Background : Ginseng is a perennial plant and damaged by various diseases and insect pests. The damage lowers harvest and quality. Accordingly, a chemical control system was made with the aim of effectively control gray mold, anthrax, and spotting disease which occur during growth period. fungicide resistance of gray mold rot was examined to find out whether the chemical control system can be used over the long term. Methods and Results : This experiment was conducted in three areas including Geumsan-gun, Yesan-gun, and Sejong city. The chemical control system was done to the plants of two years old or older. As for the order of the treatment, from the end of April to May Fludioxonil (A) and Pyraclostrobin (B) were used; from the mid-May to the end of July of growth stages Difenoconazole (C), Iminoctadinetris (albesilate) (D), Cyprodinil (E), Metconazole (F), Fluazinam (G) and Pyrimethanil (H); from August to September nonresidualizing polyoxinB + mancozeb (K); in November of hibernating period, Fenhexamid (I) and Carbendazim/diethofencarb (J) were used. As for the interval, from the end of April to the end of July the interval was 10 days, in August and September once a month, and twice in every ten days in November. The isolation of Botrytis cinerea for examination into mycelial growth inhibition rate was conducted to 4-year old ginseng in Geumsan, 5-year old in Yesan, and 3-year old in Sejong. In Geumsan, the mycelial growth inhibition rate to Botrytis cinerea was 75.5% - 100%. Every fungicides showed good rate of mycelial growth inhibition. The lowest rate was seen in fungicide B at 75.5%. K showed the prevention rate at 76.8%, D at 82.7%, and I at 82.2%, and other fungicides at 100%. In Sejong area, the hyphal prevention rate of Botrytis cinerea was 71.0% - 100%, indicating all fungicides show good rate of mycelial growth inhibition. The lowest rate was recorded by fungicide B at 71.1%, D at 81.1%, K at 85.4%, and I at 95.4%. Yesan area also showed similar results to those of Geumsan and Sejong. Conclusion : Botrytis cinerea was isolated from ginseng and mycelial growth inhibition effect was examined in concentration of 11 kinds of fungicides. In all three areas where chemical control system were applied, resistance was not found, suggesting that the chemical control system can be applied to control diseases of ginseng.

Background : Ginseng is a perennial plant and damaged by various diseases and insect pests. The damage lowers harvest and quality. In particular, gray mold rot occurs to plants of every year, growth duration, and hibernating stage, and decays leaves, stems, and roots, lowering the amount of harvest. This experiment was conducted with the aim of effectively preventing gray mold rot, and other major diseases such as anthrax and spotting disease, and establishing chemical control system. Methods and Results : This experiment was conducted in three areas including Geunsan-gun, Yesan-gun, and Sejong city. As for the procedure of medical treatment, from the end of April to early May of germination period, Fludioxonil and Pyraclostrobin were used. From the mid-May to the end of July of growth period, Difenoconazole, Iminoctadine tris (albesilate), Cyprodinil, Metconazole, Fluazinam, and Pyrimethanil were used. From August to September, non residualizing polyoxinB + mancozeb was used. In November of hibernating stage, Fenhexamid and Carbendazim/diethofencarb were used. As for the interval, from the end of April to the end of July the interval was 10 days, in August and September once a month, and twice in every ten days in November. The chemical control system effect was compared with conventional prevention. When chemical control system was used, stem spotting disease occurred at a lower rate of 0.34% than 1.2% of the conventional method. Leaf spotting disease occurred at a lower rate of 1.4% compared with 7.1% of the conventional method, and anthrax occurred at a lower rate by more than 10% than the conventional method. Stem gray mold rot occurred at a rate of 4.1% when the conventional method was used, but the rate stood at 5.3% in Geumsan, 8.9% in Yesan, 2.3% in Sejong when the prevention method was used, which suggest the chemical control system was effective. Conclusion : When chemical control system was applied to prevent major diseases of ginseng, spotting disease, anthrax, and gray mold occurred at lower rates compared with the case where the conventional method was used. The finding is that the chemical control system can be utilized to prevent major diseases of ginseng.

Livestock wastewater has high potential as one of energy resources because this wastewater is including high organic matter. Therefore the studies attempting to bio-gasification and bio-electricity generation using livestock wastewater is being tried. The pre-treatment system used in this study was the purpose to control the ammonia nitrogen in conjunction with the system and the microbial fuel cell. Because ammonia nitrogen is to inhibit the electricity generation efficiency of microbial fuel cell. These studies were to ascertain the effect of oxidants on the nitrogen removal in the pre-treatment system using catalyst and microbubbles to treat the ammonia nitrogen. The three kinds of oxidant such as air, oxygen (O2), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were used to know the ammonia and nitrate nitrogen removal. This system was operated with four kinds of conditions. First method is O2 gas with 100 mL/min with 1ml of 30% H2O2 was supplied to the wastewater. A second method, the O2, with 400 and 1,000 mL/min was supplied through the flow meter before livestock wastewater was flow in the reactor. The last method, air was supplied 800 mL/min. The nitrate removal had no significant difference all conditions except the air supply. On the other hand, the ammonia and nitrate nitrogen removal when oxygen was supplied with 1000 mL O2/min was higher than that of the other conditions. The removal rate when air was supplied 800 mL/min was similar to the value in the supplied with 400 ml O2/min. This result showed that oxidant was important factor to improve the ammonia nitrogen removal rate.

