What is the most important in articles of food is hygienic safety. Because food Is the most common thing in our everyday life, however, the importance of its hygienic safety and other many problems caused by food may be easily neglected. What is more, food is can be dangerous as much as it is directly related to human life and accidents from the same cause may have different effects on the victims according to physical and environmental differences of individuals. Thus PL action for food requires more thorough prevention and measure. Korea has been enforcing 'the Product Liability Act' since the 1<SUP>1st</SUP> of July 2002. Product Liability (PL) is liability of the manufacturer or the seller of a product to compensate for the death or injury of consumers or the loss of properties caused by the defect of the product. This study surveyed consumers' response to and the effects of the enforcement of the Product Liability Act, investigated how consumers perceived the importance of food safety and the risk of defective food based on PL standards and their experience in damage by food through a questionnaire survey, and analyzed collected data through empirical analyses (reliability analysis, factorial analysis, regression analysis and ANOVA t-test) using SPSS 10.0. Based on the results of analysis, the researcher proposed strategies for coping with the Product Liability Act in the food industry

The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation and characteristics between electromyographic (EMG) activities of lower leg muscles and the posturographic assessment of static balance control in normal adults. Twenty-four young, healthy adults(12 males, 12 females) participated in the study. Center of pressure (COP) parameters were obtained using force platform as total path distance, total sway area, X mean frequency and Y mean frequency for 20 seconds in the following conditions: (1) comfortable standing with eyes opened or closed, (2) uncomfortable standing (feet together) with eyes opened or closed, (3) virtual moving surround delivered using Head mount display (HMD) with four different moving patterns. The virtual moving patterns consisted of close-far, superior-inferior tilting (pitch), right-left tilting (roll), and horizontal rotation (yaw) movements. Surface electromyographic activites were recorded on the tibialis anterior, peroneus longus, medial and lateral heads of gastrocnemius muscles under each condition. Correlation between the posturographic measures and EMG activities were evaluated. Total path distance and total sway area of COP were significantly increased during uncomfortable standing. EMG activity of tibialis anterior was significantly more during uncomfortable standing and virtual moving surround stimulation than during comfortable standing. Total path distance and sway area of COP during comfortable standing with closed eyes showed significant positive correlation with the EMG activities of the lateral head of gastrocnemius muscle. Total path distances and total sway area of COP during muscle. Total path distances and total sway area of COP during presentation of virtual moving surround also had significant positive correlations with EMG activities of the lateral head of gastrocnemius muscle under close-far movement.

Motor skill learning can be acquired implicitly without consciousness of what is being learned. The purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics of implicit motor learning in young and elderly people using a perceptual-motor task. Forty normal young and elderly subjects participated. A modified version of the Serial Reaction Time Task (SRTT) using six blocks of twelve perceptual motor sequences was administered. The paradigm consisted of the first random sequence block followed by the four patterned blocks and another random block. In each block, the go signal consisted of an asterisk displayed in the one of the four parallel arrayed boxes in the middle of the screen. Subjects were instructed to push the corresponding response buttons as quickly as possible. Young subjects demonstrated shorter reaction times during the consecutive patterned blocks reflecting appropriate learning accomplished. Elderly subjects were able to learn a perceptual-motor task with implicit knowledge, but the performance was lower than that of the young persons. These results indicated that implicit sequence learning is still preserved in elderly adults, but the rate of learning is slower.

The results of this study has been split into two components, On set of results addressed the strategy of developing a Agility for maintenance consumer. The other set of results addressed the strategy of illuminating the successful measurement and concepts formed during the maintenance problem solving process, especially in the context of the Logistics Information system by aggregation information space. This paper presented a classifiable elements of Agility & Measurement of logistics capability in the Korea market. These concepts are positioned in a framework to give a better understanding what the consequences are of the changing business environment. The developments towards more globalization which leads to centralization and mass individualization that has a tendency to go more in the decentralized solutions, seems to be in contradiction. we will focus a proposal of Logistics information system and demand management decisions that should be a prime concern of any profit maximizing firm, unready strategy of investment. and we will prove the facts that it could be a guiding company which has a ability of cooperation with entities through the founding of supply chain, On the conclusion, we will show the variation which influences for capacity entities and alternative proposal to define a element which influnce for a cause and effect basically.[5]

