In this study, the deformation of friction stir welding on the aluminum battery housing material(AL6063-T5) applied to the electric vehicle was effectively predicted through experiments and numerical simulations. The temperature data were measured during the friction stir welding experiment, and the numerical simulation was carried out using the experimental temperature data. In the heat transfer analysis, the temperature distribution of the structure over time was calculated using the Reynolds equation. The final friction stir welding deformation was calculated by performing the structural analysis using the calculated temperature distribution data over time. The thermal elasto-plastic analysis was performed according to the friction stir welding process conditions and the welding sequences. Finally, the optimum welding condition was derived that the welding speed is 1000 mm/min and the rotation speed of the tool is 2000 RPM.

The verification and the design improvement of weight-training machines were performed. This research was carried out with computer simulation using the musculoskeletal model of the human body. The main topic of this research is the improvement of an arm-curl machine. Also the improved exercise effects were observed in this paper. The existing exercise which moves the scapula on the axis of the elbow with raised forearm is effective for only Biceps. We suggested the new concept arm-curl machine that also raises the scapula after raising the forearm to be effective for Triceps and adjacent muscles. The exercise effect to the Biceps and Triceps was verified in the partⅠ, that to the non-adjacent muscle such as Lattismus Dorsi was verified in the partⅡ of this study. The analysis with computer simulation using the musculoskeletal model could be helpful to develop improved healthcare machines with reduced price and time.

Contemporary people want to develop their bodies to enhance quality of life. Although weight-training machines have been mainly developed with this trend based on intuition and experience, this study attempted to improve and verify those products through computer simulations using the musculoskeletal model of the human body. An arm-curl machine, a weight-training machine for arm exercise, was chosen for this research and the improved exercise effects were observed. The existing exercise that moves the scapula on the axis of the elbow with raised forearm is effective for biceps but not for triceps and adjacent muscles. Thus we suggested the idea for a new concept arm-curl machine that also raises the scapula after raising the forearm. To verify the effects of this new exercise, we manufactured arm-curl linkage. The experiments found that the exercise effects of the biceps were maintained, and the exercise effects of the triceps remarkably improved. These findings verified the effects of the proposed new concept arm-curl linkage.

본 연구는 우리나라 흑비둘기 최대 서식지인 울릉도에서 2016년 3월부터 2018년 2월까지 흑비둘기의 지역별 개체군 변동과 선호하는 생태적 환경에 대하여 조사하였다. 조사기간 동안 40개 정점에서 확인 된 흑비둘기의 누적개체수는 1,956개체가 조사되었고 최대개체수는 2016년 8월에 326개체가 출현하였다. 월별 개체수 변동은 10월부터 출현개체수가 감소하다가 겨울철인 12월에서 2월에는 거의 관찰되지 않았다. 지역별 개체수 비율은 2016년에는 나리분지 지역이 33.43%로 가장 높았고 2017년에는 태하, 학포 지역이 29.39%로 흑비둘기가 많이 출현하였다. 흑비둘기가 선호하는 서식지 특성은 활엽수림 (77.5%), 임분의 영급은 4영급(75%), 흉고직경(DBH)은 중경목(80%), 수관수밀도는 밀밀도를 선호하였다. 해발고는 평균 178.22±36.60 m(SD, n=40, range 10∼472)였고 10∼160 m 지역이 전체 지역의 57.5%를 차지하여 저지대 산림을 선호하는 것으로 나타났다.

As a part of the research on existing structures of private homes from Joseon Era. Focusing on one hundred twenty five-purlin houses, the current study investigated the features and characteristics of the house structure from style, size, proportion and roof pitch, and measurements of key parts, and developed the following conclusions. Most are single-houses (89, 83%), and among them, there are 47 single front-terrace houses (39%), which is the highest number. The sizes of lower house structure do not differ greatly depending on the vertical structure, and single rear terrace house and double-house have relatively larger side sizes. The size of upper structure is larger in double-houses compared to other vertical structures, indicating a relatively higher roof. The cross-section measurement of major parts show that double-houses are larger than single-houses by 3cm in pillar, 3-4.5cm in crossbeam length, and 4.5cm in crossbeam width. However, Janghyeo width was consistent at 7.5 to 10.5cm, maintaining uniformity regardless of vertical structure of the houses. In addition, the cross-section measurements decreased from sixteenth to nineteenth century, with the size of pillar size decreasing the most. The result that the Janghyeo width is not related to the house structure house confirmed that the Janghyeo width was kept consistent regardless of the size of the house structure.

