This study was conducted to investigate the effects of alpha-lipoic acid (aLA) as an antioxidant that decrease the reactive oxygen species (ROS) in bovine embryonic development. Slaughterhouse derived bovine immature oocytes were collected and 4 different concentrations (0, 5, 10 and 20 mM) of aLA was supplemented in bovine in Vitro maturation (IVM) medium. After 20 hrs of IVM, maturation rates, levels of ROS and glutathione (GSH), and further embryonic development after parthenogenetic activation (PA) and in Vitro fertilization (IVF) was investigated according to aLA concentrations. Maturation rate was significantly higher in 10 mM group than other groups (80.5% vs. 62.9, 73.9, 64.2%; P<0.05). In the levels of ROS and GSH in matured oocytes as an indicator of oocyte quality, significantly better results were shown in 5 and 10 mM groups compared with other 2 groups. After IVM, significantly higher rates of blastocyst formation were shown in 10 mM groups in both of PA (27.9% vs. 18.8, 22.3, 14.2%; P<0.05) and IVF (32.6% vs. 23.9, 27.3, 16.2%; P<0.05) embryos. In addition, significantly more cell total cell number and higher inner cell mass ratio in 10 mM PA and IVP blastocysts showed developmental competence in 10 uM groups. Therefore, based on the entire data from this study, using 10 μM of aLA confirmed to be the optimal concentration for bovine oocyte maturation and embryonic development.

The objective of this experiment was to explore the effects of Roscovitine (Rosco) prior to in vitro maturation (IVM) of immature pig oocyte. Brilliant cresyl blue test has been used to select the good quality of oocyte. Specifically, the effects of Rosco exposure on nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation, diameter, intracellular glutathione (GSH) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and embryonic development after parthenogenetic activation (PA) and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), and gene expression levels in SCNT embryos have been measured. Cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) have been exposed in 75 μM of Rosco for 22 and 44 h. The COCs that were matured in the IVM for 44 h without Rosco used as control group. Diameter of matured porcine oocytes 44 h culture with Rosco was significantly lower than 22 h culture with Rosco and control groups. GSH was higher in control group than 22 h and 44 h with Rosco but reduction of ROS in 22 h than 44 h with Rosco. In PA, exposure with Rosco 44 h oocytes group has been significantly lower than 22 h and control group in rates of maturation, cleavage and blastocyst formation. Similarly, in SCNT embryos rates of maturation, cleavage and formation of blastocyst have been also significantly lower in 44 h Rosco treated group than other two groups. SCNT embryos treated with Rosco 22 h showed greater expression levels of POU5F1, DPPA2 and NDP52Il mRNA compared with other two groups. Our results demonstrate that Rosco treatment with 22 h prior to IVM improves the development competence of porcine oocyte.

This study was conducted to establish the optimal chemical post-activation conditions in porcine embryonic development after parthenogenesis (PA) and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) using 4 different chemical compositions (cytochalasin B (CB), cyclohexamide (CHX), demecolcine (DC), 6-dimethylaminopurine (DMAP). Porcine embryos were produced by PA and SCNT and then, cultured for post-activation with CB (7.5 μg/mL), CB (7.5 μg/mL) + CHX (10 μg/mL), CB (7.5 μg/mL) +DC (0.4 μg/mL), and CB (7.5 μg/mL) + DMAP (2 mM). In PA embryonic development, cleavage rates have been significantly higher in CB group (94.7%) and CB+DMAP group (94.1%) than that of CB+CHX and CB+DC group (88.1 and 84.3%, respectively). There have been no significant differences in blastocyst formation rates among the four groups. In cell number of blastocyst was shown in CB group (42.3%) significantly higher than CB+CHX and CB+DC group (40.6 and 40.6%, respectively). In SCNT embryonic development, CB+DMAP group (89.7%) significant differences were found on embryo cleavage rates when compared with other three groups. Blastocyst formation rates in CB+DMAP group (26.9%) were significantly higher when compared with CB, CB+CHX, and CB+DC groups (25.5, 20.2, and 22.1%, respectively). In blastocyst cell number, CB+DMAP group (41.4%) was found higher significant difference compared with other three groups. Additionally, we have investigated survivin expression in early development stages of porcine SCNT embryos for more confirmation. Our results establish that CB group and CB+DMAP group for 4 h during post-activation improves pre-implantation improvement of PA and SCNT embryos.

