The composition of the deicer sprayed on the highway is spreading over the highway by the scattering or snow removal activity, or car movement and consequently affecting the vegetation environment around the highway. These are the cause of the damage of fruit trees and crops, and also the cause of corrosion of highway structures. The goal of this study is to estimate the detected range of deicer components from a highway. The concentration of the deicer components in gauze and soil were investigated according to the crossing distance from the highway. The data collected were then used to estimate the concentration range of deicer components in a rage of distance up to 100 m from the highway where the deicer was spread. The sample time and weight of gauze were measured before and after installation, and the soil was collected at more than three points in parallel with the highway at the gauze installation point. The components in gauze and soil were investigated in addition to the deicer components (Ca2+, Na+, Cl-) as well as Mg2+ and K+. As Ca2+ and Cl- components of deicer were affected by agricultural use, Na+ component was selected as a tracer and further SAR (Sodium Adsorption Ratio) of soil was analyzed to examine the degree of influence on vegetation indirectly. The gauze concentration was evaluated by the concentration of the deicer ingredient at the background concentration of the blank gauze. The total amount of the deicer sprayed in the study road for 4 months (winter season) was about 93 ton/km. In the gauze test, the spread of the deicer was detected at a distance of 100 m in study area, but the concentration of the deicer in the gauze by distance decreased rapidly within 10 m from the highway. And concentration of the deicer components in gauze and soil came down after rainy season (August ~ Sep.). The results showed that the components of the deicer could be spread widely by the wind. The effective range of the deicer on vegetation based on SAR in soil was estimated to be less than 20 m from the highway. This study examines the concentration changes of the deicer components in gauze and soils and shows that deicer components sprayed on the highway are accumulated and moved over time by wind, snow removal, terrain, water system and land use around the highway.

This study was aimed to evaluate the dose-response the effects of nano-encapsulated conjugated linoleic acids(CLAs) on in vitro ruminal fermentation profiles. A fistulated Holstein cow was used as a donor of rumen fluid. Nano-encapsulated CLAs(LF, 5% of nano-encapsulated CLA-FFA; HF, 10% of nano-encapsulated CLA-FFA; LT, 5% of nano-encapsulated CLA-TG; HT, 10% of nano-encapsulated CLA-TG) were added to the in vitro ruminal fermentation experiment. In the in vitro ruminal incubation test, the total gas production on incubation with nano-encapsulated CLAs was increased significantly according to the incubation time, compared with the control(p<0.05). The tVFA concentrations on addition of LF and HT were significantly higher than that of the control(p<0.05). Thus, nano-encapsulated CLAs might improve the ruminal fermentation characteristics without adverse effects on the incubation process. In addition, the population of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens which is closely related to ruminal biohydrogenation was increased by adding HT, while decreased by adding LF at 12 h incubation. These results showed that nano-encapsulated CLA-FFA could be applied to enhance CLA levels in ruminants by maintaining the stability of CLA without causing adverse effects on ruminal fermentation profiles considering the optimal dosage.

A coagulation-flocculation (CF) process using aluminum sulfate as a coagulant was employed to treat highly suspended solids in tunnel wastewater. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on a Box-Behnken design was applied to evaluate the effects of three factors (coagulant dosage, pH and temperature) on total suspended solids (TSS) removal efficiency as well as to identify optimal values of those factors to maximize removal of TSS. Optimal conditions of coagulant dosage and pH for maximum TSS removal changed depending on the temperature (4 ~ 24°C). As temperature increased, the amount of coagulant dosage and pH level decreased for maximum TSS removal efficiency during the CF process. Proper adjustment of optimal pH and coagulant dosage to accommodate temperature fluctuations can improve TSS removal performance of the CF process.

