We determined the complete mitogenome of the oriental mayfly, Ephemera orientalis (Ephemeroptera: Ephemeridae) and the dragonfly Davidius lunatus (Odonata: Gomphidae). The 16,463-bp long E. orientalis and the 15,912 bp long D. lunatus mitogenome contains gene arrangement and content identical to the most common type found in a diverse insect order. Most individual E. orientalis and D. lunatus mt genes were well within the size found in the respective genes of other insects. The initiation codon for the D. lunatus COI gene was typical as ATA, whereas no typical start codon was found in the start region of E. orientalis COI gene. The A+T-rich regions of both mitogenomes have a few unusual feature. The A+T-rich region of E. orientalis contains a tandem repeat composed of two identical copies of 55 bp long, whereas that of D. lunatus contains a tandem repeat composed of duplicated identical 261-bp copies and one partial copy of the repeat. Also, the A+T-rich region of E. orientalis contains a single sequence and that of D. lunatus contains nine sequences, along with the tandem triplicate sequences, that has the potential to form stem-and-loop structures, flanked by the conserved sequences, “TA(A)TA” at the 5’ end and “G(A)nT’ at the 3’ end. Furthermore, the A+T-rich region of D. lunatus contains two tRNA-like structures, tRNALeu(UUR)-like sequence and tRNATyr-like sequence that have proper anticodon TAA and clover-leaf structure that were previously found in the hymenopteran insects.

The effects of pressure cooker brand awareness, in terms of rice cooking performance, were evaluated using consumer acceptability tests. A blind test was performed using rice samples cooked by 3 different pressure cookers without any brand information, and a brand awareness test followed with the same informed consumer panel. Overall acceptability, glossiness, stickiness, hardness, flavor, and color were evaluated and compared to determine whether or not there were changes on consumer choice for acceptability. Brand A and brand B were not significantly different in their overall acceptibility, moisture content, flavor, or color (p > 0.05), but they were significantly different for glossiness, stickiness, and hardness. Brands A and C were significantly different for all the attributes (p < 0.05). In the brand awareness test, brands A and B were not significantly different in their liking scores for all the attributes (p > 0.05). Brand C had significantly lower liking scores for overall acceptability, glossiness, stickiness, hardness, and moisture content than the other brands (p < 0.05). When comparing the liking scores for all the attributes with those of the blind test, the scores of the brand awareness test were slightly higher. For brand A, there were changes in its liking scores for overall acceptability, flavor, and glossiness (p < 0.05). However, brands B and C had brand awareness effects for all the attributes (p < 0.05).

Background : The most problematic disease in Boxthorn is Anthracnose. New variety with Anthracnose-resistant is good for high yield and Safe fruit production in open field. Therefore it is necessary to develop a New variety with Anthracnose -resistant and high yield. Methods and Results : The new boxthorn line, CB10511-104 was selected from the cross between Cheongun (IT232599) and CB08456-113 to breed new variety with high yield and Anthracnose-resistant in 2011. Its preliminary yield test was performed from 2012 to 2013 and the selected line was named Cheongyang 25. Its regional yield trials were carried out in Cheongyang, Yesan and Jindo for 3 years, from 2014 to 2016. Cheongyang 25 was registered as the new variety, Cheonggeum, in 2016. The specific characteristics were summarized as follows; Tree shape is open type and the leaf is round-lanceolate. The flowers are normal size and purple. The fruit is large size, round oval and yellowish red. The flowering was June 19 with medium flowering. Number of sprout branch by pruning was generated more than the check variety, Cheongmeong. The infection rates on leaves to Eriophys macrodonis Keifer was as strong as 39.6 percent. Anthracnose on fruits in open field was slightly similare compared to the check variety, but check variety was Anthracnose-resistant. The content of betaine and free sugar in dried-fruits were higher than that of the check variety. The dried-fruit yield was decreased about 17 percent in open field. Conclusion : This variety ‘Cheonggeum’ was suitable for cultivation in open field because of Anthracnose-resistant. It is necessary the companion variety, Cheonghong, because of self-incompatible.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the improvement of growth in Israeli carp (Cyprinus carpio), and the cross experiment was carried out with two strains of Israeli carp. Four combinations of Israeli carp from Jeonbuk fisheries farm and Songpu mirror carp from Heilong Jiang, China (KK; Jeonbuk ♀ × Jeonbuk ♂, KC; Jeonbuk ♀ × China ♂, CC; China ♀ × China ♂ and CK; China ♀ × Jeonbuk ♂) were developed and reared. Body length, body weight and condition factor were determined at 20, 40, 60 and 170 days post-hatch (DPH). The results showed that there were differences in growth rate of the four groups. Body length of four groups were CK > CC > KC > KK and body weight were CC > CK > KC > KK at 170 DPH. The growth perfomance of four groups were statistically significant difference (P<0.05). During the rearing, CC group had longer length and higher weight at 170 DPH compared to other three groups and also condition factor was highest in the CC group, but there was no significant difference in a survival rate. These results indicated that the growth performance mainly depended upon brooder combination but survival rate could not significantly affect brooder.

