Background : This study was performed to investigate change in OnjisaponinB contents of Polygala tenuifolia depending on drying methods. Methods and Results : For this study, 5-years-old Polygala tenuifolia local cultivars from RDA(Eumseong) were used. Before starting to drying, root was shade-dried for 3 days and separated with the lead. Next, two types of drying methods conducted; natural drying and hot air drying. Hot air drying was controlled at 40℃, 50℃, 60℃ and 70℃ and checked with every 3 hours. Dried root from market was used as control group. The water content of raw root was about 52.04%. When it started to dry, the contents of it significantly decreased. The dried roots from market were 6.25 - 6.84%. To be under 7% of water contents, 6 hours of drying was enough in natural drying methods and 40℃, 50℃hot air drying methods. In case of 60℃, 70℃ hot air drying methods, it took under 3 hours. The OnjisaponinB contents of raw root was 0.53%. The dried root from market had 0.74% of onjisaponinB. During the drying, the contents of OnjisaponinB changed depending on the drying methods. Hot air drying method had more effect on OnjisaponinB contents than natural drying method. Conclusion : From the above results, we may suggest that natural drying methods was enough to drop the water content of Polygala tenuifolia. Because during pre-treatment steps including shade-drying and separating lead, much of water contents already decreased and became easy to lose water. However to get more OnjisaponinB, hot air drying methods can beneficial than natural drying methods.

Backgoound : Various varieties of Schisandra chinensis (Omija) are grown in various regions of Korea. However, there is no study on varieties with excellent efficacy for each variety. Therefore, in this study, it is aimed to select the excellent lineage by analyzing the active compounds of Omija collection species Methods and Results : 154 lineage of Omija was collected from Muju of Jeollabuk-do, Jangsu of Jeollabuk-do and Hoengseong of Gangwon-do. They were cultivated in test-research farm in Rural Development Administration at Eumseong of Chungcheongbuk-do and used as materials. In order to analyze the active compounds (Shizandrin A, Shizandrin C, Gomisin A, Gomisin N) in Omija, the HPLC method described in the Korean Pharmacopoeia (compounds of Omija indicator) was used. As a result of analysis of functional compounds, SC-003, SC-005, SC-013, SC-015, SC-019, SC-020, SC-022, SC-023, SC-040, SC-042, SC-045, SC-066, SC-069 and SC-072 were collected from Jangsu, Jeollabuk-do, SC-082 was collected from Hoengseong, Gangwon-do and SC-139 was collected from Muju, Jeollabuk-do showed higher contents of functional compounds than other collected species. Conclusion : As demand for high income crop has increased, new cultivar breeding is required to produce high quality Schisandra chinensis (Omija). In this study, Shisandra A, Shizandrin C, Gomisin A and Gomisin N were analyzed as functional compounds of Omija. They can be used for new Omija breeding. Especially SC-003, SC-019, SC-022, SC-040, SC-045, SC-069 and SC-082 can be superior lineags with high functional compound contents.

Backgoound : Sprout vegetables are rich source of nutrients for human health. The safflower seeds contained various functional compounds and nutritions, and can be used as food material without restriction. Therefore, this study was performed to compare the antioxidant properties of sprouts from safflower seeds according to germination periods. Methods and Results : The safflower seeds were sterilized and steeped with distilled water, then incubated at 25℃ for 1 - 7 days. These sprouts and seeds were extracted with methanol, and used as samples for antioxidant properties (total phenolics, total flavonoids contents, DPPH, and ABTS radical scavenging activities). Total phenolics, total flavonoids contents, and antioxidant activities were higher in safflower seed than sprouts. Among sprouts with various germination periods, the sprouts incubated 4 - 7 days were higher in total phenolics, total flavonoids contents, and antioxidant activities than other sprouts. The levels of antioxidant activities were similar in sprouts incubated for 4 - 7 days. Conclusion : These results indicated that the antioxidant properties of sprouts differed according to germination periods, and the optimal germination period of safflower seed as sprout vegetables are 4 days.