최근 들어 비행정보에 대한 확인기술의 발달과 소형 드론의 지속적인 기술개발로 인하여 이동성과 안정성이 확보된 근접 항공촬영이 가능해졌다. 특히 GPS좌표를 활용하여 경로비행의 위치를 직접 지정함으로써 조사대상지에 대한 경 로비행의 정확성과 안정성이 확보되었으며, 이를 통해 일정한 고도를 유지한 상태에서 정사투영 촬영을 통한 분석이 가능하게 되었다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 수목의 생육관리와 3D맵핑 시스템의 접목에 착안하여 정밀하고 체계적인 3D 맵핑 도면작성을 활용하여 수목의 시공과 관리측면에서 경제적이고 장기적인 차원에서 수목의 상태를 파악하기 위한 방안을 모색하고자 하였다. 특히 문화재로 지정된 수목의 경우처럼 고부가가치를 지닌 수목에는 활용도가 더 크다 하겠다. 항공사진 촬영에 이용된 UAV는 Mikrokopter사의 회전 익을 이용하였으며, 디지털 데이터의 취득은 Sony α5100을 활용하였다. 항공사진촬영 시 공간해상도를 고려하여 비행고도를 설정하였는데, 계획된 공간해상도 3Cm를 확보하기 위해 비행고도는 대상지를 기준으로 80m로 설정하였으며 촬영 시 종중복율(Endlap) 및 횡중복율(Sidelap)을 45%로 설정하여 항공사진촬영을 실시하였다. 그 결과 약 4개의 스트립 비행 경로를 따라 44개의 Waypoint가 설정되었으며, 비행고도와 속도는 80m, 약 3m/sec로 항공사진촬영을 실시하였다. 연구대상지인 광한루원의 항공사진 촬영을 결과를 살펴 보면 44개의 Wapoint 중 41개 지점에서 촬영되었으며, 취득된 디지털데이터에 비행로그데이터를 적용하여 잔차분 석을 통한 유효성을 검증한 결과 UAV에서 촬영된 41개의 디지털데이터 모두 유효한 데이터로 확인되었다. 3D맵핑 데이터제작 및 DEM분석은 Photoscan을 이용하 여 데이터를 추출하였다. 3D맵핑을 위한 데이터의 정합은 UAV 시스템에서 취득된 디지털영상데이터를 모두 이용하였으며, Photoscan의 자동영상매칭 기능을 이용하여 Point Cloud Data 형식의 데이터를 하나의 데이터로 정렬한 후 이를 바탕으로 Polygon Data 및 Texture로 변환하여 약4.5 ㎝급의 DSM을 생성하였으며, 정사투영 방식의 보정을 통해 약 3cm급의 정사영상데이터를 제작하였다. 취득된 디지털데이터를 통해 구축된 공간정보데이터의 보정 및 정확성 검토를 위해 UAV를 이용하여 취득된 영상과 GPS/INS데이터, 기상기준점 측정 데이터를 기반으로 정확성을 검토하였다. 지상기준점측량은 RTK(Real Time Kinematic)의 GRS80좌표 시스템을 이용하여 데이터를 취득하였으며, 측량지점은 3곳을 지상기준점으로 선정하였 다. 측정결과 RMSE는 ±5Cm 이내의 정확성을 가지는 것으 로 나타나 정사영상 데이터를 이용한 수목의 수관폭 등에 대한 평면데이터 구축에는 문제가 없는 것으로 파악되었다. 구축된 정사영상 데이터를 분석한 결과 총 25주의(산수 유4, 은행나무7, 소나무9, 단풍나무4, 모과나무1) 수목이 확인되었는데, 이중 산수유와 은행나무는 현장조사를 통해 수목의 종류를 확인하였다. 정사영상 데이터를 바탕으로 최종 생성된 DSM데이터를 살펴보면, 시설물 및 지형에 대한 수치데이터는 정확하게 분석되었으나 수목의 경우에는 총 25주의 수목중 약 50%에 해당하는 12주(단풍나무 3주, 소나무 5주, 산수유 4주)의수목에 대한 3D데이터가 추출되었다. 이러한 이유는 항공촬영을 통한 디지털데이터 구축에 있어 수직부감으로 촬영된 디지털데이터는 수목의 불규칙면에 대한 데이터 구축의 어려움과 수목 일부가 그림자와 중첩됨으로써 그림자로 인식되는 현상, 수목들 중첩되는 구간에 대한 3D데이터 구축이 어려운 것으로 판단되었으며 최근에 식재된 수목(은행나무(7)에서 3D데이터가 생성되지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 추후 항공촬영에 있어 디지 털 데이터 구축 시 45도 사선 촬영을 포함하여 항공사진촬 영 시간과 시기 등에 대한 보완이 필요할 것으로 판단되며, 3D데이터 구축에 필요한 위치좌표의 참고자료 구축을 위해 다양한 고도에서 항공사진촬영을 실시함과 동시에 지상 촬 영의 병행을 통해 수목개체군에 대한 종합적인 3D데이터 구축이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