The purpose of this study is to find out how effective native content can be and how much 1) the web site type (news vs. entertainment vs. social networking site) and 2) the native content appeal (emotional vs. informational) will influence reader’s evaluations about a) the ad/website where the ad is placed and b) reader’s persuasion knowledge. The study also included an individual’s ad skepticism as one of the independent variables, arguing that the level of ad skepticism will influence the evaluations about the ad/website and individual’s persuasion knowledge. The result of the study can be helpful for advertisers to decide where and how to present native content. An online experiment, 3 (website type: news site/entertainment site/Facebook) X 2 (native content appeal: emotional/informational) X 2 (individual’s ad skepticism: high/low) was conducted to estimate the effects of independent variables on dependent variables, such as attitude towards the ad, website’s evaluation and individual’s persuasion knowledge. Introduction One of the newest ways of online advertising is ‘native ad’ or ‘native content.’ This new form of advertising provides companies the opportunity to introduce their products or services in a more natural way via online. Native ads normally match the design of other contents presented in the website and it should be perceived naturally as the rest of the content there (for example, in an online news site, the ad should be presented as news). Since native ads fit into the design of the site and people are there looking for stories to read, they provide higher rates of engagement as well as brand perception. However, there is a possibility of people feeling ‘deceived’ after realizing the story they click to read is no other but advertising. Furthermore, in the case of news websites, there have been instances of disapproval regarding native content. One of the arguments against native content presented in news sites points out that it is not ethical to present ads in the format of news. On the other hand, paid content can be seen as a useful alternative for non-intrusive online advertising which can generate more views among the users. Despite the increase of native content as a new form of advertising, academic study about native content (ads) is still difficult to find. The purpose of this study is to find out how effective native content can be and how much 1) the web site type (news vs. entertainment vs. social networking site) and 2) the native content appeal (emotional vs. informational) will influence reader’s evaluations about a) the ad/website where the ad is placed and b) reader’s persuasion knowledge. The study also included an individual’s ad skepticism as one of the independent variables, arguing that the level of ad skepticism will influence the evaluations about the ad/website and individual’s persuasion knowledge. Native content appears naturally, functioning like the rest of the content in the website. This characteristic makes it difficult for some people to tell the difference between the editorial content and paid content. By including ad skepticism as an independent variable, this study will show how people with high/low levels of ad skepticism will deal with this type of advertising. The result of the study can be helpful for advertisers to decide where and how to present native content. An online experiment, 3 (website type: news site/entertainment site/Facebook) X 2 (native content appeal: emotional/informational) X 2 (individual’s ad skepticism: high/low), was conducted to estimate the effects of independent variables on dependent variables, such as attitude towards the ad, website’s evaluation and individual’s persuasion knowledge. Literature Review Native Advertising and Evolution of Advertorials Native advertising is a method marketers use to present content in an interesting and subtle way on different websites or social media in a way that is almost camouflaging with the other content presented there. According to a IPG Media Lab survey, native advertising presented 53% more exposure than banners and it showed better performance regarding purchase intention, brand closeness and share intention. Native advertising’s origins can be found in what is defined as ‘advertorial’ (a combination of the words advertising and editorial). As we can find different arguments in native ads, we may also find discussions regarding similar topics related to advertorials. Cameron and Ju-Pak (2000)’s research supported that when stories are presented as editorial copy, they showed better credibility than those with a label of advertising. The ideas and main characteristics of advertorials appear today in native advertisements, bringing the advantages of advertorials to native ads. Marketers keep trying to make online advertising reliable and create effective sponsored content. However, as it was discussed with advertorials, when it appears difficult to tell the difference between news content and sponsored content, there is a possibility that the advertising is seen as deceptive (Pike, 2014). Since native content has become a popular online advertising format in reality, it is necessary to study it and the responses generated among the audience members of online news and different websites. Persuasion Knowledge Model & Ad Skepticism An individual’s ability to recognize and evaluate marketers’ persuasion goals and tactics is known as persuasion knowledge. Ad skepticism refers to a critical approach for consumers to evaluate and cope with advertising. Relating to the persuasion knowledge model and native content, one of the most important aspects for marketers is to determine the degree of persuasion knowledge that the target has in the different types of native content or the different website types where it is presented. This study will evaluate how an individual’s persuasion knowledge is affected after being exposed to native content. According to the persuasion knowledge model, we can assume that the more consumers know about the persuasion attempt of an agent, the lesser they are being persuaded. This study examined how the exposure to a new way of online advertising (native content) affects users’ persuasion knowledge. In the meantime, consumers with a higher level of skepticism make it harder for advertisers