‘조평’은 고품질 조생종 품종육성을 위하여 2000/2001동계에 국립식량과학원 벼맥류부에서 조생종이면서 내냉성인 HR16683-46-3-1를 모본으로 하고 중만생종으로 줄무늬잎마름병과 흰잎마름병에 저항성인 HR18129-B-16-1-4를 부본으로 인공교배하여 F3이후부터는 계통육종법에 준하여 육성 선발하면서 주요 병해충, 내냉성 및 미질검정 등을 실시하였다. 2006년부터 2007년까지 생산력검정을 실시한 결과 조생종이면서 줄무늬잎마름병과 흰잎마름병에 저항성이고, 직립이면서 숙색이 좋은 ‘HR22799-66-3-2-5-2’ 계통을 선발하여 ‘운봉42호’로 계통명을 부여하고 2008년부터 2010년까지 지역적응시험을 실시한 결과 도열병, 줄무늬잎마름병 및 흰잎마름병에 강한 조생, 고품질 계통으로 우수성이 인정되어 2010년 12월 농촌진흥청의 농작물 직무육성 신품종 선정 심의회에서 특색 있는 품종으로 결정 조생종으로 평야지적응성이 있다는 의미로 ‘조평’으로 명명하여 중북부 평야지, 중산간지 및 남고냉지(경기, 강원, 경북, 충북, 전북)에 적응하는 품종으로 보급하게 되었다. 출수기는 북부평야지 및 중산간지, 남부고냉지, 동북부해안지에서는 평균 출수기가 7월 28일로 ‘오대벼’와 비슷한 조생종이다. 간장은 67 cm로 ‘오대벼’ 보다 약간 작다. 주당수수와 수당립수는 14개와 84개이다. 등숙비율이 94%로 높은 편이며, 현미천립중은 22.6 g으로 중소립종이다. 재배기간 동안에 위조는 나타나지 않았으며 성숙기 하엽노화가 늦다. 불시출수와 수발아는 ‘오대벼’ 보다 약간 잘되는 편이고, 춘천 내냉성 검정 결과 ‘오대벼’에 비해 적고는 비슷하고, 출수지연일수는 짧으나, 임실율은 낮은 편이다. 재배 포장의 도복은 ‘오대벼’와 비슷하다. 도열병, 흰잎마름병(K1 ~ K3)과 줄무늬잎마름병에는 저항성이나 오갈병 및 검은줄오갈병에는 약하며, 벼멸구 및 애멸구에 대한 저항성은 없다. 쌀은 심복백이 없이 맑고 투명하며, 아밀로스 함량은 19.9%로 ‘오대벼’ 보다 낮으나 단백질 함량은 6.5%로 ‘오대벼’ 보다 높다. 도정율과 밥맛은 ‘오대벼’와 거의 비슷하다. 쌀수량성은 9개소의 보통기 보비재배에서 평균 쌀수량이 5.67 MT/ha으로 ‘오대벼’에 비하여 8% 증수되었고, 소득후작재배에서는 평균 쌀수량이 4.88 MT/ha으로 ‘금오벼’에 비하여 25% 증수되었다.

‘중모1008호’는 내냉성이 강한 조생종 품종육성을 위하여 1999/2000 동계에 국립식량과학원 벼맥류부에서 줄무늬잎마름병에 저항성이면서 밥맛이 좋은 ‘익산451호’를 모본으로 하고 조생종이면서 내냉성인 ‘상주21호’를 부본으로 인공교배하여 계통육종법에 따라 육성하였다. ‘중모1008호’는 북부평야지 및 중산간지, 남부고랭지, 동해안 북부해안지 보통기 보비재배에서 평균 출수기가 7월 27일로 ‘오대벼’보다 3일정도 빠른 조생종이다. 간장은 73 cm로 ‘오대벼’보다 약간 크며, 주당수수는 13개이고 수당립수는 ‘오대벼’에 비해 많으며 등숙비율이 91.1%로 높고, 현미천립중은 23.0 g이다. 노화묘 늦심기에서 위조현상이 나타나지 않았으며 성숙기 하엽노화가 늦고 수발아는 ‘오대벼’보다 잘되는 편이다. 유묘기 내냉성은 ‘오대벼’와 비슷하나 임실률은 다소 떨어지는 편이다. ‘중모1008호’는 도열병과 줄무늬잎마름병에 강한 반응을 보이나 흰잎마름병(K1～K3)과 바이러스병에 약하고 벼멸구, 애멸구 등 해충에 대한 저항성은 없었다. ‘중모1008호’의 쌀은 심복백이 거의 없고 투명하며 외관 품위가 양호하고, 쌀수량은 보통기 보비재배에서 5.60 MT/ha로 ‘오대벼’보다 3% 증수되었다.

