In Jeju Island, red sea bream is mainly caught by long line with a live squid as bait. The movements of artificial jigs in the fishery are supposed to be an important factor for catching the target organism as well as bait. To develop new fishing method for long line fishery, movements of the bait which was squid were tried to be characterized. In a water tank experiment, a live squid was hooked by a fish hook attached to a model long line. And then movements of squids in the water tank were recorded for 20 minutes by a video camera. Recorded movement of the squid was just periodically up-and-down moving, with a dominant frequency of 0.125Hz, and amplitude of 10.8cm.

The purpose of this study was to provide a practical guide to the use of various stretchers that rescue workers use by analyzing muscle fatigue degree associated with lifting a patient. The experiment was conducted with working male and female rescue crews. Having mixed groups of gender complete tasks such as lifting, moving, and unloading a patient using four different types of stretcher, we recorded each muscle fatigue degree in the shoulder and lower back regions of each subject. The data showed, in terms of muscle activity, differences within each group of genders and its combinations were significant in certain muscle groups depending on the types of stretcher used and body sizes of each subject, and, when it comes to Elerctor Spenae, the female subjects used more muscular strength than the males did. In regards to the muscle fatigue degree, there was no significant difference found within each group of the genders, body sizes, and their combinations. However, in the case of applying different models of stretcher, there were significantly differences in the fatigue degree.

For replacement of methyl bromide(MB) in Korea, VapormateTM, a gas formulation of ethyl formate(EF) with carbon dioxide, are firslty introduced in import bananas and VivakilTM, a gas formulation of phosphine(PH3) with carbon dioxide, are ready to commercial use in export cut flowers. Their applications are being extended for other import and export commodities. Ethyl formate have been shown to have effectiveness short exposure time(<4hr) but it has a limited application at low temperature for TSM(Two spotted spider mites) due to some phytotoxic to strawberry. Phosphine gas has demonstrated their efficacy to TSM at low temperature but only meets quarantine requirement when applying longer fumigation time(>24hr) to control CA(cotton aphids). We firstly evaluated two MB alternatives, EF and PH3, have enhansive effect within short exposure time(4hr) at low temperature(5℃) for controlling both TSM and CA without any injury to export strawberries.

선거구 구획문제는 선거구를 인구등분, 인접성, 공간적 조밀도 등의 일정한 기준에 따라서 나누는 작업을 말한다. 미국의 경우 의회 선거구는 필수불가결한 요소로 완벽한 인구 등분과 인접성을 헌법으로 요구하고 있다. 그러나 기존의 휴리스틱은 여러 가지 선거구 선정요인들을 동시에 만족시키는데 주력하고 있어 의회선거구에 맞는 완벽한 인구등분을 가진 선거구 플랜을 찾는데 한계를 보이고 있다. 그리하여, 이 논문에서는 의회선거구 구성 요건에 맞는 선거구 구획 연구를 하고자 최적화 연구방법 중 시뮬레이티드 어닐링(모의 담금질 기법) 휴리스틱 기법을 기본 바탕으로 선거구를 구획하였다. 또한 새로운 인접성 방법을 제시하여, 구획연구를 하는데 있어 하나의 접근법으로 제시하고자 한다. 연구 결과 이 논문에서 이용된 기법은 실제 이용 중인 선거구 플랜보다 훨씬 더 인구등분에 가까운 선거구 플랜을 찾아내며, 효과적으로 인접성 문제를 해결하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 새로 개발한 휴리스틱은 다양한 선거구 플랜을 제시하고 있어, 의사결정자들로 하여금 선택의 용이성을 제공하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 시도는 의회 선거구를 구성하는데 있어서 새로운 대안으로 제시될 수 있을 것이다. 또한, 이러한 선거구 선정 연구는 한국의 국회의원 선거구 선정문제에서 인접성과 인구등분의 선정기준을 이용할 시 적용 할 수 있다는데 그 의의가 있다.