to find the effective format of online advertising. Consumers with a high level of skepticism may also be more aware of advertising strategies which leads to less positive responses to ads that use subtle persuasive techniques (Obermiller & Spangenberg, 1998, 2000). Previous research has shown that ad skepticism varies depending on advertising formats: banner advertisements present higher levels of skepticism than sponsored content. The present study differentiated persuasion knowledge from ad skepticism. Ad skepticism is regarded as a personal attribute. It is measured in order to find out how participants' level of ad skepticism (high/low) will influence the effects of native content. On the other hand, persuasion knowledge is seen as a way users will cope with advertising strategies. This research examined the effects different native advertising have on a reader’s persuasion knowledge. Research Questions & Hypotheses [RQ1]: Will the effect of native content on site evaluation be different depending on the website type, native content appeal and individual’s ad skepticism? [RQ2]: Will content appeal and website type influence the effects of native content on site evaluation (before/after)? [RQ3]: Will the effect of native content on persuasion knowledge be different depending on the website type, native content appeal and individual’s ad skepticism? [RQ4]: Will the effect of native content on attitude towards the ad (affective/cognitive/behavioral attitude and advertising credibility) differ depending on website type, native content appeal and individual’s ad skepticism? [H1]: Informational native content will show more positive cognitive attitude towards the ad than emotional content. [H2]: Emotional native content will show more positive affective attitude towards the ad than informational content. Research Method An online experiment was conducted in May 2016 in Seoul, Korea. Using a convenient and snowball sample, a total of 359 adult participants aged 18 or older took part in the online experiment. Experiment stimuli were created based on existing brands with high-involvement products (LG G5 mobile phone and CITI credit card). Experimental stimuli were created by the researchers to resemble native content and native ads in news sites, entertainment sites, and Facebook. The format of the contents was adapted from native content published in different sites (news site: /entertainment site: Huffington Post Korea, ). Participants were randomly assigned to one of the 6 cells (3 website types X 2 appeals). First, ad skepticism was measured followed by website evaluation. After each stimulus was shown, attitude towards the native ad, site evaluation and persuasion knowledge were measured. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Despite the growing popularity of native advertising in various online sites, little research has been performed regarding its effects and possible variables influencing the effects of native advertising. This study intended to contribute to find an effective way to create native content and a suitable place to place the native content. The study found significant interaction effects between content appeal and site evaluation (before/after). Also, significant interaction effects on persuasion knowledge were found between website type and content appeal. On the other hand, main effects of independent variables (native content appeal and ad skepticism) showed interesting results. Results of RQ1 showed that a lower ad skepticism and informational content appeal presented more significant effects on site evaluation. In other words, participants with lower levels of ad skepticism were more likely to positively evaluate the site. Also, when comparing the types of appeal, informational native content turned out to be more effective on site evaluation than emotional appeal. However, the online experiment failed to detect a meaningful connection between website type and site evaluation. Significant differences were found in terms of participants’ website evaluation before and after presenting experimental stimuli, native content (RQ2). Contrary to what was expected, emotional appeal presented a bigger mean difference between site evaluation before and site evaluation after. This may be due to participants’ feeling of deception from native content with emotional appeal that leads a lower website evaluation among research participants (Howe & Teufel, 2014). According to Moore and Rodgers (2005), due to high levels of skepticism, online ads are perceived as the least reliable source of credibility. This can explain why content with informational appeal showed more favorable website evaluation over content with emotional appeal. The interaction effect between content appeal and website type on persuasion knowledge was significant. That is, informational appeal showed higher persuasion knowledge for both Facebook and news sites, whereas emotional appeal showed higher persuasion knowledge for entertainment sites. This result is consistent with the literature review presented above regarding website context and online advertising. Meanwhile, the fact that informational appeal increases persuasion knowledge on Facebook can be a subject for further research. Main effects of content appeal and ad skepticism were also found in increasing persuasion knowledge (RQ3). Ad skepticism showed significant main effects on attitude towards the ad over all four categories (affective, cognitive, behavioral attitudes and ad credibility). In other words, participants with lower ad skepticism showed more positive affective/cognitive/behavioral attitudes towards the native content and believed the ad was better. This finding supported previous research on ad skepticism where consumers with low levels of skepticism had more positive responses to advertising (Obermiller & Spangenberg; 1998, 2000). In conclusion, this study showed that participants with a lower level of ad skepticism show more positive reactions to native content than those who tend to be more skeptical about advertising in general. Also, informational appeal appeared to be more effective when compared to emotional content: informational appeal native ads resulted in more positive cognitive/behavioral attitudes towards the native ad and more ad credibility (RQ4).