The purpose of this study was to examine the degree of knowledge of care workers working at long term care hospitals and nursing homes on pressure ulcer. A total of 81 care workers including 34 at long term care hospitals and 47 at nursing homes were surveyed. 24 questions were used to evaluate their degree of knowledge on pressure ulcer. Their knowledge on pressure ulcer scored 12.84 out of the total score of 24 points(SD=3.40), which was equal to 53.50 (SD=24.23) out of 100 points. Their knowledge on the prevention of pressure ulcer was highest among the subareas of evaluation. Their knowledge on pressure ulcer statistically significantly differed according to education on pressure ulcer(P<.05). A pressure ulcer is a skin disorder that may be prevented and cured. At this point when long term care facilities are rapidly increasing, care workers highlevel knowledge on and good management of pressure ulcer is very important. Practically educating them on pressure ulcer including the provision of recent, updated relevant knowledge will be necessary.

본 논문 에서는 강구조물의 설 계를 위한 가상하중 소 성활절 해석기볍이 연구되 었 다. 구조풀 의 기하학적 인 불완전성 올 가상하중 기법으로 고 려하였다. 본 해 석 기볍을 통하여 구조물 의 거동과 하증 지지 능력 을 직접적인 방법으로 예측할 수 있다. 즉 본 기법 은 강구조 설 계 에서 전통적으로 사용되고 있 는 유효길이 인 지 (K-fac tor) 의 계산 및 각 부재의 강도계산을 필요로 하지 않으므로써 다음 세대의 설 계기볍이라고 할 수 있다. 본 기볍 에 의하여 예측된 강도와 변위는 정확한 해라고 알려진 Plastic-Zone 해석 결 과와 비교 검증하였다， 본 기볍의 해석 및 설계 세 부 지침과 순서 를 제시하였으며， 본 해석기볍 및 AISC-LRFD 방법에 의하여 결 정된 부재크기 를 비교하였다. 본 해석기법은 실 제 설계에 효율 적 으로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

글루코오즈(GOD) 옥시다제가 고정화된 PVA/키토산 플렌드막과 다공성 폴리아미드 복합막을 통해 인슐린의 투과거동을 살펴보았다. GOD가 고정화된 막을 통한 투과계수는 10-6~10-7cm3/cm2sec이었다. 복합막의 클루코오즈 농도에 대한 변화는 낮은 글루코오즈 농도에서 높았는데 이는 막으로부터 산소의 고갈 때문이었다. PVA/키토산 및 다공성 폴리아미드막을 통한 인슐린의 투과는 글루코오즈 농도에 따라 500mg%까지 점차 증가하였다.

하수처리과정에서 발생하는 슬러지의 부피를 줄이는 동시에 이들의 유기물 성분을 메탄 등의 바이오가스로 전환하기 위해 중온(35℃)에서의 혐기소화 공정이 널리 적용되고 있다. 혐기소화공정의 안정성이나 에너지 투입량 측면에서는 중온혐기소화가 적합하다고 알려져 있지만, 높은 유기물 부하량(organic loading rate, OLR)을 처리하기 위해 반응속도를 상승시키거나 SRT(sludge retention time)을 줄이기 위해 고온(55℃) 혐기소화를 적용하기도 한다. 고온 혐기소화공정을 새롭게 시작할 때 접종물을 기존의 고온 혐기소화공정으로부터 얻기 힘든 경우 중온혐기소화액을 고온에서 적응시켜 접종하기도 한다. 이때 온도를 적응시키는 방법에 따라 공정 효율이 달라지는데, 연구에서는 중온혐기소화액으로부터 고온 혐기소화 접종물을 제작하기 위한 방법으로 온도를 올리는 방법을 달리하였을 때 이들의 메탄 생산과 미생물 군집에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고자 하였다. 본 연구수행을 위해 광주 제 1 하수처리장에서 중온혐기소화액, 1, 2차 농축 슬러지 등을 샘플링 하여 두 대의 반응기(Working volume : 3L)를 설치하여 회분식(Batch)운전 후 연속교반탱크형반응기(CSTR)로 운전(SRT 20, 40일)하였다. 먼저 한 대의 반응기는 35℃에서 55℃로 한 번에 온도변화를 주었고, 다른 반응기의 경우에는 35℃에서 하루에 1도씩 올려서 약 20일에 걸쳐 55℃로 올린 뒤 55℃로 유지하였다. 반응기의 효율을 확인하기 위해 메탄 발생량, total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS), total chemical oxygen demand (tCOD), soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD), soluble components (protein, carbohydrate), pH 등을 측정하였으며, NGS (next generation sequencing)를 활용하여 혐기소화 전/후의 소화액의 미생물 군집변화를 알아보았다.

