A new rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) variety ‘Jungmo 7003’ is with early flowering and disease tolerance, which has white petals. ‘Jungmo 7003’ was developed from the cross between ‘Tower’ as female parent and ‘AB130’ as male parent in 1983. The selection for advanced lines with white flower had been done by the pedigree method. A promising line, ‘83025-B-1-1-2’, was selected and designated as the name of ‘Mokpo113’. It had good results from regional adaptation yield trials at four locations for two years from 2013 to 2014 and was released as the name of ‘Jungmo 7003’. ‘Jungmo 7003’ has light-green and middle parted leaf, light-green stem and black seed coat. Since, the prominent very special trait of ‘Jungmo 7003’ is white flower, it can be used for landscaping purposes created farm-art images. The flowering date of ‘Jungmo 7003’ was 16th April and ripening date was 5th June. The yield of ‘Jungmo 7003’ was 207 kg/10a, which was 6% lower than ‘Hanlayuchae' in regional adaptation trials. ‘Jungmo 7003’ showed high resistance to screrotium. The oil content of ‘Jungmo 7003’ was 43.8%. In fatty acid composition of ‘Jungmo 7003’, oleic acid content is 68.4%, which is 1.2% higher than ‘Hanlayuchae'. ‘Jungmo 7003’ will be adaptable to southwestern area including Jeonllanam-do, Jeollabuk-do and Gyeongsangnam-do and Jeju island of Korea.

In this study, agronomic characteristics and fatty acid composition of 121 flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) germplasms were analyzed. The flax germplasms had a fairly short growth period of 75-95 days. The plant height at maturity varied from 52 to 124 cm. The flower color varied from white to lilac and even purple. Early flowering flax germplasms had white flowers and were resistant to lodging. In early flowering flax germplasms, all agronomic characteristics, including growth period, plant height, branch number per plant, stem diameter, number of capsules per raceme, seed number per capsule, 1000-seed weight, and seed yield, were decreased. The average fatty acid composition of 121 flax germplasms comprised palmitic acid (5.3%), stearic acid (4.3%), oleic acid (29.7%), linoleic acid (13.1%) and linolenic acid (46.4%). The total content of unsaturated fatty acids ranged from 84~94% with an average of 88%. Among the fatty acids, linolenic acid (omega-3) content was the highest with a range of 36~54%. In five selected flax germplasms (Hollandia 1803, Red son, C & F Res Br 1767, Wiera, and Ireland 1657) with high linolenic acid (≥51%), total lipid and protein contents were 30~36% and 5.4~6.9%, respectively. Overall, flax can practically be adoptable into cropping systems in South Korea and utilized as a scenery crop, since flax has a short cultivation period with diverse flower colors.

‘해안’은 조숙, 내병, 내도복성 유채 1대잡종으로 식용 및 바이오디젤 생산용으로 적합하다. 2008년에 웅성불임인 목포 -CGMS와 임성회복 화분친인 8516-B-5-6-5-3을 교배하여 생산력검정시험(2009 ~ 2010)과, 지역적응시험(2011 ~ 2013)을 거쳐, 2014년에 육성된 품종이다. ‘해안’의 엽형은 하부익상 전렬형이고 결각은 중간 정도이다. 엽색은 짙은 녹색이며, 화 색은 선황색, 종자색은 갈색이 섞인 검은색이다. ‘해안’의 성 숙일은 6월 4일로 ‘선망’보다 4일 정도 빨라 조숙성이다. ‘해 안’의 수량은 10 a당 272 kg로 같은 1대잡종인 ‘선망’에 비해 6% 증수되었다. ‘해안’의 기름함량은 44.2%이고, 지방산 중에루신산은 없는 반면 올레인산의 함량은 69.8%로 높아 식용 및 바이오디젤 생산용으로 적합하다. 글루코시놀레이트 함량 은 1.84 mg/g으로 국제허용기준치인 3.0 mg/g 이하였다. ‘해 안’은 제주도를 포함하는 전라남도, 전라북도, 경상남도 등 남 부지역에서 재배에 적합한 품종이다.