Background : Tetraploid plants are bigger in the size of fruits, leaves, stems, and roots than diploid plants due to bigger cells attributed to chromosome multiplication. The advantage of tetraploid plants includes breakdown of self-incompatibility and increase of disease resistance. This study was carried out to gain tetraploid resources for breeding of new boxthorn varieties having pest resistance, higher yield, and self-compatibility. Methods and Results : 10 Tetraploid lines by colchicine treatment were compared with diploid boxthorn varieties on growth and yield characteristics. Tetraploid lines induced from each varieties were C0148-10 and C0412-1 from Cheongyang-jaerae (CJ), M0148-94 and M0148-120 from Myongan (MA), B0148-43 and B0148-78 from Bulro (BL), D0148-62 and D0148-72 from Cheongdae (CD), and Y0148-2 and Y0148-24 from Youngha (YH). The ratio of stem diameter to stem length in tetraploid lines increased to 0.86 - 1.16 compared to 0.79 - 0.87 of the mother plants whereas number of branches decreased. The ratio of leaf length to width ranged from 2.0 to 3.3, lower than the mother plants. Leaf weight and chlorophyll content also increased compared to the mother plants. C0148-10, C0412-1, Y0148-2, and Y0148-24 showed 34～346% increase in dry fruit yield per 10a compared to mother plants. Conclusion : Above selected tetraploid lines had larger and heavier leaves and C0148-10, C0412-1, Y0148-2, and Y0148-24 were higher in fruit yield than mother plants that the selected tetraploid lines were expected as useful resources for new leaf vegetable and higher yield boxthorn varieties.

Background : Recently new breeding goal setting is required to develop new boxthorn variety with superior treats of bigger fruits, higher yield in fruits and sprout, pest tolerance, higher medicinal functionality, and self-compatiblity. Various genetic resources also should be retained for this goal. This study was carried out to obtain boxthorn tetraploid for breeding resource. Methods and Results : Colchicine concentration and treatment time for polyploid induction were 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6% and 12, 24, 36, 48hours respectively. Polyploid was identified by chromosome numbering of individuals by aceto-carmine stain which were examined for polyploid by flow cytomertry(Partec, PA-1) in advance. Conclusion : When cuttings of Cheongyang-jaerae were treated by colchicine to induce tetraploid, survival rate decreased as colchicine concentration and treatment time increased. Rate of individuals having over 30 chloroplast number of stomata guard cell was highest as 37.5% in colchine 0.1% and 48 hours treatment. 8 of them were identified as polyploid by flow cytometry and tetraploid induction efficiency was highest as 6.0% in colchine 0.1% and 48 hours treatment. According to chromosome number examination, 3 of 8 individuals were aneuploid and 5 were tetraploid.