Near-isogenic lines (NILs) carrying bacterial blight resistance genes (Xa4, xa5 and Xa21) were developed in japonica rice using Suweon345 as genetic background. NILs were selected by gene specific DNA markers and inoculation of K1 or K3a race. NILs conferring Xa4 were resistant to K1, K2, K3, and moderately resistant to K3a. NILs conferring xa5 were resistant to K1, K2, K3, and K3a. NILs having Xa21 were susceptible to K1, while resistant to K2, K3 and K3a. Target genes of NILs with the genetic background of Suweon345 were also confirmed by using eleven Philippines races and International Rice Bacterial Blight (IRBB) NILs carrying Xa4, xa5 and Xa21. All NILs had no significant difference from their recurrent parents in the major agronomic traits except for panicle length and brown rice 1,000 grain weight. Heading date of NILs ranged from Aug. 10 to Aug. 11, which was similar to that of recurrent parent, Suweon345. Culm length, number of grains per panicle and ratio of ripened grain of NILs were similar to those of Suweon345. Milled rice of NILs was ranged from 4.82 to 4.93MT/ha. These NILs will be useful for improving resistance to K3a race of bacterial blight pathogens in Korean japonica cultivars.

벼멸구 저항성 Bph18 유전자를 가진 SR30071-3-7-23-6-1-1-1계통과 감수성인 '새누리'를 교배하여 육성한 약배양집단 192계통에 대해 벼멸구 저항성 유전자 Bph18이 벼의 수량구성요소에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 벼멸구 저항성 유전자 Bph18과 밀접히 연관된 7312.T4A 마커의 유전자형을 분석한 결과, 저항성 유전자형을 가진 계통은 24계통이었고 감수성 유전자형을 가진 계통은 168계통이었다. 벼멸구 저항성 유전자 Bph18은

‘다청’은 국립식량과학원 벼맥류부에서 2008년도에 육성한 중만생 고품질 복합내병충성 품종으로 주요특성과 수량성을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 남서해안지, 호남 및 영남평야지 보통기 보비재배에서 평균 출수기가 8월 19일로 ‘남평벼’보다 2일 늦은 중만생종이다. 2. 간장은 87 cm로 ‘남평벼’보다 크며, 수당립수는 많고 등숙비율이 다소 낮은 중립종에 속한다. 3. 위조현상은 나타나지 않았으며 성숙기 하엽노화가 늦고 수발아는 ‘남평벼’보다 잘 되는 편

"드래찬" 품종은 국립식량과학원 벼맥류부에서 2008년도에 육성한 중만생 양질 내병성 품종으로 주요특성과 수량성을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 출수기는 보통기 보비재배에서 8월 17일로 한마음보다 2일 늦은 중만생종이다. 2. 쌀은 복백이 약간 있으나 아밀로스 함량이 낮고 밥맛이 좋은 편이다. 3. 도열병, 흰잎마름병 레이스K1-3 및 줄무늬잎마름병에는 저항성 반응을 보였으나 멸구 및 매미충류에는 약한 반응을 보였다. 4. 유묘 내냉성은 한마음과 비슷하

벼흰잎마름병 저항성 유전자 Xa3을 침해하는 K3a 균계를 포함하여 24개의 균주에 대한 단일저항성 유전자와 2개 이상의 주동저항성 유전자가 결합된 계통에 대한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 벼흰잎마름병 저항성 유전자 Xa3, Xa4, xa5 및 Xa7은 K1, K2, K3 균계에 저항성 반응을 보이며 K3a 균계에 대하여 Xa4는 중도저항성, xa5 및 Xa21은 저항성반응을 보였다. 2. 벼흰잎마름병 저항성 유전자 Xa3을 침해하는 24개 균주

Manna is a new japonica rice cultivar developed from the cross between Iksan438 and Ilmibyeo by the rice breeding team of Department of Rice and Winter Cereal Crop, RDA, in 2005. This cultivar has a short grain shape and about 97 days growth duration from late transplanting to harvesting under Korean climatic conditions. It is resistant to lodging with average 70 cm of culm length. The milled kernels of Manna are translucent with non-glutinous endosperm. It has about 19% amylose content and good palatability of cooked rice compared with Geumobyeo. This cultivar shows resistance to leaf blast and neck blast but susceptibility to bacterial blight and stripe virus diseases. The milled rice yield potential of Manna is about 5.05 MT/ha under the late transplanting cultivation. Manna would be adaptable for the middle and Honam plain of Korea.