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) modulates cortical excitability beyond the duration of the rTMS trains themselves. Depending on rTMS parameters, a lasting inhibition or facilitation of cortical excitability can be induced. Therefore, rTMS of high or low frequency over motor cortex may change certain aspects of motor learning performance and cortical activation. This study investigated the effect of high and low frequency subthreshold rTMS applied to the motor cortex on motor learning of sequential finger movements and brain activation using functional MRI (fMRI). Three healthy right-handed subjects (mean age 23.3) were enrolled. All subjects were trained with sequences of seven-digit rapid sequential finger movements, 30 minutes per day for 5 consecutive days using their left hand. 10 Hz (high frequency) and 1 Hz (low frequency) trains of rTMS with 80% of resting motor threshold and sham stimulation were applied for each subject during the period of motor learning. rTMS was delivered on the scalp over the right primary motor cortex using a figure-eight shaped coil and a Rapid(R) stimulator with two Booster Modules (Magstim Co. Ltd, UK). Functional MRI (fMRI) was performed on a 3T ISOL Forte scanner before and after training in all subjects (35 slices per one brain volume TR/TE = 3000/30 ms, Flip angle , FOV 220 mm, matrix, slice thickness 4 mm). Response time (RT) and target scores (TS) of sequential finger movements were monitored during the training period and fMRl scanning. All subjects showed decreased RT and increased TS which reflecting learning effects over the training session. The subject who received high frequency rTMS showed better performance in TS and RT than those of the subjects with low frequency or sham stimulation of rTMS. In fMRI, the subject who received high frequency rTMS showed increased activation of primary motor cortex, premotor, and medial cerebellar areas after the motor sequence learning after the training, but the subject with low frequency rTMS showed decreased activation in above areas. High frequency subthreshold rTMS on the motor cortex may facilitate the excitability of motor cortex and improve the performance of motor sequence learning in normal subject.

Objective : This study was conducted to assess the changes in the functional levels of affected upper extremities after treating patients with brain injury by intensive CIMT (Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy). Method : Design was single-subject experimental reversal design (A-B-A). Subjects was 6 persons with brain injury (F: 1, M: 5), mean age (57.0±9.6). Intensive CIMT was performed over 6 hours a day for 2 weeks. Box and block test and nine hole pegboard were used for assessment of affected upper extremity function before and after intervention. Results : Compared baseline 1, functional level in both intervention and baseline 2 revealed improved functional levels. In addition, carry over effect was shown in baseline 2 period. Conclusion : Intensive CIMT based on task-oriented activity is considered to be effective because it decrease the time to use the paretic limb and thereby overcomes the “learned nonuse”.

뇌기능 장애 환자에서 자세균형 제어능력의 저하는 보행 및 일상생활동작 수행 등에 어려움을 초래하며 이에 대한 정확한 평가 및 치료를 위하여 일상의 환경변화와 유사한 상황을 제공하고 이에 따른 자세균형 조절 능력을 파악하는 것이 중요하다. 본 연구는 뇌기능 장애 환자에서 가상적 움직이는 환경에 따른 자세균형 조절 기능을 정확히 평가하고 환경의 움직임이 자세균형 조절에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 15명의 뇌기능 장애 환자들과 정상인 15명을 대상으로 실생활과 유사한 환경의 조성을 위하여 HMD를 이용한 가상 환경 움직임(Virtual Moving Surround)을 네 가지 다른 패턴으로 제공하였다. 자세동요의 정도는 힘판을 이용하여 신체압력중심의 변화를 전체이동거리, 동요주파수, 최대 빈도 COP 위치로 측정하였으며 가상 환경의 차이에 따른 변화를 비교 분석하였다. 연구결과 검사 재검사 신뢰도평가에서 일관된 분석결과를 나타냈고 뇌 기능장애 환자와 정상인의 분석에서는 두 그룹간의 차이를 확인할 수 있었다. 특히 전후로 빠르게 변하는 가상 환경에서 가장 큰 자세동요를 나타내었고 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었다. 본 연구를 통해 뇌기능 장애 환자에서 가상 환경 변화가 자세균형 조절에 미치는 영향을 확인할 수 있었으며 이러한 환자들을 위한 치료와 평가 환경 조성 등에도 유용한 자료로 쓰일 수 있을 것으로 사료된다

We report the reorganization of motor network resulted from intensive unilateral coordination training and the effect of cross education on the untrained side in patient with traumatic brain injury using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). A 22 year-old male patient who had suffered from diffuse axonal injury for 58 months showed coordination deficit in the left hand at initial examination. Intensive motor training including complex finger movements and coordination activities using a metronome was introduced to the patient 4 hours per day for a week. FMRI was performed on a 3T ISOL Forte scanner. All functional images were analyzed using SPM-99 software. Hand function was improved after training not only in the trained left hand, but also in the untrained right hand. There was no activation in the right primary motor area (M1) during left hand movement before training whereas robust activation of left M1 was demonstrated by the right hand movement. Profuse activation of bilateral prefrontal lobes was seen during both hand movements before training. After training of left hand, right M1 became prominently activated during the left hand motion. The activation of bilateral prefrontal lobes disappeared after training not only for the left hand movement but also for the right, which clearly demonstrated the effect of cross education. This case report demonstrated the learning-dependent reorganization of the M1 and the effect of cross education.