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of the addition of caffeine (alkaloid family) to the ejaculates of boar sperm quality as well as investigate their optimum concentrations for increasing the movement of sperms. Semen was collected from 9 boars by the gloved-hand technique one week interval. Semen followed by cryopreservation with egg yolk extender freezing medium using freezing protocol. The collected semen were frozen on the same day. Motility was assessed for % motile cell characteristics using computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA; SAIS SI-100, Medical supply, Korea). Frozen boar sperms were thawed in Beltsville Thawing Solution (BTS) with 5, 10, and 15mM caffeine were then incubated at 38 celsius degree for 20 minutes. In experiment 1, semen were diluted BTS and addition of different concentration of caffeine to the pre-freeze semen cryopreservation. In experiment 2, incubation of frozen-thawed sperm in BTS supplemented with different concentration of caffeine for 20 minutes improved (P<0.05) after semen cryopreservation-thawing on sperm quality. After thawing significantly increased progressive and total motility. The addition of 10 mM caffeine to cryopreserved semen after thawing significantly increased progressive and total motility compared with other treatment. These result suggest that caffeine enhanced post-thaw motility of cryopreserved boar sperm when added after thawing.

This study aims to survey current chicken industry and the status of technology based on the KAFACI project on the promotion of good management for increased productivity of market oriented small scale chicken producers in Nigeria. The agricultural sector has been identified as a virile sector with varieties of opportunities for the much sought diversification of revenue base and employment generation in Nigeria despite the dominance of smallholder farmers. The chicken enterprise has being a component of the livestock industry showing increasing importance. Growing entrepreneurships for sustainable growth of the industry requires investigating the prevailing environment in market-oriented chicken production in Southwest Nigeria. This study investigated the production practices, constraints of market oriented smallholder chicken farmers. Data were generated through farm survey of 240 farmers selected by multi-stage sampling techniques from 5 out of 6 states in the Southwest. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The study shows a population of famers dominated by male 76.7% and average year of education of 13.88years. Foundation stock of birds are prominently sourced from commercial hatcheries (75.8%) and reared under intensive management system (87.8%). Majority of the farmers (46.7%) are into rearing of layers, broilers and cockerels with an average stock size of 449, 157 and 158 birds respectively. Birds are fed twice daily (74.8%) on compounded ration by 95.4% of the farmers. Major production constraints are high feed cost (32.1%), shortage of capital (30.0%) and poor access to market (25.4%). However, 96.7% of the farmers considered the enterprise profitable.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Kojongsi persimmon peels as a mushroom substrate on antioxidant activity of Pleurotus eryngii. The Pleurotus eryngii was growth on the medium with 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50% Kojongsi persimmon peels. The Pleurotus eryngii was extracted into ethanol and their antioxidant activities were analyzed. The total polyphenol content was highest in the 20% Kojongsi persimmon peels treatment (40±0.38 mg of gallic acid equivalents/100 g) than 0% Kojongsi persimmon peels treatment (21 ±0.18 mg of gallic acid equivalents/100 g). The 20% Kojongsi persimmon peels treatment showed better DPPH scavenging activity (36.81±0.23% at 1 mg/ml), ABTS scavenging activity (39.03±0.10% at 1 mg/ml) and reducing power (0.3±0.10% at 1 mg/ml) than 0% Kojongsi persimmon peels treatment and another extract ones. Overall, total polyphenol content and antioxidant activities of extracts from Pleurotus eryngii was increased dose dependently and 20% Kojongsi persimmon peels treatment was showed better total polyphenol content and antioxidant activities than 0% Kojongsi persimmon peels treatment and another extract ones.