‘중모 7002’는 유채 중간모본으로 1984년에 ‘RS10//Erra/Tower’를 모본으로 하고, ‘RS10’을 부본으로 하여 인공교배하여 육성하였다. ‘중모 7002’는 엽형은 하부익상전렬으로 결각은 중간이며, 잎색은 짙은 녹색, 줄기색은 갈색이 섞인 녹색, 꽃색은 황색, 종피색은 흑색이다. ‘중모 7002’의 개화기(4월 16일)와 성숙기(6월 9일)는 ‘한라유채’와 비슷하였으나, 개화초기에 일시에 개화하는 개화균일도가 매우 좋았으며, 도복저항성도 ‘한라유채’에 비하여 좋게 나타났다. ‘중모7002’의 수량은 지역적응시험 결과 10 a당 247 kg로 ‘한라유채’의 208 kg에 비해 16% 증수되었다. ‘중모 7002’의 기름함량은 44.3%이고, 올레인산의 함량은 70.8%로 ‘한라유채’에 비하여 각각 0.5%와 3.3% 높게 나타났으며, 구루코시노레이트 함량은 1.91 mg/g으로 국제허용기준치인 3.0 mg/g 이하로 나타났다. ‘중모 7002’의 재배적지는 우리나라의 서남부지역인 전라남도, 전라북도, 경상남도 및 제주특별자치도이다.

본 연구는 유채-MS를 이용하여 배추와 순무 등을 화분친으 로 활용 잎의 모용이 없는 유채 잎에 배추와 순무의 엽색과 엽형 을 도입하여 소비자가 선호하는 새로운 형질을 갖춘 엽채소의 작출 가능성을 검토하고자 실시하였다. 교배효율에 영향을 미 치는 인공수분 후 주두 위에서의 화분발아나 화분관 신장은 유 채-MS와 배추간 종간 교배 조합에서 유채-MS와 순무간 종간 교잡보다 빠르게 진행되었으며, 유채-MS와 배추간 종간교잡 에서의 결협율이 90.6%로 유채-MS와 순무의 교배 결협율 67.3% 보다 23.3% 정도 높게 나타났으며, 협당결실립수는 각각 15.5립, 11.6립으로 나타나 유채-MS와 배추간의 종간교잡 효 율이 높았다. 유채-MS와 배추의 종간교잡 F1 잡종의 표현형질 의 특성은 주로 모계인 유채와 비슷하였으며 엽색은 밝은 녹색 으로 양친의 중간형을 나타냈고 모용은 적게 분포되어 있었으 며 엽수는 10.2매, 엽장은 27.5 ㎝, 엽폭은 14.0 ㎝로 잎의 길이 와 넓이가 유채에 비하여 커졌다. 유채-MS와 순무의 종간교잡 F1 잡종의 엽수는 9.6매, 엽장은 21.6 ㎝, 엽폭은 10.6 ㎝로 잎의 크기, 형태 및 결각 등은 양친의 중간형을 나타냈으며 엽색은 모 본인 유채와 비슷하거나 좀 더 짙은 녹색이었고, 모용이 잎의 앞 과 뒷면에 존재하였다.

유채의 경관효과를 높이기 위해 국내 육성 및 국외 도입 유채 8품종을 봄철에 파종시기를 달리하여 파종하고 품종, 파종시기 및 재배지역에 따른 생육 및 개화특성을 구명하여 봄 파종에 적 합한 유채품종 및 파종시기를 구명한 결과, 파종시기가 늦어짐 에 따라 유묘 출현소요일수는 짧아졌고, 초장 및 착화수는 감소 하였으며 분지수는 증가하였다. 무안과 제주 포장 모두에서 파 종일이 늦어짐에 따라 개화시는 지연되었고 개화지속일은 감소 하였다. 개화소요일수는 파종이 늦어짐에 따라 단축되었는데, 3월 1일 파종 시 73~94일이 소요되었으며, 3월 31일 파종 시 57~71일로 짧아졌다. 조생종인 ‘탐미유채’와 ‘목포 111호’가 만 생종인 ‘탐라유채’와 ‘내한유채’보다 모든 파종시기에서 10일 정 도 빠르게 개화하였다. 개화지속기간도 파종시기가 늦어짐에 따라 5~14일 정도 단축되었다. 경관용 유채 봄 파종 시 파종시 기가 빠를수록 개화특성이 향상되었고, 국내육성 품종으로는 조기개화종인 ‘탐미유채’와 독일도입종인 ‘봄유채’가 봄 파종에 적합한 품종으로 나타났다.