This study is focused on the operation of truck with conscious for environmental logistics system to reduce empty truck movements, and to control running empty truck. With the logistics function, road transport represents the biggest environmental threat. Using nonrenewable natural resources, contributing to air and noise pollution, trucks are environmentally unfriendly. Any steps to reduce transport activity will help minimize negative impact. In particular, noxious emissions must be reduced, but in the long term more environmentally friendly vehicles are required.

This study is focused on the calculation for optimum period for environmental logistics system to replace old truck. Companies throughout the world have recognized the importance of environmentalism and the role of logistics in structuring a corporate response to environmental issues like recycling, waste disposal, pollution, and many others. Reverse logistics, the term often used to represent the role of logistics in environmentalism, is gaining acceptance by firms.

뇌 손상 후 급성기에 기능의 자발적인 회복이 일어나지만 환자들은 환측의 상지를 잘 사용하지 못하게 된다. 그 결과 원하는 움직임을 억제하는 상황을 발생시키는데 이것을 학습 무사용 증후군(learned nonu se syndrome)이라 한다. 이러한 학습 무사용 증후군을 치료하기 위해 억제-유도 치료(constraint-induced therapy)가 고안되었다. 억제-유도 치료는 연속되는 몇 주간에 걸쳐 매일 많은 시간 동안 건측의 상지를 묶어두고 환

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the upper limb nerve mobilization (ULNM) on functional recovery of upper extremity in hemiplegic patients following stroke. Twenty patients who had functional impairment on upper extremity were participated. Subjects were randomly divided into two groups: Control group (n=10) received traditional physical therapy only for 4 weeks; Experimental group (n=10) received ULNM treatment along with traditional physical therapy for the same period. Upper extremity functions were assessed by manual muscle test (MMT), modified Ashworth scale (MAS), and Fugl-Meyer assessment (FMA) before and after the treatment. In both experimental and control group, upper extremity functions were significantly improved in MMT (p<.01) and FMA (p<.01), however only experimental group showed significant improvement in FMA after the treatment (p<.05). Moreover, experimental group showed significantly greater improvement than control group in MMT (p<.05), MAS (p<.05), and FMA (p<.05). We conclude that the upper extremity functions is a useful additional therapeutic technique for the effective treatment of upper extremity deficits in hemiplegic patients.

The purposes of this study are to evaluate the development of disabled children us- ing LAP(Learning Accomplishment Profile) and to investigate the correlation between subtest scores of LAP. The development scores were obtained using 244 items in 5 su-btests (gross motor, fine motor, cognitive, language/cognitive, and self help) of LAP in 34 children with delayed development from February, 1998 to March, 1999. The birth history and risk factors for developmental disablilty such as prematurity, hyperbilirubi-nemia, low birth weight, and seizure were evaluated. Collected data were analized by Pearson's correla tion coefficient and Mann-Whitney U test. The results were as follow : 1) Among the subtests of LAP scores, fine motor, language/cognitive, and self-help were signi ficantly correlated with the cognitive subtests scores (p > 0.001) 2) On the other hand, gross motor subtest scores were independent to cognitive sub-test scores. 3) The children who had history of seizure during neonatal period showed significantly low scores in language-naming, fine motor-writing, and self help-eating. The LAP is considered as a useful tool to evaluate the cognitive development disab- led children. Cognitive function significantly influence on other developmental areas es-pecially on fine motor development.