Background : To evaluate the quality of Glycyrrhizae radix (licorice), a popular herbal medicine in Korea, it is necessary to investigate the component profiles of the Glycyrrhiza species distributed in Korean market. Specifically, to control the quality of Korean Glycyrrhizae radix preparations including raw materials, glycyrrhizin (> 2.5%) and liquiritigenin (> 0.7%) has been used as a standard marker compound in Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). To the best of our knowledge, there have been only a few studies regarding the fingerprinting techniques and metabolomics approach of the phytochemicals in Glycyrrhizae radix in Korean market. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a validated method for botanical raw material (BRM) standardization. Methods and Results : Twenty-one Glycyrrhizae radix (G. glabra, G. uralensis, and G. glabra × G. uralensis) were analyzed by UPLC-QTOF-MS and were estimated to statistical and multivariate analysis. Large scale multi-targeted metabolic profiling and fingerprinting techniques were utilized to access a broader insight into the chemical composition of Glycyrrhiza species. The UV/VIS spectra, and MS data (accurate mass and fragmentation pattern in negative mode) of the components in the BRM of G. glabra, G. uralensis, and G. glabra × G. uralensis (incorporation and hybridization) were analyzed with multivariate analyses. Interestingly, UPLC-QTof-MS derived PCA analysis and fingerprinting techniques was found to be effective techniques in the classification of species based on genetic and/or geographical origins. In addition, the revealed metabolite markers could be utilized as a guidance for the BRM standardization as well as a database for quality control of commercial products containing Glycyrrhizae radix. Conclusion : From the above results, the revealed metabolite markers could be utilized as a guidance for the BRM standardization as well as a database for quality control of commercial products containing Glycyrrhizae radix.

Background : Angelica gigas Nakai (AGN) is a perennial plant found in East Asian countries and an crucial medicinal herb especially in Korea. It contains several chemicals like pyranocoumarins, which are major active components including decursin (D) and decursinol angelate (DA), essential oils and polyacetylenes. This study was carried out to determine the change in active components depending on the root diameter of AGN. Methods and Results : Several processing steps are involved to use AGN roots as medicine. The dried AGN roots are divided into body (B), thick root (TkR), medium root (MR) and thin root (TnR) according to their diameter before cutting into medicine. Among them, B and TkR are mainly used as medicine. The mean diameter of dried each root part (B, TkR, MR, TnR) were measured as 51.95, 7.05, 2.88, and 1.57 ㎜, respectively. The water content of each root part was slightly reduced depending on the size of the diameter (higher in B). In addition, the two active components, D and DA, were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. The change of both D and DA content showed a similar tendency. Both D and DA content were increased as the root diameter decreased (higher in TnR). Conclusion : This study showed that the thinner the root diameter, the higher the D and DA content in AGN roots, suggesting that the thinner root parts of AGN could be used as potential materials.

Background : Atractylodes japonica koidz (AJ) is a perennial herb that belongs to Atractylodes genus. The dried rhizome of AJ is known as ‘Baek-chul’. The ‘Baek-chul’ is used as important traditional medicine in north-east Asia. It is considered to be effective for the treatment of stomach disorder, virus, diuresis, inflammation, arthritis. AJ is heavily depend on import from china and only few studies have been carried out. In this study, we develop SSR marker to build a foundation of breeding, to analyze genetic diversity and to construct core collection. Methods and Results : AJ resources was collected from each different place. To find simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker, we sequenced genomic DNA of AJ resources using Illumina HiSeq 2000 System. As a result of next generation sequencing (NGS), we obtained putative SSR loci. From these SSR primers, 553 SSR primer sets were designed successfully and confirmed polymorphism by in silico analysis. Nucleotide motifs ranged from tri- to penta-. Among these, 48 primer were tested in 4 individuals by capillary electrophoresis. Finally, selected 28 SSR marker were showed clear band and polymorphism by Electrophoresis. Conclusion : In this study, we developed 28 polymorphic SSR marker using NGS, and it could be used for analyzing genetic diversity of A. japonica. These marker would be useful for breeding of new cultivar in the future.

Background : Atractylodes japonica koidz. (AJ) and Atractylodes macrocephala koidz. (AM) belong to Atractylodes genus (Asteraceae) and their rhizomes are used as traditional medicine ‘Baek-chul’. The ‘Baek-chul’ is considered to be effective for the treatment of stomach disorder, virus, diuresis, inflammation, arthritis and Atractylenolide I, Atractylenolide II and Atractylenolide III are the major active ingredients of these. Previously, we developed 8 hybrid cultivars with disease resistance, high yielding ability and high active ingredients by interspecific hybridization between AJ and AM. In this study, growth characteristics of 8 hybrid cultivars were investigated in RDA experimental field. Methods and Results : Growth characteristics of 8 hybrid cultivars were investigated in RDA experimental field. Among these cultivars, ‘Sanwon’ had the highest fresh weight of rhizome (149.5 g/plant), followed by ‘Dachul’ (145.8 g/plant). Most of hybrid cultivars showed higher fresh weight than and AM (108.7 g/plant). In addition, active ingredients (Atractylenolide I, Atractylenolide Ⅱ and Atractylenolide Ⅲ) were investigated using HPLC. As a result, The sum of active ingredients were the highest in ‘Dachul’ (0.40 ㎎/g) that was 2 times higher than AM (0.22 ㎎/g). Conclusion : In this study, hybrid cultivars showed higher agronomic performance than AM. Particularly, ‘Dachul’ could be the superior cultivar with high atractylenolides as well as high yield ability.