하수처리시설의 방류수 수질기준은 계속적으로 강화되고 있으며, 이러한 기준을 충족시키기 위해 다양한 공법을 적용하려는 노력들이 증가하고 있다. 지금까지는 질소, 인 처리를 목적으로 활성슬러지 공법을 많이 적용해왔지만, 활성슬러지 공법의 경우 용존산소 및 온도 유지, 미생물의 생장에 필요한 탄소원이 부족할 경우 추가적인 메탄올 공급의 필요 등과 같은 문제점들을 가지고 있어 대안책이 필요한 상황이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 응집제 주입을 통해 유기물 뿐만 아니라 질소, 인 등을 제거하여 활성슬러지 공법을 대체할 수 있는 응집-침전 1차 처리(Chemically enhanced primary treatment, CEPT)의 최적화 과정을 진행하였으며, 추가적으로 CEPT 슬러지를 이용하여 혐기성 소화를 진행하였을 때 메탄 생성효율에는 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 확인하고자 하였다. 먼저 문헌조사를 통해 총 7개의 후보군(FeCl2, FeCl3, FeSO4, PACl, Al2(SO4)3, 키토산, glucan)을 선정하였으며, jar-test를 통해 응집제로써의 적용가능성 및 최적 주입량을 확인하였다. Jar-test의 경우 광주 제 1하수처리장으로 들어오는 하수 원수 500ml를 이용하여 진행하였으며, 급속교반(150rpm, 1분), 완속교반(40rpm, 10분), 침전(10분) 순으로 진행한 뒤 상징액을 통해 저감효과를 확인하였다. 90% 이상의 탁도 저감효과를 보인 FeCl3, PACl, Al2(SO4)3 대상으로 CEPT 슬러지를 제작하여 혐기성 소화를 진행하였다. jar-test에서는 PACl이 응집제 주입량 대비 가장 높은 탁도저감효과를 보인 반면, 혐기성 소화 공정에서는 PACl을 이용하여 제작한 CEPT 슬러지의 메탄 발생효율이 가장 낮고, FeCl3를 주입한 경우에 가장 메탄발생효율이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 PACl의 Al 성분이 미생물의 생장을 저해한 반면, FeCl3의 경우에는 Fe3+가 Fe2+로 환원되는 과정에서 유기물로부터 H+를 받아 유기물의 분해속도를 촉진시켰기 때문인 것으로 추측된다.

