농업유래의 바이오매스 중 볏짚의 저장형태와 저장기간에 따른 수분함량 변화와 바이오매스의 화학적 성분 변화를분석함으로써 바이오에탄올 생산을 위한 원료의 최적 저장방법을 제시하고자 하였다. 주요 결과는 아래와 같다.1. 볏짚의 수분함량 변이를 측정한 결과 실내에서 보관한사각곤포 및 원형곤포는 약 20 ~ 25%의 수분함량을유지하였으며 실외에서 보관한 비가림 시설을 도입한사각곤포의 경우 20%이하의 낮은 수분함량을 확인하였다.2. 볏짚의 화학적 성분의 변이를 분석한 결과 실외보관곤포는 cellulose 및 hemicellulose의 함량이 큰 폭으로감소하였으나, 실내에서 보관한 곤포들은 비닐원형곤포를 제외한 나머지 집속형태에서는 오히려 성분의 함량의 증가를 확인하였다.3. 볏짚을 장기간 보관할 때에는 외부환경을 차단할 수있는 실내에서 보관하거나 부득이하게 실외에서 보관할 때 최소 비가림 시설을 도입하여 수분함량 및 화학적 성분의 감소를 최소화해야 바이오에탄올 생산을 위한 고품질의 원료로써 이용될 수 있을 것이다.

Jeju island, which is located along the moving path of typhoon, suffers from flooding and overflow by torrential rain. So abrupt runoff occurring, damages of downstream farm field and shore culturing farms are increasing. In this study, Oaedo stream, one of the mountainous streams on Jeju island, was selected as the basin of study subject and was classified into 3 sub-basins, and after the characteristics of subject basin, the soil erosion amount and the sediment delivery of the stream by land usage distribution were estimated with the use of SATEEC ArcView GIS, the sediment yield amount of 2000 and 2005 was analyzed comparatively. As a result of estimating the sediment yield amount of 2000, the three sub-basins were respectively 12,572.7, 14,080 and 157,761 tons/year. and sediment yield amounts were estimated as 35,172.9, 5,266 and 258,535 tons/year respectively in 2005. The soil erosion and sediment yield amount of 2005 using single storm rainfall were estimated high compared with 2000, but for sub-basin 2, the values rather decreased due to changes in land use, and the land coverage of 2005, since there are many classifications of land usage compared with 2000, enabling to reflect more accurate land usage condition, could deduce appropriate results. It is anticipated that such study results can be utilized as basic data to propose a direction to predict the amount of sediment yield that causes secondary flooding damage and deteriorates water quality within detention pond and grit chamber, and take action against damages in the downstream farm field and shore culturing farms.

For Kangjeong stream and Akgeun stream in the central part of the southern Jeju Island, on-site discharge estimation was carried out for approximately 10 months (July 2011-April 2012) twice a month on a regular basis by using ADCP (acoustic doppler current profiler) and long term rate of discharge was calculated by using SWAT (soil and water assessment tool) model. The discharge was 0.28-1.30 m 3 /sec for Kangjeong stream and 0.10-1.54 m 3 /sec for Akgeun stream. It showed the maximum in the summer and the minimum in the winter. As a result of parameter sensitivity analysis of SWAT model, CN (NRCS runoff curve number for moisture condition Ⅱ), SOL_AWC (available water capacity of the soil layer), and ESCO (soil evaporation compensation factor) showed sensitive responses. By using the result, the model was corrected and the rate of discharge was calculated. As a result, the annual discharge rate was 27.12-31.86(%) at the Akgeun basin and 23.55-28.43(%) at the Kangjeong basin.

Jeju Island, the heaviest raining area in Korea, is a volcanic Island located at the southernmost of Korea, but most streams are of the dry due to its hydrological/geological characteristics different from those of inland areas. Therefore, there are limitations in applying the results from the mainland to the studies on stream run-off characteristics analysis and water resource analysis of Jeju Island. In this study, the SWAT(soil & water assessment tool) model is used for the Hwabuk stream watershed located east of the downtown to calculate the long-term stream run-off rate, and WMS(watershed modeling system) and HEC-HMS(hydrologic modeling system) models are used to figure out the stream run-off characteristics due to short-term heavy rainfall. As the result of SWAT modelling for the long-term rainfall-runoff model for Hwabuk stream watershed in 2008, 5.66% of the average precipitation of the entire basin was run off, with 3.47% in 2009, 8.12% in 2010, and root mean square error(RMSE) and determination coefficient(R2) was 496.9 and 0.87, respectively, with model efficient(ME) of 0.72. From the results of WMS and HEC-HMS models which are short-term rainfall-runoff models, unless there was a preceding rainfall, the runoff occurred only for rainfall of 40mm or greater, and the run-off duration averaged 10～14 hours.

Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCPs) are increasingly popular in the river research and management communities being primarily used for estimation of stream flows. ADCPs capabilities, however, entail additional features that are not fully explored, such as morphological representation of river or reservoir bed based upon multi-beam depth measurements. In addition to flow velocity, ADCP measurements include river bathymetry information through the depth measurements acquired in individual 4 or 5 beams with a given oblique angle. Such sounding capability indicates that multi-beam ADCPs can be utilized as an efficient depth-sounder to be more capable than the conventional single-beam eco-sounders. The paper introduces the post-processing algorithms required to deal with raw ADCP bathymetry measurements including the following aspects: a) correcting the individual beam depths for tilt (pitch and roll); b) filtering outliers using SMART filters; d) transforming the corrected depths into geographical coordinates by UTM conversion; and, e) tag the beam detecting locations with the concurrent GPS information; f) spatial representation in a GIS package. The developed algorithms are applied for the ADCP bathymetric dataset acquired from Han-Cheon in Jeju Island to validate themselves applicability.

To investigate the possibility of sustainable agriculture in no-tillage pepper this study was carried out in vinyl greenhouse with organic cultivation having no pesticide certification. 1. Growth and yield in pepper cultivation General growth in pepper was suppressed with decreasing hill spacing, primary branch length, and stem width. Fruit diameter and fruit weight in no-tillage increased significantly, and yield of pepper increased by 10% compared with conventional tillage. From results organic cultivation in no-tillage improved a quality of pepper compared with conventional tillage. 2. Production cost of conventional tillage and no-tillage Production cost of conventional tillage and no-tillage was not different in seed cost, inorganic fertilizer cost, pesticide cost, repair cost, light agricultural tool cost, agriculture facilities depreciation cost and so on. Intermediary goods cost in no-tillage was decreased by 11% for organic fertilizer cost, light and heat expenses and power rate, heavy agricultural tool cost, and repairing expenses compare with conventional tillage. Employment effort cost and work effort cost were decreased, and farm income and farm income rate were increased by 11% and 5%, respectively, in no-tillage. In this work, yield and gross income were increased by 10% and 25%, respectively, in no-tillage. Therefore material cost, intermediary goods cost, working expensive, farm income, and income rate were increased by 34%, 3%, 2%, 52% and 22%, respectively.

Due to the difficulties for measuring flood discharge in the dangerous field conditions, conventional instruments with relatively low accuracy such as float still have been widely utilized for the field survey. It is also limited to use simple stage-discharge relationship for assessment of the flood discharge, since the stage-discharge relationship during the flood becomes complicated loop shape. In recent years, various non-intrusive velocity measurement techniques such as electromagnetic wave or surface images have been developed, which is quite adequate for the flood discharge measurements. However, these new non-intrusive techniques have little tested in the flood condition, though they promised efficiency and accuracy. Throughout the field observations, we evaluated the validity of these techniques by comparing discharge and velocity measurements acquired concurrently during the flood in a mountain stream. As a result, the flood discharge measurements between electromagnetic wave and surface image processing techniques showed high positive relationship, but velocities did not matched very well particularly for the high current speed more 3 m/s. Therefore, it should be noted here that special cares are required when the velocity measurements by those two different techniques are used, for instance, for the validation of the numerical models. In addition, authors assured that, for the more accurate flood discharge measurements, velocity observation as well as stage height is strongly necessary owing that the unsteady flow occurs during the flood.

This work was studied the effects of spore density and infection of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) for no-tillage organic cultivation of pepper with wintering green manure crops cultivation in greenhouse field. Spore density of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in green manure crops was 189 spores/30g fresh soils in control including alive spore (82 spores). Spore density of AMF in all green manure crops was totally 196~226 spores/30g fresh soil and alive spore was 84~112 spores/30g fresh soil. Spore density of AMF in soils of Pepper crop was range of 48.0~56.7 spores/30g fresh soils after cultivation of green manure crops. Infec-tion structure of AMF was not significantly difference in soils of green manure crops and Pepper crop after cultivation of green manure crops. Infection rate of AMF in roots of green crops was low level by 2.8% in giant chickweed, 7.4% in rye, 9.3% in hairy vetch. Infection rate of AMF in roots of barley was the highest level by 20.3%. Infection rate of AMF in roots of Pepper crop was range of 5.2~7.2% after cultivation of green manure crops Also, infection rate of AMF in roots of Pepper crop was 8.1% after the harvest of barley. Infection structure of AMF in barley very well consisted of network with internal hyphae, while hairy vetch and rye tended to no network. There was not a significant relationship between spore density in soils and infection rate of AMF in rhizosphere of Pepper.