Background : Licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis F.) is one of the most widely used raw materials for food and pharmaceuticals, and is currently the No. 1 imported medicinal plant in Korea. Efforts to settle licorice cultivation in Korea have been carried out for hundreds of years but have not succeeded, and many people suspect that the reason is due to the inadequate cultivation environment. However, even until recently, most licorice has been procured by wild harvesting, so studies on licorice cultivation technique and cultivation environment have not been conducted much in the world. This experiment was conducted to investigate the germination characteristics of licorice by temperature and salt concentration in order to find the optimal cultivation environment conditions of licorice. Methods and Results : The germination rate of licorice seeds was high 77.5 - 90.5% at 10 - 3 6℃, but it started to drop from 66.5 - 68.0% at 38 - 40℃ and it decreased sharply from 9.0 - 15.0% at 42 - 46℃. No longer germinated at temperatures above 48℃. The average number of days of germination was 12.3 days at 10℃, 5.7 days at 20℃, 3.5 days at 30℃ and 4.1 days at 40℃. The germination start date was 2 to 4 days in the 18℃ - 46℃ range. The average germination rate was the highest at 32℃. The germination time of 40% was 2 - 4 days at 18 - 46℃. The germination of more than 80% took 3 - 5 days at 20 - 40℃, 6 - 8 days at 14 - 1 8℃ and 10 days at 10 - 12℃. Licorice was able to germinate even in the presence of salt. Seed germination rate was 78.5 - 85.5% at 0 - 1% salt concentration and 63% at 1.5% and 18% at 2.0%. In addition, 8.5% seeds germinated successfully even at 3.0% salt concentration. Conclusion : Licorice has been known as a low temperature crop, but germination was possible in a wide range of temperature and salt concentration. Especially, the germination characteristic was higher in the high temperature range of 30 - 36℃, which corresponds to the domestic summer temperature. Therefore, the results of this study are expected to be useful reference for exploring suitable cultivation area in Korea.

Background : Platycodon grandiflorum has been used as famous medicinal vegetable and traditional medicine in Korea. Platycodon grandiflorum is used more for vegetable than it is used as a medicine. Proper storage conditons are required for distribution of Platycodon grandiflorum as vegetables. The purpose of this study was to find the appropriate storage temperature. Methods and Results : 2-years old Platycodon grandiflorum cultivated in Herbal Crop Research, RDA Eumseong was used. They were packed with plastic container box of 45 × 70 × 30 ㎝ and then stored at –2℃, 2℃, 5℃, 25℃, humidity 80 - 82%. During the storage, hardness, L a b values, weight loss, decay rate were measured every 30 days as quality indices. During the storage period, L value decreased but a and b values increased and same pattern was observed at all storage temperatures. Hardness decreased and same pattern was also observed at all storage temperature. Under constant humidity conditions, weight loss was larger at higher temperature. The higher the temperature, the larger the deviation at weight loss. There were little decay but 25℃ temperature stored showed that dacay rate was higher with time over. Conclusion : The favorable temperature for storage is –2℃ - 2℃ while maintaining constant humidity.

Background : Cnidium officinale Makino is a perennial herb of the family Umbelliferae, and an important traditional oriental medicinal plant in China, Japan and Korea. Cnidii Rhizoma, the dried rhizome of C. officinale have been used as traditional oriental medicine in Korea. It has been shown that the cnidii rhizomes are used in the treatment of pain, inflammation, menstrual disturbance, and anti-vitamin deficiency disease, and also act as a blood pressure depressant. In this study, we anticipated to establish the mass propagation system of C. officinale, which is a high economic value as medicinal herb, by plant tissue culture to solve the problem of root stocks contamination. Methods and Results : The whole study was carried out in the department of Herbal crop research, Eumseong, RDA. In this study, C. officinale root bud was used as a explant and it was surface sterilized by 1% sodium hypochlorite for 3 minutes, then several times washed with ddH2O. Multiple shoots were induction them on MS, B5, SH media with 0.1 - 2 ㎎/ℓ auxin (NAA, IBA) and cytokine (BA, Zeatin). In this study we obtained, 7.4 multi-shoots per an explant, and the shoot growth was also favorable in the presence of 0.2 ㎎/ℓ Zeatin. Subsequent transfer of these regenerated shoots on 1/2 SH media resulted in root formation. Rooted plantlets were able to grow in soil after a short period of acclimatization. Conclusion : This experiment was comducted to identify the optimal in vitro propagation condition of C. officinale.