바이오매스는 지속가능한 에너지원의 일종으로 다양한 공정에 따라 바이오 에탄올, 바이오 디젤, 바이오 가스 등으로 회수하여 석유자원의 대체제로 사용 가능하다. 그 중 목질계 바이오매스는 주로 셀룰로오스, 헤미셀룰로오스, 리그닌으로 이루어져 있으며, 셀룰로오스는 바이오 에탄올 등의 연료화를 통해 이용되고 있으나, 리그닌의 경우 펄프 공정 내 부산물로 여겨져 단순 연소를 통한 열에너지원으로서의 역할을 하고 있다. 하지만 리그닌은 자연에서 가장 많이 존재하는 페놀성 고분자 화합물의 일종으로, 이를 이용한 페놀 수지, 에폭시 수지, 접착제 등의 화학약품화 및 탄소섬유로 소재화하는 등의 리그닌 부가가치화 연구사례가 많아지고 있다. 본 연구 대상인 폐목재는 2015년 기준 연간 약 170만 톤이 발생하고 있으며 약 70%가 재활용되어지고 있으나, 3등급 폐목재의 경우 가공과정에서 페인트, 기름, 방부제, 접착제 등 다량의 불순물이 함유되어 재활용 시 많은 제약을 두고 있다. 이러한 폐목재의 특성을 고려한 재활용 방안에 대한 연구의 필요성이 존재한다. 본 연구는 3등급 폐목재를 대상으로 organosolv 전처리법을 이용한 최적 리그닌 분해 조건 도출 및 UF/NF 멤브레인 시스템 적용을 통한 폐목재 내 목적으로 하는 분자량을 가진 리그닌의 고순도 분리 추출을 목적으로 하고 있다. 또한 분리된 리그닌의 FT-IR, NMR, TGA 분석을 통해 폐목재 리그닌의 재활용 가능성을 검토해보고자 한다.

Background : Platycodon grandiflorum root (PGR) was one of the primary herbs used in a phlegm-relieving herb from the past. Platycoside compounds on PGR may exhibit neuroprotective, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-allergy, improved insulin resistance, and cholesterol-lowering properties. In order to developing a concentrate product that improved the functionality and preference of PGR, it was fermented using lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum N76-10 and 56-12). Methods and Results : The concentrate products were created by PGR-concentrate (PGRC, 60 ºBrix) mixed with fermented PGR-extract (FPGRE, 2 ºBrix) at the level of 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200%. Sweetness and preference were supplemented by other added materials including honey, oligosaccharide, concentrate of jujube (60 ºBrix) and pear (60 ºBrix), and cactus Chounnyouncho extract (2 ºBrix). The products were put into investigation for their preference of taste, antimicrobial activity in accordance with amount of FPGRE. When it comes to preference of taste, the most favor is adding 100% of FPGRE on PGRC. The product added 150% FPGRE exhibited a strong microbial anti-proliferation in all four kinds (Corynrbacterium diphtheriae, Klebsiella pnneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pyogenes) of bacteria inducing bronchus diseases and was higher antimicrobial activity than concentrate without FPGRE. In terms of the sensory evaluation (taste, texture and visco-elasticity), concentrate mixed with FPGRE (10), jujube concentrate (2), pear concentrate (10), cactus Chounnyouncho extract (10), oligosaccharide (2), honey (1) and xanthan gum (0.02) showed the highest scores. Conclusion : Thus, A PGR concentrate was made by adding FPGRE (100%) and it was increased organoleptic quality, antimicrobial activity. These studies may provide new product development for effective utilization on Platycodon grandiflorum root.

Background : For the GAP standard cultivation, weed occurrence pattern was investigated by planting density and mulching method of Bupleurum falcatum L. Methods and Results : Vinyl and rice straw were used for mulching. The planting density were 10, 20, and 30 cm, and the spacing between plants were 5 ㎝. The amount of weed emergence were examined twice at the end of July and at the end of September. The degree of importance was based on the Braun-Branquet’s dominance value distinction criterion. As a result, the kind of total weeds emerged during the cultivation of Bupleurum falcatum L. were identified as 20 species in 10 families. Amount of weed’s occurrence were the highest in rice straw covering after 10 × 5 ㎝ sowing, and it were lowest in vinyl mulching after 30 × 5 ㎝ sowing. The frequency of weed emergence was highest with 10 species of 8 families in rice straw mulching treatment. On the other hand, the treatment with the least emergence frequency of weeds was 30 × 5 ㎝ sowing after vinyl mulching, and weeds of 7 species of 6 families appeared. In the second survey in September, weeds of 15 species in 9 families were identified in the test field. The amount of weed’s occurrence were the highest in rice straw mulching after 10 × 5 ㎝ sowing, and it were the least in the case of vinyl mulching after 30 × 5 ㎝ sowing. The frequency of emergence of weeds was highest in rice straw mulching after 20 × 5 ㎝ sowing, and the kind of weeds were 11 species of 8 families. The treatment of the lowest emergence frequency of weeds was 30 × 5 ㎝ sowing after vinyl mulching. Three kinds of weeds occurred. Conclusion : From the above results, it is expected that we can suppress the weed occurrence at the planting density of 30 × 5 ㎝ after vinyl mulching at the sowing of Bupleurum falcatum L.