인삼의 ehtanol 추출물과 영지 열수추출물 및 영지 crude polysaccharide가 유산균 생육에 미치는 효과를 L. casei IAM 1643과 S. thermophilus KCTC 2185를 대상으로 하여 조사하였다. 인삼추출물에는 탄수화물 60.7%, 단백질 27.5%, 영지추출물에는 단백질 46.4%, 탄수화물 35.9%가 함유되어 탄수화물과 단백질이 일반성분의 대부분을 나타내었으며, 영지 crude polysaccharide의 총당함량과 총단백질함량은 각각 47.2%와 15.2%이었다. 인삼 추출물에는 arginine과 tryptophan의 2종의 아미노산이 함유된 것으로, 영지추출물에는 이들 외에도 alanine, lysine, serine 등 모두 11종의 아미노산이 함유된 것으로 확인되었다. 인삼추출물과 영지추출물 및 영지 crude polysaccharide를 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4%씩 TG배지에 첨가하여 유산균을 배양하였을 때 이들을 첨가하지 않은 대조구에 비하여 모두 뚜렷한 생육증진 효과를 나타내었다. 특히 그 효과는 인삼추출물은 L. casei의 경우에, 영지추출물은 S. thermophilus의 경우에 더욱 뚜렷하게 나타났으며 첨가량이 증가할수록 그 효과도 증가하였다. 인삼 및 영지추출물에서 분석된 유리 아미노산중 arginine, lysine 등은 L. casei의 경우에 생육증진 효과를 나타내었으며, lysine, serine, arginine, glutamic acid 등은 S. thermophilus의 경우에 효과를 나타내었다.

Cyanobacteria have been used as pollution indicator species in freshwater ecosystems, and identifying their fluctuations can be an important part about management of surface waters globally. Cyanotoxins produced by cyanobacteria are directly or indirectly a threat to human and environmental health. In order to confirm the potential risk of these cyanotoxins, the fluctuations of phytoplankton and phylogenetic analysis of cyanotoxin synthetase genes were conducted at each point in the Yeongsan River water system in Gwangju from November 2021 to October 2022. Diatoms which grow well in winter were dominant at 99.4 ~ 99.5%, and diatoms and green algae were dominant from the spring to autumn when the water temperature rises. Stephanodiscus spp. were dominant at 92.7 to 97.5 % at all sites in the winter, and Aulacoseira spp., which grow in warm water temperatures, were dominant in summer and autumn. Microcystis aeruginosa was dominant at 25.2% in summer only at site 5. mcyB and anaC have been detected as cyanotoxin synthetase genes. The phylogenetic tree of anaC could be divided into two groups (Group 1 & Group 2). Group 1 contained Aphanizomenon sp. and Cuspidothrix issatschenkoi. It is combined with Aphanizomenon sp. and Cuspidothrix issatschenkoi, which are known to produce cyanotoxins.

The concerns about potential risks and hazards in children’s playgrounds are increasing and the restrictions for environmental harmful substances in playgrounds have been reinforced in many countries. In this study, the concentrations of heavy metals were analyzed in 142 samples including 105 of sand flooring and 37 playing equipment such as swing, slide, sporting equipment, bench and fence in 18 children’s playgrounds. Heavy metals in sand flooring were investigated and categorized by natural environmental factors such as season, rainfall, post-rainy day, and artificial factors as road, type, and material of nearby play equipment. The concentration of heavy metals such as Pb, Hg, Cu, and Zn were significantly higher in sand flooring near the play equipment than at places away from the playing equipment (p < 0.05). Spearman’s rank correlation analysis showed that play equipment had a positive correlation with the sand flooring with regard to the concentration of Pb (r = 0.42, p < 0.01) and Cu (r = 0.39, p < 0.01). The concentration of heavy metals in the sand flooring showed a statistically significant difference depending on the season, post-rainy day, the distance from a roadway, type of equipment, and the material. The play equipment’s heavy metal concentration and other environmental factors contributed to the heavy metal concentration in the sand flooring’s surface in playgrounds.

만성질환노인, 거동불능 노인과 치매노인 등 장기요양보호노인이 증가하고 있다(변, 1997). 특히 치매전문요양시설의 증가와 함께 이곳에 서 치매를 위한 다양한 치료와 서비스치료적인 환경과 활동요법이 의료인의 관심을 끌고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 시설노인의 시지각협응 운 동과 기민성을 향상시키고자 원예활동 프로그램을 실시하였다. 본 연구는 D시 장기요양시설 노인 13명(83±6.5세)을 대상으로 2017년 3 월 9일부터 5월 04일까지 주 2회씩 총 15회기를 실시하였다. 프로그램은 다양한 화색의 꽃을 지정된 공간에 장식하게 하였다. 평가도구는 미네소타 맨손 기민성 테스트(Minnesota Manual Dexterity Test), 핀치검사(Pinch gauge)를 원예활동 실시 전과 후에 측정하였으며 측정 자료는 IBM SPSS 19.0 Program을 이용하여 Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test로 분석하였으며 연구결과는 다음과 같다 시지각협응력은 사전 7.3±3.9점에서 실시 후 8.5±3.4점으로 증가하여 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다(p=0.021). 손기능 검사는 오른손은 사전 9.0±2.5(lb)에 서 사후 9.4±3.1(lb)로(P=0.334) 왼손은 사전 8.6±2.5(lb)에서 사후 9.2±2.8(lb)로(P=0.208) 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다. 지정된 공간 속에 꽃꽂이를 실시한 결과 꽃꽂이는 다양한 작업으로 상지의 움직임과 손의 정교한 작업 및 눈-손 협응력을 요구하기 때문에 재활적인 측 면에서 매우 휼륭한 치료 수단(이, 2006)이라는 내용과 일치된 결과를 얻었다. 따라서 다양한 꽃꽂이 원예활동 프로그램을 노인에게 적용 한다면 노인들의 정서적인 안정은 물론 전문적인 재활치료의 수단으로도 이용될 수 있다고 판단한다.