This study was performed to investigate the growth characteristics and inorganic components of Codonopsis lanceolata regarding regional differences. The plant height of Japanese Codonopsis lanceolata was 373.6 cm, so it’s revealed that it has more vigorous growth than Korean won. The flowering time of Korean Codonopsis lanceolata was 2 weeks faster than Japanese one. Total fresh weight of root was 41.0 g and 39.0 g for Korean and Japanese respectively, thus, no significance difference was found. However, regarding fresh weight, Korean one had a more fresh weight (35.4 g) of main root parts, but Japanese one had a more fresh weight (9.6 g) of the lateral root part. Each inorganic component was found more in the aboveground parts, regardless of the region and the content of K was the largest. Regarding the content of macroelements for each part of Codonopsis lanceolata, the content of Na, Mg, P, S, and Ca in Korean Codonopsis lanceolata was found the highest on the leaf, followed by stem and root. In the case of Japanese Codonopsis lanceolata, same result was found on the content of Mg and Ca, however, the highest content of Na and P was found in the stem.

This study was conducted to compare the growth, inorganic components, and proximate components of Codonopsis lanceolata grown in 10 regions of Korea for selecting superior species and breeding by crossing. Among the all tested lines, the shortest plant height (217.12 cm) was observed from the Ulleungdo region line (No. 4) while the longest (273.9 cm) was observed from Hwasun region line (No. 9). In addition, the lines of central and northern region (No. 1~No. 7) tend to have shorter plant height than those of southern region (No. 8~No. 9) except Jejudo region line (No. 10). Flowering tends to be late towards southern region, and lines in central and northern regions were started flowering about 2 weeks earlier than those in southern regions. However, the heaviest root weight was 13.1 g, found in only Jejudo line (No. 10) whereas there was no significant difference found in the other regions which have a range of 8.3~11.0 g. The inorganic components were varied in each line, however, proportion of macroelements, such as K, Ca, and P, was the largest for every line. Especially for Heongseong region line (No. 2), had larger proportion of macroelements than the others. There was a difference of proximate compositions of Codonopsis lanceolata, except the moisture content, among all regions, however, it was generally shown that the content of crude protein (1.31~3.76%) and crude fiber (2.18~3.12%) was the highest.

본 연구에서는 명월초 추출물의 메탄올 분획물과 아글리콘 분획물을 제조하였고, 이들에 대한 항산화 활성을 측정하였다. 항산화 활성 측정은 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) radical을 이용한 프리 라디칼 소거활성, 루미놀 발광법을 이용한 활성산소 소거활성(총 항산화능) 및 활성산소(1O2 등)로 유도된 세포손상에 있어서 세포 보호 효과를 측정하였다. 명월초 추출물의 프리 라디칼 소거활성(FSC50)은 메탄올 분획이 90.25 μg/mL이고, 당을 제거한 아글리콘 분획은 81.38 μg/mL를 나타내었다. 총 항산화능(OSC50)은 메탄올 분획 16.96 μg/mL, 아글리콘 분획 12.30 μg/mL로, 프리 라디칼 소거활성 및 활성산소 소거활성 모두 아글리콘 분획에서 큰 활성을 나타내었다. 1O2로 유도된 사람 적혈구의 세포손상에 대한 보호 효과는 τ50 값으로 확인하였다. 5 μg/mL 농도에서 메탄올 분획 및 아글리콘 분획의 τ50이 각각 36.7 및 76.1 min으로, 비교 물질인 (+)-α-tocopherol (35.4 min)과 비교했을 때 아글리콘 분획이 약 2배 더 큰 세포 보호 효과를 나타내었다. 이러한 결과들은 명월초 추출물의 아글리콘 분획물이 항노화 관련 화장품에 있어서 항산화소재로서 응용가능성이 있음을 시사하였다.