‘Saenuri’ is a new japonica rice variety developed and registered by the rice breeding team of Department of Rice and Winter Cereal Crop, NICS, RDA in 2007. This variety was derived from a cross between Gyehwa17 with lodging tolerance and high yield potential, and HR14026-B-68-6-1-5 with resistance to diseases and good eating quality. This variety has about 124 days growth duration from transplanting to harvesting in west-southern coast, Honam and Youngnam plain of Korea. It is about 78 cm in culm length and tolerance to lodging. In reaction to biotic and abiotic stresses, it shows moderately resistance to blast, and resistance to bacterial blight pathogen races from K1 to K3 and stripe virus, but susceptible to other major diseases and insect pests. The milled rice of “Saenuri” exhibits translucent, relatively clear non-glutinous endosperm and midium short grain. It has similar amylose content of 19.0% and lower protein content of 6.1%, and good palatability of cooked rice compared with Nampyeongbyeo. The milled rice yield performance of this variety is about 5.71MT/ha in local adaptability test for three years. “Saenuri” would be adaptable to west-southern coast, Honam and Youngnam plain of Korea.

‘Gangbaek’ is a japonica rice variety developed and registered by the rice breeding team of Department of Rice and Winter Cereal Crop, NICS, RDA in 2006. ‘Gangbaek’ was derived from a cross between ‘Suweon345’ with good grain quality and ‘DV85’ resistant to bacterial blight, K3a. F1 plants were grown in the greenhouse in winter of 1992/1993 and backcrossed with ‘Suweon345’ as the recurrent parent. Plants resistant to K3a race of bacterial blight (BB) were selected from BC1F1 to BC4F1 and used as parents in the backcrossing processes. This variety has about 120 days growth duration from transplanting to harvesting in west-southern coast and Honam plain of Korea. It is about 69 cm in culm length and tolerance to lodging. In reaction to biotic and abiotic stresses, it shows moderately resistance to blast, and resistance to bacterial blight pathogen, K1, K2, K3 and K3a, but susceptible to other major diseases and insect pests. The milled rice of ‘Gangbaek’ exhibits translucent, relatively clear non-glutinous endosperm and midium short grain. It has lower amylose content of 18.6% and protein content of 6.4% compared with ‘Nampyeongbyeo’. The milled rice yield performance of this variety is about 5.28 MT/ha in local adaptability test for three years. This cultivar would be adaptable to the bacterial blight-prone area in the south-western coastal and Honam plain of Korea.

“Unmi” is a new japonica rice variety developed by the rice breeding team of Honam Agricultural Research Institute, NICS, RDA in 2007. This variety was developed from a across between Samcheonbyeo with lodging and cold tolerance and HR17870 derived from the cross of Iksan435 (Sobibyeo) and Sangju17 with resistance to diseases and good quality. This variety has about 110 days of growth duration from transplanting to harvesting in northern plain, northern and southern mid-mountainous areas of South Korea. It is about 68 cm in culm length and tolerant to lodging. In reaction to biotic and abiotic stresses, it shows moderate resistance to blast, and to bacterial blight pathogen races from K1 to K3, but susceptible to other major diseases and insect pests. The milled rice of “Unmi” is translucent and has relatively clear non-glutinous endosperm and medium short grain. It has about 17.3% amylose content, 6.3% of protein and similar palatability of cooked rice compared with Odaebyeo. The milled rice yield performance of this variety is about 5.16 MT/ha under the standard fertilizer level of the ordinary transplanting cultivation. “Unmi” would be adaptable for ordinary transplanting in the northern plain, northern and southern mid-mountainous area of South Korea.

‘nnuri’is a japonica rice cultivar developed from the cross between ‘ilyang 165’and HR14732-B-67-2-3 at Honam Agricultural Research Institute (HARI), NICS, RDA, in 2005. This cultivar has a short grain shape and about 121 days growth duration from transplanting to harvesting in Korean climate condition. In reaction to biotic and abiotic stresses, it shows resistance to blast, bacterial blight pathogen from K1 to K3 and stripe virus, but susceptible to other major diseases and insect pests. The milled kernel of ‘nnuri’is translucent with non-glutinous endosperm. It has about 18.6% of amylose content and better palatability of cooked rice compared with ‘hucheongbyeo’cultivated in Kyunggi province. The milled rice yield of ‘nnuri’is about 5.94 MT/ha under the standard fertilizer level of the ordinary transplanting cultivation. ‘nnuri’would be adaptable to southern plain of Cheonan, middle-northern plain, and southern mid-mountainous of Korea.