDGNSS(Nationwide Differential Global Navigation Satellite System) 인프라에 대해 알아보고, 시뮬레이션을 통하여 국내 해상분야에서의 백업 PNT 기술로서의 가능성을 확인한다.

To improve survival rates of vitrified pig oocytes, the treatment of cytoskeletal stabilizer on an appropriate time is one of the possible approaches. However, the exact treatment timing and effect of cytoskeletal stabilizer such as cytochalasin B (CB) is not well known during oocyte vitrification procedures. Thus, the present study was conducted to determine optimal treatment timing of CB during vitrification and warming procedures. In experiment 1, the survival rates of the post-warming pig oocytes were analyzed by fluorescein diacetate (FDA) assays with 4 classifications. In results, post-warming oocytes showed significantly (p<0.05) decreased number of alive oocytes (31.8% vs. 86.4%) compared to fresh control. In detail, the significant difference (p<0.05) was found only in strong fluorescence (18.2% vs. 70.5%) not in intermediate fluorescence groups (13.6% vs. 15.9%). In experiment 2, CB was treated before (CB-Vitri) and after (Vitri-CB) vitrification. In results, group of Vitri-CB showed significantly (p<0.05) higher (91.6%) survival rates compared to group of CB-Vitri (83.7%), significantly (p<0.05) and comparable with group of Vitri Control (88.7%) by morphological inspection. In FDA assay results, group of Vitri-CB showed significantly (p<0.05) higher (44.2%) survival rates compared to groups of CB-Vitri (36.7%) and Vitri Control (35.1%). In conclusion, the increased survival rates of post-warming pig oocyte treated with Vitri-CB method are firstly described here. The main finding of present study is that the CB treatment during recovery could be helpful to refresh the post-warming pig oocyte resulting its improved survival rates.

본 논문에서는 위성항법시스템(GNSS)의 다양화에 따른 DGNSS 기준국(RSIM, Reference Station and Integrity Monitor)의 재구축 을 위하여, 유럽연합(EU) 위성항법시스템인 Galileo의 E1 의사거리 보정정보 생성 알고리즘과 GPS/Galileo 시뮬레이션을 통한 성능검증에 대 해 다룬다. 먼저 DGPS RSIM에서 DGNSS RSIM으로 전환을 위한 운영적 측면에서의 기술 및 메시지 표준과 사용자 방송 측면에서의 메시지 표준에 대해 살펴본다. 일반적으로 GNSS의 의사거리 보정을 위해서는 정확한 GNSS 위성위치와 사용자 위치를 알아야만 한다. 그러므로 Galileo 위성위치를 정확하게 계산하기 위해서, Galileo ICD 문건의 위성위치 계산식을 이용하여 사용자 수신기에서 제공하는 궤도력 정보를 기 반으로 해당 위성 위치를 추정한다. 그리고 위성시계 옵셋과 사용자 수신기의 시각오차, GPS와 Galileo 위성의 시스템 타임 옵셋을 계산하여 GPS/Galileo 의사거리 보정정보를 생성한다. GPS/Galileo 시뮬레이터를 연동한 성능검증 플랫폼을 기반으로 GPS/Galileo 보정정보의 오차를 분석하고, 측위정확도를 분석하여 그 성능을 검증하였다. 국제기구(RTCM)에서 요구하는 기준국 운영을 위한 측위 성능을 충족할 수 있음을 확인하였다.