꽃게 조미소재, 야채, 천연조미료 등을 활용하면서, 편의 성을 부여하기 위하여 꽃게풍미 볶음밥을 제조하였다. 꽃 게풍미 볶음밥의 저장 중 품질변화를 조사하기 위해 –20, 4, 25℃에서 6주 동안 저장하면서 pH, 산도, 총균수, TBA, VBN, 관능적 기호도를 조사하였으며, 총균수 결과를 활용 하여 볶음밥의 유통 기한을 예측하였다. pH 변화를 조사한 결과, -20℃에 저장된 볶음밥의 경우 저장 0주째 pH는 7.74 이었고 저장 6주에는 pH 7.76으로 나타나 저장 중 변화가 거의 없는 것으로 나타났다. 적정산도를 조사한 결과, -20℃ 에 저장된 볶음밥의 경우 저장 0주째에 0.4%이었고 저장 6주에는 0.4%로 거의 변화가 없었다. 반면, 4℃ 와 25℃ 의 저장 6주에는 각각 2.7%, 4.6%의 수준으로 나타났다. TBA 값을 측정한 결과, -20℃에 저장한 볶음밥의 경우 저장 0주째 1.07 μg/g이었고, 저장 6주까지 1.39 μg/g으로 나타나 저장 중 다소 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 휘발성염기질소를 조사한 결과, -20℃에 저장된 볶음밥의 경우 저장 0주째에 26.60 mg%이었고, 저장 6주에는 28.14 mg%로 나타나 신선 도가 유지되는 것으로 사료되었다. 4℃와 25℃의 저장 6주 에는 각각 65.15 mg%, 68.00 mg% 수준으로 나타났다. 총균 수의 변화를 조사한 결과, -20℃ 저장된 볶음밥의 경우 저장 0주째 3.58 log CFU/g이었고 저장 6주째에는 4.11 log CFU/g으로 나타나 미생물변화는 안정적인 것으로 관찰되 었다. 관능적 기호도를 조사한 결과, -20℃에 저장된 볶음밥 의 경우 종합적 기호도의 변화를 보았을 때, 저장초기 7.8이 었고 6주째에는 6.7으로 나타나 저장 기간 동안 처리구 중 가장 높은 평가를 받았다. 25℃의 경우 저장초기 7.5이었으 나, 저장 6주째 1.0 수준의 평가를 받아 저장온도 및 저장기 간 동안 가장 낮은 평가를 받았다. 미생물 결과를 토대로 볶음밥의 유통기한을 예측한 결과, -20℃에 저장할 경우 14.9주, 4℃에서 저장할 경우 0.4주 인 것으로 각각 조사되었 다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 꽃게풍미 볶음밥은 -20℃에 서 저장하는 것이 미생물학적 및 관능적인 측면에서 저장성 이 좋을 것으로 사료되었고, 편의식품화로서의 이용 가능 성이 있을 것으로 생각되었다.

Phosphorus is one of the macronutrients essential for plant growth and development, as well as crop productivity. Many soils around the world are deficient in phosphate (Pi) that plants can utilize. To cope with the stress of Pi starvation, plants have evolved many adaptive strategies, such as changes of root architecture and enhanced Pi acquisition form soil. To understand molecular mechanism underlying Pi starvation stress signaling, we characterized the activation-tagged mutant showing altered responses to Pi deficiency compared to wild type Arabidopsis and named hsp3 (hypersensitive to Pi starvation3). hsp3 mutant exhibits enhanced phosphate transporter activity, resulting in higher Pi content than wild type. However, in root architectural change under Pi starvation, hsp3 shows hyposensitive responses than wild type, such as longer primary root elongation, lower lateral root density. Histochemical analysis using hsp3 mutant expressing auxin-responsive DR5::GUS reporter gene, indicated that auxin allocation from primary to lateral roots under Pi starvation is aborted in hsp3 mutant. Molecular genetic analysis of hsp3 mutant revealed that the mutant phenotype is caused by the lesion in ENHANCED SILENCING PHENOTYPE4 (ESP4) gene whose function is proposed in mRNA 3’ end processing. Here, we propose that mRNA processing plays a crucial role in Pi homeostasis in Arabidopsis.