Background : This experiment was conducted to improve the farm income by decreasing the rate of corrosion and increasing the emergence rate by selecting the proper storage method of the medicinal crop seed root. Methods and Result : Ten kinds of medicinal crop seed roots of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fischer, Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, Codonopsis lanceolata, Platycodon grandiflorum, Atractylodes japonica, Angelica acutiloba, Adenophora triphylla, Rehmannia glutinosa, Angelica gigas and Cnidium officinale were used as test materials. In experiment 1, storage experiments were carried out using four treatments: untreated (dry in advance), untreated, filler (dry in advance) and filler. Drying in advance was carried for 2 days in dark place and the filler was vermiculite. For storage, in styrofoam box, seed roots were laid down in 3 replicates of 10 sets, stored in – 1℃ warehouse. The storage temperature was set as long as each seed root was not frozen investigating freezing point, supercooling point. As a result, the rate of corrosion was significantly lower in the 4th treatments (filler), such as A. japonica (30%) and A. gigas (10%), compared with untreated one. Therefore, in experiment 2, six treatments were carried out using filler. There were 6 treatments: filler disinfectant (dry in advance), filler disinfectant, filler biochar (dry in advance), filler biochar, filler disinfectant biochar (dry in advance) and filler disinfectant biochar. The disinfectant was used by metalaxyl-M at a concentration of 0.4 g/ℓ, and a biochar was used at a volume ratio of 50% (v/v). As a result, the rate of corrosion was significantly lower in the 6th treatment (filler disinfectant biochar), such as S. miltiorrhiza (13.3%) and C. lanceolata (6.7%). Conclusion : In storing medicinal crop root, it is better to store using fillers. It was shown that a mixture of filler and disinfectant biochar reduced the rate of corrosion.

Background : Seed germination for Adenophora triphylla var. japonica Hara. is not good when grown in direct seeding. This experiment was conducted to identify seedling box suitable for seedling transplantation and cultivation to improve farm income and public health. Methods and Result : To investigate the effect on growth, sizes of seedling box used were as follows (width × length × height, in ㎝); 2.5 × 2.5 × 4 (custom), 4 × 4 × 4, 4.5 × 4.5 × 6, 5.0 × 5 × 9.6, 5 × 5 × 11.2, 5 × 5 × 17, and for sowing in narrow strips; 33.5 × 55 × 13, 33.5 × 49 × 23, 33.5 × 49 × 30. The weight of the ground part decreased as box height became lower, highest at 17 ㎝ tall (0.65 g) and lowest at 4 ㎝ (0.23 g). In terms of root length of the seedlings, the longest was 9.0 - 9.3 ㎝ at box height of 17 ㎝ and decreased as height decreased. Root weight increased as box height decreased, the highest at 4 ㎝. After the seedlings were planted, more than 90% survived in seedling box compared to the 50% rooting rate on sown in narrow strips where root net formation did not occur. During harvesting period, plant height was 15.8 - 17.5 ㎝ with a shoot diameter of 13.3 - 20.7 ㎜, leaf length of 5.6 - 7.9 ㎝ and leaf numbers 15.6 - 22.3. Moreover, leaf width was the widest at 8.6 ㎝ at 6 ㎝ box height while dry weight was the most at 6.7 g at 11.2 ㎝. Survival rate and growth characteristics of the ground part were lower in seedling box for sowing in narrow strips. For the underground characteristics, root number increased as box height decreased while dry weight increased as box height increased, with 1.7 - 3.5 and 6.2 - 6.8 less in seedling box for sowing in narrow strips, respectively. The yield in a 17 ㎝ high seedling box was 152 ㎏ per 10 a, 16% higher than conventional level, and decreased as box height decreased. Conclusion : These results suggest that the optimum seedling box height is 11.2 - 17 ㎝ to have lower root numbers and higher dry weight and yield.