노인 인구의 증가는 치매와 같은 노인성 만성질환을 초래한다(Kim & Jung, 2005). 치매는 완치가 어려운 만성 진행성질환으로 인지기능 감소 및 일상생활 수행능력 장애 등이 나타나 삶의 만족도를 떨어뜨린다(Lee, 2011). 또한 치매는 특성상 비가역적이고, 명확한 병인이 밝 혀져 있지 않아 원인적 치료가 어려우므로 종합적인 치료접근이 필요하다(Lee, 1997). 이에 본 연구는 지정된 공간 속에 꽃을 꽂는 작업이 치매노인의 시지각 운동 협응 능력의 향상에 얼마나 효과가 있는지 살펴보았다. 본 연구는 D시 노인복지센터를 이용하는 치매노인 25명 (실험군 13명, 대조군12명)을 대상으로 2017년 3월 9일부터 4월 18일까지 주 2회씩 총 10회기를 실시하였다. 프로그램은 매회기마다 지정 된 공간에 지정하는 꽃을 꽂게 하는 작업으로 실시하였다. 지정된 공간은 플로랄 폼(9.5×7.5×6cm)을 6등분하여 6개의 빨대(지름 1cm, 높 이 6cm)를 꽂아 제한공간을 만들었으며 그 공간에 화색별 지정 소재를 꽂도록 하였다. 평가도구는 미네소타 맨손 기민성 테스트 (Minnesota Manual Dexterity Test)와 핀치검사(Pinch gauge)를 원예활동 실시 전과 후에 평가하였다. 평가자료는 IBM SPSS 19.0 Program을 이용하여 비모수검정으로 분석하였으며 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 먼저 프로그램 실시 전 실험군과 대조군의 측정값은 시지각 협응(P=.120), 핀치(오른손 P=.062, 왼손 P=.073) 모두 동질하였다. 사전사후변화에서 대조군은 시지각협응(P=.533), 핀치(오른손 P=.765, 왼손 P=.254) 모두 유의한 차이가 없었다. 반면에 실험군은 핀치(오른손 P=.472, 왼손 P=.365)의 변화는 없었지만 시지각 협응은 원예활동 실시 전 28.5±12.9점에서 실시 후 31.5±15.1점으로 유의하게 향상되었다(P=.037) 지정된 공간속에 꽃꽂이를 실시한 결과 꽃꽂 이는 다양한 작업으로 상지의 움직임과 손의 정교한 작업 및 눈-손 협응력을 요구하기 때문에 재활적인 측면에서 매우 휼륭한 치료 수단 (Lee, 2006)이라는 내용과 일치된 결과를 얻었다. 따라서 치료목적에 적합한 꽃꽂이 원예활동 프로그램을 대상자에게 적용한다면 전문적 인 재활치료의 수단으로 이용될 수 있다고 판단한다.

This study attempted to examine the effects of horticultural activities based on various techniques on care class children’s emotional intelligence and peer competence and to analyze the correlation between the two factors. For this study, an experiment was conducted with 12 care class students who were 1 st ～2 nd graders at P Elementary School in D Metropolitan City. The horticultural activities consisted of plant growing, horticultural arts, and flower arrangement, and each activity was applied five times in a repeated pattern. After the horticultural activities, the children’s mean emotional intelligence was improved significantly from 26.7±6.7 to 30.8±6.9 (P=.007). In particular, empathy and emotion regulation ability showed a remarkable improvement. Peer competence was also improved by 3.9 points from 47.9±13.7 to 51.8±9.3 after the horticultural activities, but the difference was not significant (P=.255). However, a correlation was not observed between the two factors.