Different from the main land of South Korea, Jeju Island has been in difficulties for measuring discharge. Due to high infiltration rate, most of streams in Jeju Island are usually in the dried state except six streams with the steady base flow, and the unique geological characteristics such as steep slope and short traveling distance of runoff have forced rainfall runoff usually to occur during very short period of time like one or two days. While discharge observations in Jeju Island have been conducted only for 16 sites with fixed electromagnetic surface velocimetry, effective analysis and validation of observed discharge data and operation of the monitoring sites still have been limited due to very few professions to maintain such jobs. This research is sponsored by Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs to build water cycle monitoring and management system of Jeju Island. Specifically, the research focuses on optimizing discharge measurement techniques adjusted for Jeju Island, expanding the monitoring sites, and validating the existing discharge data. First of all, we attempted to conduct discharge measurements in streams with steady base flow, by utilizing various recent discharge monitoring techniques, such as ADCP, LSPIV, Magnetic Velocimetry, and Electromagnetic Wave Surface Velocimetry. ADCP has been known to be the most accurate in terms of discharge measurement compared with other techniques, thus that the discharge measurement taken by ADCP could be used as a benchmark data for validation of others. However, there are still concerns of using ADCP in flood seasons; thereby LSPIV would be able to be applied for replacing ADCP in such flooded situation in the stream. In addition, sort of practical approaches such as Magnetic Velocimetry, and Electromagnetic Wave Surface Velocimetry would also be validated, which usually measure velocity in the designated parts of stream and assume the measured velocity to be representative for whole cross-section or profile at any specified location. The result of the comparison and analysis will be used for correcting existing discharge measurement by Electromagnetic Wave Surface Velocimetry and finding the most optimized discharge techniques in the future.

This work studied the growth and yield of green crops, changes of mineral composition in greenhouse soil and green crops, and infection with wintering green crops cultivation in greenhouse field. At 74 days after seeding of wintering green crops, dry matter was 710㎏/10a in rye, 530㎏/10a in barley, 230㎏/10a in hairy vetch, and 240㎏/10a in bean or weeds. Total nitrogen content in green crops was 4.5% in pea and hairy vetch, and 3~4% in barley and rye. P₂O₅, CaO, and MgO contents in all green crops were about 1.0%, and K₂O content was the highest level by 4~5% among macro elements. Total nitrogen fixing content in shoot green crops uptaken from soil was 22.1㎏/10a in rye, 20.6㎏/10a in barley, 10.6㎏/10a in hairy vetch, and 9.6㎏/10a in pea and giant chickweed. P₂O₅ fixing content in shoot green crops uptaken from soil was 8.4㎏/10a in rye, 6.3㎏/10a in barley, and 2.3 ㎏/10a in hairy vetch and pea. K₂O fixing content in shoot green crops uptaken from soil was 28㎏/10a in rye, 24.7㎏/10a in barley, and 11㎏/10a in hairy vetch and pea. CaO fixing content in shoot green crops uptaken from soil was 2~3㎏/ 10a in all green crops, and MgO fixing content was 1.7~2.6㎏/10a in all green crops. Pepper growth in no-tillage was not a significant difference at all green manure crops. The number of fruit and fruit weight were higher in control, pea, hairy vetch and harvest barley than rye and barley. Soil mineral compositions in wintering green crops increased at pH, organic matter, CEC compared with control. Soil chemical compositions were stable level at green crops cultivation according as decreases of EC, available phosphoric acid, Ca, and Mg contents. After no-tillage by green manure crops, pH in soils was higher in green manure crops than control. EC content in soils was lower in green manure crops than control, and was remarkably low level in barley harvest. Organic matter content in soils increased in hairy vetch and barley green manure but decreased by 35% in barley harvest. Total nitrogen and avaliable P₂O₄ content in soils remarkably increased but was not a significant difference at all green manure crops. Cation (K, Ca, and Mg) content in soils decreased by 15~20% in K, 2~11% in Ca, and 3~6% in Mg at rye, barley and pea compared with control.