Background : The purpose to improved the quality of oriental medicinal herbs, contribute to the enlargement of farm’s income. The study is investigated the effect of high-quality stabilized production and reasonable drying methods, different storage conditions and package mediums for established GAP guide book in Angelica acutiloba Siebold & Zucc. Methods and Results : Loss rate of drying method checked into 2 treatment, natural drying (218 hr. by sunshine) and heating dryer for 24 - 53 hr with Angelica acutiloba root of two years. After cleaning, first drying days by temperature, After cutting, second drying days by temperature under 40℃, 50℃ and 60℃. Changes hunter color values and quality by different storage conditions 2 treatment were normal temperature by indoor 20℃ and low temperature under refrigerating, 4℃. Storage period for 60 days, 120 days and 180 days with package 3 mediums under PE (polyethylene package), PP (polypropylene gunny sack) and WP (woven net package). Conclusion : After first cleaning, reasonable hot air drying method in Angelica acutiloba root. Secondary drying oven after cutting, the temperature regulated in 40℃ and 50℃, the lowest loss rates. Packing material storage conditions are dry roots in the colorimetry that maintained at room temperature storage than PP packaging, cold storage for long-term stability to PE treatment.

Background : Rehmannia glutinosa belonging to the family of Scrophulariaceae have been utilized as a traditional medicine. This study was conducted to elucidate an effect of air curing for seed rhizome of R. glutinosa on storaging ability and yield. Methods and Results : The root of R. glutinosa cultivar (Dagang) was harvested in the end of November. Seed rhizomes were air curing for one to seven days then wrapped with newspaper and further stored in a plastic container box at 1℃. The weight loss and decay rates were significantly lower in seed air curing treatment than in untreated. Especially, the decay rate of control was approximately 50% at 120 days after storage. But, the decay rate of all air curing treatment groups was less than 1%. Also air curing led to an increase in germination rate of seeds and root yield compared with untreatment. Taken together, the best air curing treatment period was 3 days, under the that conditions, germination rate and yield were 88.7% and 2,185 ㎏/10 a, respectively. Conclusion : This study has successfully demonstrated that the air curing of rhizome as a seeds led to considerable increasement of both storaging ability and yield in R. glutinosa.

Background : Angelica gigas is a perennial herb belonging to the family Umbelliferae. Its roots have been utilized as a traditional medicine. The aim of this study is to increase the yield and two indicator components (decursin and decursinol angelate) of Angelica gigas. Methods and Results : The roots of A. gigas were harvested 4 times from early September to late October. Two elicitors (micro element, plant hormone) were treated 4 times at intervals of 2 weeks. The two indicator components were analyzed by HPLC. HM treatment group showed the greatest increase in underground part yield and root diameter. The content of two indicator components in underground part were highest in control (non-treatment) group, but the content of elicitor treatment groups were higher in the aerial part. In the ground part of indicator components content tended to decrease in the elicitor treatment groups, but that groups exceeded the total content of indicator components level of 6% set by the Korean Pharmacopoeia. Conclusion : The highest underground part yield was found in HM treatment group. The highest decursin and decursinol angelate were found in control group. This study provides the basic information for improvement to yield of A. gigas.

‘Nokwoo’, a mid-late maturing, high dry matter yielding rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivar with a good early growth and low-temperature germinability, was developed for whole crop silage (WCS) use. It was derived from a cross between a leafy tropical japonica ‘LK1A-2-12-1-1’ with high biomass and good germinability in low temperature and new plant type (NPT), ‘IR72225-29-1-1’ which had low tillering trait, large panicle, dark green leaf, thick and sturdy stem and vigorous root system. This cultivar had about 123 days growth period from seeding to heading, 122㎝ culm length, 29㎝ panicle length, 9 panicles per hill, 144 spikelets per panicle and 1,000-grain weight of 24.4 g as brown rice in central plain region, Suwon. This wide and long leafy WCS rice variety was weak to cold stresses similar to ‘Nokyang’ but was a little resistant to lodging in the field, strong to viviparous germination and good to low temperature germination. In addition, ‘Nokwoo’ was resistant to leaf and neck blast but susceptible to bacterial blight, rice stripe virus and brown planthopper. Its average dry matter yield for three years reached 16.5 MT/ha, 14% higher than that of ‘Nokyang’. This cultivar had 5.3% crude protein and 68.8% total digestible nutrients a little low compared to ‘Nokyang’. In Korea peninsular, ‘Nokwoo’ grows well in central and southern plain and is good to harvest between 15 to 30 days after heading to improve its feeding value and digestion rate of livestock (Grant No. 6072).