Bottom mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) is an edible basidiomycete mushroom in Europe and North America. The wheat straw, wheat brain and chicken manure were used for bottom mushroom cultivation. Bottom mushroom substrates for cultivation was collected from bottom mushroom farm in Buyeo. About 16 bacteria were isolated from fresh mushroom substrates on TSA medium. Among of the isolates, isolate 3HS12 possessed high cellulase and mannase activity was selected as a hydrolase-producing bacteria. The isolate 3HS12 was identified as members of the Bacillus subtilis by biochemical characteristics using Bacillus ID kit and VITEK 2 system. Comparative 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis showed that isolate 3HS12 formed a distinct phylogenetic tree within the genus Bacillus and was most closely related to Bacillus subtilis with 16S rDNA gene sequence similarity of 98.8%. On the basis of its physiological properties, biochemical characteristics and phylogenetic distinctiveness, the 3HS12 isolate was assigned to the Bacillus subtilis. The cellulase and mannase activity of Bacillus subtilis 3HS12 was increased according to the bacterial density at 40°C.

The Kojongsi persimmon peels is byproduct after production of dried persimmon. This study was conducted to investigate optimal mixing ratio of Kojonsi persimmon peels as a substrate for cultivation of Pleurotus eryngii. The primary nutritive material of substrate for Pleurotus eryngii was corncob, soybean meal, beet pulp, ground corn and bran. Five to forty percent of persimmon peels were mixed with primary nutritive materials as new substrate. The chemical properties of substrate mixed with Kojongsi persimmon peels was similar to the mixture without Kojongsi persimmon peels in T-C, T-N, C/N ratio, and other nutrients. Mycelial growth time on medium with 5 to 30% persimmon peels was similar to the control without persimmon peels as 27 days but that on medium with 40% and 50% persimmon peels was delayed for 10 days. The time of pinhead formations in medium with 5 to 30% persimmon peels was 12 days, the growth time to harvest was 6 days. These results were similar to those of the control without persimmon peels. The sizes of pileus of treatments with 5 to 30% persimmon peels were tend to be smaller compared with the control. The length of stipe of 10% persimmon peels treatment was 80 mm which was shorter than that of the control with 120 mm.

Pseudococcus longispinus, a notorious cosmopolitan pest species of mealybugs, known to be distributed indoors in Korea since 2002, is found to be mixed with another species, Pseudococcus orchidicola. Finding P. orchidicola as a pest of tropical plants in Korea is rather unexpected because of their main distribution in Pacific area and South Asia. However, all the available information from morphology, molecule and advices on identification from mealybug specialists indicated this is best matching P. orchidicola. Morphological, molecular and some biological notes on P. orchidicola are provided with some adult and nymphal images, and compared with P. longispinus. A full discussion mainly on identity and distribution of P. orchidicola is given.

This study was conducted to evaluate a visual surveillance system. The advancement of recording technology and network service make it easy to record and transfer the videos. Moreover, progressed recognition technology help to make a distinction each other. Cows show distinguishing behaviors during their estrus period. The mounting is one of the behaviors. The result was different depending on the breed of the cows and the size of the farm. In the case of Korean native cattle, the estrus detection rate was 71.15%, however, dairy cows, the estrus detection rate was 39.38%. At the farms having below 6 modules, the estrus detection rate was 87.41%. On the other hand, at the farms having over 6 modules, the estrus detection rate was 77.78%. With the proper progress, the visual surveillance system can be used to detect heat detection.

The mannanase-producing bacteria, designated YJ17, was isolated from spent mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) substrates. The isolate YJ17 was a facultative anaerobic and was grown at temperatures ranging from 20oC to 50oC with an optimal temperature of 40oC. The DNA G+C content of the YJ17 was 44 mol%. The major fatty acids were anteiso-15:0 (38.9%), 17:0 (7.6%), and iso-15:0 (36.5%). The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between the isolate YJ17 and other Bacillus strains was from 98% to 99%. In the phylogenetic analysis based on these sequences, the isolate YJ17 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens clustered within a group together and separated from other species of Bacillus. Based on the physiological and molecular properties, the isolate YJ17 was classified within the genus Bacillus as B. amyloliquefaciens YJ17. The optimal pH and temperature for mannanase activity of B. amyloliquefaciens YJ17 were pH 7.0 and 50oC, respectively.