On June 14, 2008 (the first experiment) and July 24, 2008 (the second experiment), the shores of the Boseong River and the sandy beaches, Seokgok-myun, Moksadong-myun, Gokseong-gun in Jeollanam Province were investigated and a total of 29 soft-shelled turtle (Tryonyx sinensis) eggs in the natural spawning nest eggs were collected (13 eggs were collected in the first experiment and 16 eggs in the second experiment). The temperatures in the natural spawning nests were 25.9- 36.9±0.5℃, the depth of the eggs was 5.2-7.5±0.5 cm as the distance of the average 6.4±0.5 cm. 29 eggs were scattered at least 0.2 cm interval. Artificial incubation of 29 eggs was conducted in artificial nest boxes in thermo-plastic composition of the incubator, and then incubated at 26.5-35.5±0.5℃, and an average constant temperature was 31.2-32.1±1.0℃. The incubation days ranged from 53 to 55. In case of most turtles, incubation at 31℃ (higher temperatures) generally produces all or mostly females, while incubation at 25℃(cooler temperatures) produces all or mostly males. Exceptionally, in case of genus Trionyx, the sex ratio of female : male of T. sinensis of a freshwater soft-shelled turtle was approximately 1:1, which differs from other genera of turtles and makes T. sinensis Strauch only turtles presently known to lack temperature-dependent sex determination.

Background : This study for the stable production and supply of seeds of Angelica gigas Nakai(Man-chu Korean Angelica), when seeds harvested using nets, seed productivity was investigated. Methods and Results : Planting density is 50 × 25cm, Fertilizer per 10a was sprayed amount of N-P2O5-K2O = 16-17-10kg. And the amount of compost per 10a was sprayed 3000kg. Seed harvesting nets were used for a time formed the endosperm of the seeds (later in mid-August to late). And net for seed production was used for onion nets (at least 13 × 18cm). Shoot growth conditions were as follows. Bolting rate was 89.0% in the untreated, the treated group was 93.1%. The length and thickness of each stem was 129.3 ~ 130.8cm, 1.8cm. The number of nodes per plant was 6.7 ~ 7.5 pieces, and the number of petiole was 14.8 ~ 15.5 per plant. The number of umbel was 10.3 ~ 11.1 piece per plant, and number of deleted umbel was 7.1 ~ 7.2 piece. Seed weight per plant was 24.2g of the net treatment, but ripening seeds 19.6g, 1000 grain weight were all treated and untreated 2.8g. The total seed weight per plant, the net treated was 24.2g, was the weight of the ripening seeds 19.6g. The weight of the ripening seeds were heavier than those of the control. However, the weight of 1000 grain were both treated and untreated 2.8g. When treated nets, the total seed yield per 10a was 88.0kg production, increased by 60.9% compared to untreated. In addition, the ripening seed production per 10a was 71.5kg production, increased by 50.1% compared to untreated. Researching after germination Seed Production, germination rate was 50.8% in the control group and the treatment group was 54.9%. When applying the germination rate, high-quality seed production per 10a was able to produce 39.2kg, compared to control obtain the results increased by 65%. Conclusion : Through the above results, When producing angelica seed, use of net for seed production is thought to be used as a way to prevent early shattering and insect damage.(True bug, etc.).