‘중모 7001’은 꽃이 커서 경관용으로 적합한 유채 신품종으로 1984년에 [(망운재래 × Bronowski) × Erra] × Tower를 모본으로 하고 ‘RS10’을 부본으로 인공교배하여 육성하였다. ‘중모 7001’의 엽형은 하부익상전렬, 엽색 및 줄기색은 녹색, 결각은 중간이며 꽃색은 황색, 종피색은 흑색이고, 꽃의 크기가 ‘한라유채’ 에 비하여 매우 커서 경관용으로 적합하다. ‘중모 7001’의 개화기(4월 17일)와 성숙기(6월 8일)는 ‘한라 유채’보다는 3일 정도 빠르며, 지역적응시험 결과, ‘중모 7001’ 의 수량은 10a당 259 kg로 ‘한라유채’에 비해 16% 증수되었다. ‘중모 7001’의 기름함량은 44.4%이고, 올레인산의 함량은 69.1%로 ‘한라유채’에 비하여 1.7% 높았으며, 구루코시노레이트 함량은 1.87 mg/g으로 국제허용기준치인 3.0 mg/g 이하였다. ‘중모 7001’의 재배적지는 전남, 전북, 경남 및 제주도를 포함하는 우리나라의 서남부지역이다.

The environmental changes related to hypoxic water mass were investigated at Gamak bay in summer times, June, July and August 2006. The hypoxic water mass was found, in first, at the northern area of Gamak bay on 27 June. This water mass has been sustained until the end of August and disappear on 13 September. In Gamak bay, the hypoxic water mass was closely related to geography. During the formation of oxygen deficiency, changes in dissolved nutrients was studied and found that on surface layer and lower layer, DIN were 0.80 μM~19.8 μM(6.03 μM) and 1.13 μM～60.83 μM(10.66 μM), and DIP were 0.01 μM～0.92 μM(0.24 μM), and 0.01 μM～3.57 μM(0.49 μM), respectively, far higher distribution on lower layer of the water where hypoxic water mass was occurred. The configuration of phosphorus was analyzed to figure out the possibility of release of phosphorus from sediments. It was found that the Labile-Phosphorus, which is capable of easy move to water layer by following environmental change was found more than 70%. Therefore, in Gamak bay, it was found that the possibility of large amount of release of soluble P into the water, while hypoxic water mass was occurred in deep layer was higher. It is suggested that DIP in the northern sea of Gamak bay mainly sourced from the soluble P from lower layer of the waters where hypoxic water mass was created more than that from basin. However, existence form of phosphorus in sediments during normal times, not during creation of hypoxic water mass, needs further study.

Harmful dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides blooms have been frequently occurred in coastal areas of the East Sea since 1995. We compared the oceanic conditions in years 1995, 2001 and 2003 when the C. polykrikoides bloom was strong, and in years 1998 and 2004 when the C. polykrikoides bloom was not appeared. We studied temporal and spatial variation of upwelling and geostrophic currents on the western channel of Korean Strait, an entrance of the East Sea. The period and occurrence area of C. polykrikoides bloom was depended on variation of upwelling in summer. In the distributions of geostrophic current, southward current was dominant near the coast in August, 1998 and 2000. Whereas northward current was dominant near and off the coast in August, 1995 and 2003 which the C. polykrikoides bloom was strong. When compared dominant phytoplankton of the coastal areas in each year, Kuroshio indicator species Proboscia alata and Chaetoceros affine were dominant, respectively, in 2001 and 2003 at every stations. However, the dominant species was variable at each coastal area in 1998 and 2000. In 2003, the abundance of Sagitta elegans which is known as the cold water indicator was low, but the abundance of S. enflata, warm water indicator, was very high in Gangneung compared to Sokcho. It seemed that the distribution of S. elegans is restricted by strong warm water current. In conclusion, it was estimated that the distribution of C. polykrikoides bloom in the coastal area of the East Sea was closely related with the strength of East Korea Warm Current and upwelling.

Eco-physiological research and the control of Cochlodinium polykrikoides was carried out to elucidate eco-physiological characteristics of red tide organism through culture experiment depending on the condition of photon irradiance. Oxygen consumption of C. polykrikoides was high with a value of 1.12mg/L/hr in the dark compared with that of 0.13mg/L/hr at 100μEm-2s-1. DO values in a circular chamber with the lapse of time in seawater containing C. polykrikoides were declined in the dark period. DO values of seawater containing C. polykrikoides in the dark were declined from 7.01mg/L to 2.65mg/L in 30cm depth and from 7.01mg/L to 6.63mg/L in 5cm depth depending on the depth of circular culture vessel. Olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus and file fish, Stephanolepis cirrhifer exposed to Cochlodinium showed the separation of the lamella epithelium from gill filament, which disrupted the respiratory process at the gill level.