In the last 10 years, porcine somatic cell nuclear transfer to generate transgenic pig has been performed tremendous development with introduction and knockout of many genes. However, efficiency of porcine somatic cell nuclear transfer is still low and embryo transfer (ET) is one of important step for production efficiency. In porcine ET for production of transgenic cloned pig, we can consider many of points to increase production rates. In respect of seasonality and weather, porcine ET usually is not performed in summer and winter. Cloned transgenic embryos must be transferred into reproductive tracts of recipients where embryos are located after natural fertilization with similar estrous cycle. If cloned embryos with 2∼4 cell stage are transferred, they must be transferred into oviducts in periovulatory stage. Number and deposition sites of transferred cloned embryos are important. And we must compare the methods of ET between surgical and non-surgical ones in respect of production efficiency. Sow recipients after natural estrus is most preferred recipients however its cost is must be considered. Here we will review many of current studies about porcine embryo transfer to increase production efficiency of transgenic pigs and strategies for further studies.

This study was carried out to investigate optimal mixture of persimmon peels for Pleurotus eryngii cultivation. The 5-50% of persimmon peels was mixed with mushroom growing medium for Pleurotus eryngii cultivation. Mycelial growth of persimmon peels treatment were 74-165 mm (28 days) and slower than that of control (treatment without persimmon peels) as 160 mm (28 days). Mycelial growth time of 5-20% persimmon peels treatment were similar to control as 34 days but that 30-50% of persimmon peels treatment were delayed for 17 days. The time of pinhead formations in control and 5-50% persimmon peels treatment were 11 days, the growth time to harvest were 6-7 days. The sizes of pileus of 15% persimmon peels treatment was tend to be smaller compared with control. The length of stipe of 15% persimmon peels treatment was 124 mm which was longer than that of the control with 118 mm. The thickness of stipes of 15% persimmon peels treatments was 48 mm which were tend to be thicker than that of the control with 47 mm. Thirty percent of persimmon peels treatment was better than other treatment comparing with control.

This study was carried out to develope mushroom growing medium for Pleurotus eryngii cultivation using persimmon peels. Total nitrogen, carbon source and protein of commercial cultivation medium used in this study was 1.34, 53.9 and 0.09 %, respectively. The C/N ratio was 40.22. The total nitrogen was increased by increasing mixing ratio of persimmon peels. The carbon source and protein was no significant difference by increasing mixing ratio of persimmon peels. In column test, mycelial growth of 15% persimmon peels treatment was similar with control, but mycelia of 20-50% persimmon peels treatment was growed slowly compared with control. To investigate yields of fruiting body, 15% of persimmon peels was mixed with commercial cultivation medium. The fruiting body of 15% persimmon peels treatment was no significant difference yield compared with control. But, the chemical contents of 15% persimmon peels treatment were the higher than control.

The present study examines L2 reading proficiency effects on the relative contribution of vocabulary knowledge and grammar knowledge to L2 reading comprehension for Korean high school EFL learners. To this end, 200 high school students were asked to take a vocabulary knowledge test, a grammar test, and a reading comprehension test. The participants were divided into three sub-groups by L2 reading ability in order to examine L2 proficiency effects. Multiple regression analyses for the sub-groups indicated the relationships among the three variables as distinctive. The results showed that syntactic knowledge had a predictive power for reading performance in the high reading group, but vocabulary had the same quality in the intermediate reading group. For the low reading group, neither vocabulary nor grammar could significantly account for the L2 reading variance. Theoretical implications and directions for further studies are discussed.

Five to thirty percent of persimmon peels were added to mushroom medium to investigate mycelial growth. Mycelial growth on the medium with persimmon peels was 82~96 mm (28 days) and was slower than that of the control without persimmon peels as, 100 mm (28 days). Mycelial growth time on medium with 5 to 15% persimmon peels was similar to the control without persimmon peels as 28 days but that on medium with 30% persimmon peels was delayed for 4 days. The time of pinhead formations in medium with 10 to 20% persimmon peels was 8 days, the growth time to harvest was 10 days. These results were similar to those of the control without persimmon peels. The sizes of pileus of treatments with 10 to 30% persimmon peels were tend to be smaller compared with the control. The length of stipe of 10% persimmon peels treatment was 89 mm which was shorter than that of the control with 90 mm. The thickness of stipes of 10 to 20% persimmon peels treatments were 40 to 46 mm which were tend to be thicker than that of the control with 42 mm.