Background : Platycodon grandiflorum root(PGR) was one of the primary herbs used in a phlegm-relieving herb from the past. Purified platycoside compounds from the roots of PGR may exhibit neuroprotective, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-allergy, improved insulin resistance, and cholesterol-lowering properties. To evaluate preference and functionality of PGR extracts, PGR was fermented by several lactic acid bacteria. Lactic acid bacteria used were Leuc. mesenteroides N12-4 and N58-5, L. plantarum N76-10 and 56-12, L. brevis N70-9 and E3-8. Methods and Results : This study was performed in order to investigate the changes of platycosides, as well as the antimicrobial activities on bronchus diseases inducing bacteria(C. diphtheriae, K. pnneumoniae, S. aureus, S. pyogenes) of Platycodon grandiflorum root(PGR) fermented by using lactic acid bacteria(Leuc. mesenteroides N12-4, Leuc. mesenteroides N58-5, L. plantarum N76-10, L. plantarum N56-12, L. brevis N70-9, L. brevis E3-8). Growth of L. plantarum on PGR was the most active during lactic acid fermentation by some different strains. Total platycoside, platycoside E, platycodin A, polygalacin D2, polygalacin D and diapioplatycoside E contents of PGR fermented for 96 hours at 37℃ by Leuc. mesenteroides and L. plantarum were increased, while platycodin D and platycodin D3 were decreased. The antimicribial activity on PGR fermented by L. plantarum N56-12 exhibited a strong microbial proliferation in all four kinds of bronchus diseases inducing bacteria and was higher than non-fermented PGR extract. Conclusion : Thus, this results showed antimicrobial activities on bronchus diseases inducing bacteria and platycosides content of PGR by L. plantarum N56-12 were higher than non-fermented PGR extract.

A 67-year-old man visited our hospital with anorexia and abdominal discomfort after taking herb for 3 months. Abdominal computed tomograpy showed splenomegaly. Blood test showed elevation of serum alanine aminotransferase level, thrombocytopenia, and there was no viral or autoimmune hepatitis. Liver biopsy showed comprehensive fibrotic changes and necrosis on iver parenchyma. He recovered within 1 week after stopping the herb. There was no disease recurrence for 1 year. No case of toxic hepatitis by taking Fritillaria thunbergii Miquel has been reported. Thus, this case proved for the first time that Fritillaria thunbergii Miquel could cause drug induced liver injury.

The excellence of pigmented rice with respect to its nutritional composition was proven and the physicochemical properties of five kinds of rice (Jindo black rice, Jindo jeongmi, Boseong black rice, red rice, and green rice) were compared. The crude protein content of black rice harvested in Boseong (10.15%) were higher than that of the other varieties. The crude fat contents of pigmented rice (black, red, and green) were higher than those of polished rice (Jindo-jeongmi and black rice). Boseong black rice had the highest crude fat content. The major free sugar types in the rice varieties were maltose and glucose. The major mineral contents of the unpolished rice (pigmented rice) varieties were as follows: of P, 361.32～570.11 mg%; K, 196.63～210.04 mg%; Mg, 104.11～128.02 mg%; Na, 2.49～8.14 mg%; and Ca, 12.10～16.82 mg%. The major fatty acids in the five kinds of rice were linoleic acid, oleic acid and palmitic acid. The fatty acid contents of the rice varieties did not differ significantly. The black rice (Boseong) had a higher amino acid content than the other varieties. The hunter color values of rice varieties were affected by the colors of tha samples. The L (lightness) value of black rice (Jindo, Boseong) was lower than that of the other samples. The thiamine and riboflavin contents of the red rice (0.48 mg/100 g and 0.14 mg/100 g, respectively) were higher than those of the other varieties (thiamine: 0.36～0.24 mg/100 g and riboflavin: 0.09～0.06 mg/100 g). The hardness of the rice varieties differed significantly (10.75～14.64 ㎏).