To establish the organic cultivation of pepper using green manure crops, this work studied the growth characteristics and yield of green manure crops, mineral composition of green manure crops, mineral uptake in shoots of green manure crops, chemical composition in soil of green manure crops, and the growth characteristics and yield of pepper in vinyl house. Shoot dry weight of green manure crops was higher level in Sorghum bicolor and Sorghum than in Crotalaria juncea and Glycine max. Also, the roots were spread deeply into soil in Sorghum bicolor and Sorghum. Density of root-knot nematodes in rhizosphere of green manure crops was significantly more decrease in Crotalaria juncea and Sorghum than in Glycine max and Sorghum bicolor. Total nitrogen and CaO content of green manure crops was significantly higher in Crotalaria juncea and Glycine max than in Sorghum bicolor and Sorghum. K₂O content was significantly higher in Sorghum bicolor and Sorghum than in Crotalaria juncea and Glycine max. MgO content was not significant difference at all green manure crops. Cations content ratio of K₂O : CaO : MgO was 3.4 : 1.4 : 1. Total nitrogen uptake in shoots of green manure crops was high level in Glycine max, Sorghum bicolor and Sorghum compared with in Crotalaria juncea. K₂O and MgO uptake was significantly higher in Sorghum bicolor and Sorghum than in Crotalaria juncea and Glycine max. Value of pH in soil of green manure crops was more increase in Crotalaria juncea and Glycine max than in Sorghum bicolor, Sorghum and control, but after cultivation of pepper pH in soil was recovered with initial soil pH before seeding of green manure crops. EC value in control, green manure crops, and pepper cultivation decreased by 44%, 15~18%, and 38~61% level, respectively, compared with initial soil of green manure crops treatment. K content in soil of control, Crotalaria juncea and Glycine max cultivation was increased by 14%, but the K content in soil of Sorghum bicolor and Sorghum decreased by 24~38%. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) in soil of Crotalaria juncea and Sorghum bicolor decreased by 11%, but CEC in soil of Glycine max, Sorghum and control increased by 11%. Harvest fruit yield was higher in Crotalaria juncea, Glycine max, and Sorghum bicolor cultivation than in control and Sorghum.

The discharge within the basin in Jeju Island was calculated by using SWAT model, which a Semi-distributed rainfall-runoff model to the important rivers. The basin of Chunmi river of the eastern region of Jeju Island, as the result of correcting as utilizing direct runoff data of 2 surveys, appeared the similar value to the existing basin average runoff rate as 22% of average direct runoff rate for the applied period. The basin of Oaedo river of the northern region showed R2 of 0.93, RMSE of 14.92 and ME of 0.70 as the result of correcting as utilizing runoff data in the occurrence of 7 rainfalls. The basin of Ongpo river of the western region showed R2 of 0.86, RMSE of 0.62 and ME of 0.56 as the result of correcting as utilizing runoff data except for the period of flood in 2002~2003. Yeonoae river of the southern region showed R2 of 0.85, RMSE of 0.99 and ME of 0.83 as the result of correcting as utilizing runoff data of 2003. As the result of calculating runoff for the long term about 4 basins of Jeju Island from the above results, SWAT model wholly appears the excellent results about the long-term daily runoff simulation.

In Jeju island, the surface runoff characteristics are quite different from those of inland. Most of streams show dried characteristics by means of large portion of recharge which goes to the deep aquifer. For this reason, the accurate estimation of hydrologic components by using watershed model like SWAT is very difficult. On the other hand, the integrated SWAT-MODFLOW model is able to simulate the complex runoff structure including stream-aquifer interaction, spatial-temporal groundwater recharge and so on. The comprehensive results of Pyoseon region in Jeju island show that the amount of groundwater discharge to stream is very small, but it might be added to the discharge into the sea. Statistical analysis shows that SWAT-MODFLOW's results represent better than SWAT's. Also, SWAT-MODFLOW produces a reasonable water budget which shows a quite similar pattern of observed one. This result proves that the integrated SWAT-MODFLOW can be used as a proper tool for hydrologic analysis of entire Jeju island.

The SWAT model developed by the USDA-Agricultural Research service for the prediction of rainfall runoff, sediment, and chemical yields in a basin was applied to Jeju Island watershed to estimate the amount of runoff. The research outcomes revealed that the estimated amount of runoff for the long term on 2 watersheds showed fairly good performance by the long-term daily runoff simulation. The watershed of Chunmi river located the eastern region in Jeju Island, after calibrations of direct runoff data of 2 surveys, showed the similar values to the existing watershed average runoff rate as 22% of average direct runoff rate for the applied period. The watershed of Oaedo river located the northern region showed R2 of 0.93, RMSE of 14.92 and ME of 0.70 as the result of calibrations by runoff data in the occurrence of 7 rainfalls.

점농어, Lateolabrax maculatus의 성분화 과정을 밝히기 위해 부화 직후부터 365일령까지 생식소의 분화 및 발달을 조사하였다. 원시생식세포와 생식융기는 부화 후 30일령(전장: 11.7~13.2 mm)에 나타났으며,40일령 자어(12.5~14.0 mm)에서 서로 융합되어 미분화 생식소를 형성하였다. 60일령 치어(23.6~27.0 mm)에서는 생식소 양쪽 끝의 체세포조직이 분열ㆍ신장되어 난소의 분화가 개시되었고, 80일령 치어(33.1~