Wangdol-cho, located 23 km offshore of Hupo in southwest of East Sea, is underwater rock floor, called to Wangdol-Am or Wangdol-Jam and has three tops as Mat-Jam, Middle-Jam and Set-Jam. The composition, abundance, diversity and community structure were investigated in winter and summer in 2002 around Wangdol-cho. The temperature around the Northwest and Southeast part of Wangdol-cho was influenced by the North Korea Cold Current (NKCC) and East Korea Warm Current (EKWC), respectively. Nutrient and chlorophyll-a concentration were higher at the top of Wangdol-cho than other area. A total of 41 genera and 78 species of phytoplankton were identified. The average cell abundance of phytoplankton in winter and summer were 286×103 cells/㎥, 432×103 cells/㎥ respectively. The largest community was Bacillariophyta containing 52 taxa. The dominant species were Lauderia anulata and Coscinodiscus spp. which preferred cold water in winter. In contrast, warm water species such as Rhizosolenia stolterfothii and Ceratium spp. were dominant in summer. The average species diversity index of phytoplankton in winter was higher than that in summer. According to dominant species and standing crops, phytoplankton community resulted in a clear separation. One group was western area, which showed low density, and the other was eastern area, which showed the higher density. The abundance and species composition of phytoplankton were affected by topological characteristics around Wangdol-cho.

The seasonal variations of picoplankton including Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus and Picoeukayotes around Ulneung Island were investigated by flow cytometry in spring, summer and autumn in 2006. All groups of picoplankton showed clear seasonal patterns in population abundance. Among the group, Synechococcus showed the most prominent seasonal variation during the study period. The maximal abundance of Synechococcus occurred in summer and the lowest in autumn. The seasonal distribution of Prochlorococcus displayed the reverse tendency with that of Synechococcus. The abundance of Prochlorococcus ranged from 2.9×103 cells/ml in summer to 311×103 cells/ml in autumn. However, the seasonal distribution of Picoeukaryotes was shown to be relatively constant, and the maximal abundance was 81.5×103 cells/ml in summer. The highest abundance of Picoeukaryotes occurred in summer and the lowest in autumn and the seasonal distribution in abundance of Picoeukaryotes showed a similar trend with that of Synechococcus. The estimated total carbon biomass of picoplankton were ranged from 74.7 mgC/m2 to 1,055.9 mgC/m2. The highest total carbon biomass occurred in summer, but lowest occurred in autumn. The pattern of the contribution of three picoplankton to total autotrophic picoplankton carbon is different. The contribution of Synechococcus to total autotrophic picoplankton carbon is increased to 75%, but the contribution of Prochlorococcus dropped to 12% in summer. The contribution of Picoeukaryotes is ranged from 24% in summer to 72.5% in spring.

In order to study the temporal variations of nutrients and chlorophyll-a in the Bottol Bada, three field observations were carried out on 20, 23 and 26 July, 2004. The low N:P values exhibit nitrogen deficiency during the periods of observation. This result is not representative of typical summer environment in the southern coast of Korea. The possible mechanisms are as follows: 1) The freshwater inflow was not sufficient for the supply of nitrogen because the total precipitation was 11.9 mm in July, 2004. This amount is no more than 5% in normal precipitation in July. 2) There was an inflow of oceanic water under the subsurface into the Bottol Bada. Even though the oceanic water comprises more nutrients, it produces the stratification between the surface and the subsurface water and seems to prevent the supply of nutrinets to the surface layer. 3) The high chlorophyll-a concentration of 1.2 μg/L was shown near the narrow channel between Gae-do and Geumo-do. This seems to be resulted from the inflow of water from Gamak Bay.

Based on the observation on 20, 23 and 26 July 2004, the distributions of temperature, salinity and stratification was investigated in relation to ebb, turn of tide and flood. The results are as follows: 1) The high temperature and low saline water with 23.5～24.0℃ and 32.4～33.0psu existed at Naro Island. 2) The cold surface water below 21.0℃ and 33.0～33.4psu appeared in the area near Gae Island and Geumo Island. 3) The cold and saline water, below 24.0℃ at the surface and 17.0℃ near the bottom, 32.8～33.8psu at the surface and 33.8～34.0psu near the bottom, existed in Sori Island. These waters were more saline compared to the South Sea Coastal Water with about 31.8psu. This suggests that the oceanic saline water intruded into the Bottol Bada through the area near Sori Island. The stratification appeared during all the observation periods due to a high solar radiation of 22MJ/m2, and a weak wind speed of 2.9m/s on the average while the mean speed of wind in July is around 3.9 m/s. It qualitatively suggested that the stratification was maintained during the observation periods because of a high solar radiation, a weak wind speed and intrusion of saline oceanic water.