비선형 시간이력응답해석에서 입력지진동은 구조물의 탄소성 지진응답을 결정짓는 중요한 요소이다. 시간이력해석에 사용되는 기록지진동파형은 지진발생 메카니즘, 전달경로, 지반의 성질에 따른 여러 가지 인자가 복잡하게 관련되어 있기 때문에 구조물의 지진응답해석에 사용될 일반성을 갖는 입력지진동을 선정하는 것은 매우 어려운 문제이다. 본 논문은 실무에서 내진설계용 지진동으로 가장 선호하지 않는 입력지진동을 선정하여 인공지진동파형을 작성하였다. 인공지진동은 기록지진동과 동일한 위상각을 가지며, 감쇠정수 h=5%일 때의 설계용 스펙트럼과 거의 일치하도록 작성되었다. 기록지지동과 인공지진동을 입력한 1자유도계의 탄성 및 탄소성 지진 응답해석을 수행하여 탄소성 응답스펙트럼 및 입력에너지 응답 특성을 분석하였다. 본 연구에서 작성된 인공지진동은 건축구조물의 탄소성 지진응답해석용 입력지진동으로 충분히 타당성이 있다고 사료된다.

This paper aimed at analyzing of structural carpentry terminology for bracket structure in Yingzaofashi《營造法式》in the era of Song Dynasty and illuminating coinage characteristics and method of Structural Carpentry Terminology for bracket Structure through graphonomy research and system and structure of these terms. The results are as follow. The structural carpentry terminologies for structure were identified to be approximately 23 words, and terminology of bracket structure鋪作is largely categorized into 3 categories of Type鋪作次序, Structure, Place. On the other hand, the structural carpentry terminologies for parts largely categorized into 2 categories of Bracket structure鋪作, Others. Bracket structure terminologies for parts were derived from the core of Dou枓, Gong栱, Ang昂, Fang方. The phenomena of derivation in structural carpentry terminology for bracket structure can be explained by the difference in the shape of subsidiary material and the location for usage of the subsidiary material and part of the subsidiary material and their functions.

This study examines the examples of wooden member terms of architecture terminology used in Yeonggeon-euigwe(營建儀軌) in the era of Joseon Dynasty. It is to trace the period of their appearances and changes and also to illuminate coinage characteristics and method of architectural terminology used in Yeonggeon-euigwe through graphonomy research and system and structure of wood member terms. By analyzing the meaning of a word, it was found that there was much Insineui, difference of word meaning by country was shown although it was the same shape of character. In particular, the specialty of double language system of Korean language is combined with that of wood terms. Operation of type unrelated to word meaning was found and Korean unique Gachaeui(假借義) like Bo(椺) was generated. This study draws separate systems: one is that can indicate coinage characters of architectural terminology in Yeonggeon-euigwe. The other is to obtain coinage method as a result of reclassifying terminology based on it.

This study examines the examples and changes of wooden member terms in Yeonggeon-euigwe(營建儀軌) in the era of Joseon Dynasty. As a result of examining examples, about 240 wood member terms were found on the basis of phonetic value and examples different from today's term use were also confirmed. Wood member terms were derived in variety and synonym and different style, that is, coexistence or transition of several notations as the term indicating the same member was found. Derivation of detail terms has the characteristic increasing on the basis of morpheme and formation of different notation followed Chinese notation or was caused by complex coinage features like a coined word of Korea by the meaning of a word and borrowed character notation borrowing sound and it is also related to the specificity of that time which had dual language system. The typical examples without different style for long were pillar, rafter, door and window. Examples with active generation and selection of different styles included beam, capital and bracket-system terms. Different styles were caused by the combination of several notations including borrowed character in the process of Chinese character notation borrowing sound, Korean unique character emphasizing and limiting combination of 木 (wood) with side of character and Chinese. Period showing remarkable change of example notation was the compilation of 《the Hwa-Sung-Sung-Euk-Eui-Gue》華城城役儀軌. 《the Hwa-Sung-Sung-Euk-Eui-Gue》is the representative type uigwe made by printed type not by handicraft. Printing by type accompanies unification of the shape of a character necessarily and it was considered that it resulted in the unification of character of different style, the number of strokes and minute difference of strokes, and it was interpreted that common use of intentional notation with the unification of the shape of a character was achieved.

In this paper, a novel non-vacuum technique is described for the fabrication of a CuInSe2 (CIS) absorber layer for thin film solar cells using a low-cost precursor solution. A solution containing Cu- and Inrelated chemicals was coated onto a Mo/glass substrate using the Doctor blade method and the precursor layer was then selenized in an evaporation chamber. The precursor layer was found to be composed of CuCl crystals and amorphous In compound, which were completely converted to chalcopyrite CIS phase by the selenization process. Morphological, crystallographic and compositional analyses were performed at each step of the fabrication process by SEM, XRD and EDS, respectively.