Opioid receptors have been pharmacologically classified as µ, δ, κ and ε. We have recently reported that the antinociceptive effect of morphine (a µ-opioid receptor agonist), but not that of β-endorphin (a novel µ/ε-opioid receptor agonist), is attenuated by whole body irradiation (WBI). It is unclear at present whether WBI has differential effects on the antinociceptive effects of µ-, δ-, κ- and ε-opioid receptor agonists. In our current experiments, male ICR mice were exposed to WBI (5Gy) from a 60 Co gamma-source and the antinociceptive effects of opioid receptor agonists were assessed two hours later using the hot water (52℃) tail-immersion test. Morphine and D-Ala2,N-Me-Phe4,Gly-ol-enkephalin (DAMGO), [D-Pen2-D-Pen5]enkephalin (DPDPE), trans-3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)- cyclohexyl]¬benzeneacetamide (U50,488H), and β-endorphin were tested as agonists for µ, δ, κ, and ε-opioid receptors, respectively. WBI significantly attenuated the antinociceptive effects of morphine and DAMGO, but increased those of β-endorphin. The antinociceptive effects of DPDPE and U50,488H were not affected by WBI. In addition, to more preciously understand the differential effects of WBI on µ- and ε¬opioid receptor agonists, we assessed pretreatment effects of β-funaltrexamine (β-FNA, a µ-opioid receptor antagonist) or β-endorphin1-27 (β-EP1-27, an ε-opioid receptor antagonist), and found that pretreatment with β-FNA significantly attenuated the antinociceptive effects of morphine and β endorphin by WBI. significantly reversed the β-EP1-27 attenuation of morphine by WBI and significantly attenuated the increased effects of β-endorphin by WBI. The results demonstrate differential sensitivities of opioid receptors to WBI, especially for µ- and ε-opioid receptors.

The the peach pyralid moth, Dichocrocis punctiferalis causes the most serious damage to chestnut in Korea. This study was conducted to compare the efficiency of control with aerial spraying(AS350-B2 Helicopter, 15m/flight altitude, Nozzleorifice D6, Fenitrothion EC 50% 1ℓ/ha), sex pheromone trap(25 Wing traps/ha, 75:25 mixture of (E)-10-hexadecenyl aldehyde (E10-16:Al) and (Z)-10-hexadecenyl aldehyde, 1㎎/trap), and crown spraying(BF530, Fenitrothion EC 50% 1ℓ/ha) against D. punctiferalis at chestnut orchards. After chestnut harvest in Autumn, the damaged rate(%) by D. punctiferalis showed 29.6±1.7 in aerial spraying, 27.8±8.4 in sex pheromone trap, and 8.9±3.8 in crown spraying, respectively. The crown spraying showed the highest control effect among the 3 control methods. The other methods were similarly effective.

염산매질에서 산화/환원제를 사용하여 Pu 산화수를 조절한 후, UV-Visible-Near IR 분광기를 이용하여 Pu(III, IV, V, VI) 산화수에 대한 흡수스펙트럼을 측정하여 그 분광학적 특성을 고찰하였다. Pu(III)으로 조절하기 위하여 환원제인 HCl를 사용하였으며, Pu(IV)와 Pu(VI)로 조절하기 위하여 산화제인 및 를 각각 사용하였다. 또한 Pu(VI)로 조절된 용액에 환원제인 HCl를 사용하여 Pu(V)로 조절하였다. Pu(III)와 Pu(IV)의 대표적인 흡수피크는 470 nm 및 600 nm에서 각각 관찰되었고, Pu(VI)와 Pu(V)의 특성피크는 830 nm 및 1135nm에서 각각 관찰되었다. Pu(III, IV, VI) 산화상태의 시간 경과에 따른 흡수스펙트럼 변화는 관찰되지 않았으나 Pu(V)의 경우 매우 불안정하여 생성되자 마자 Pu(III)로 변화되었다.

To reveal the relationship between the changes in the growth and photo- synthesis induced by low dose radiation, red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plants were serially irradiated three times with gamma rays of 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4 Gy. The plant growth was mo

We present B VRI CCD surface photometry for the central (6'.35 ×6'.35) regions of the dwarf elliptical galaxies NGC 185 and NGC 205 in the Local Group. Surface brightness profiles of NGC 185 (R<225") and NGC 205 (R<186") show excess components in the central regions. The colors of NGC 185 get bluer inward at R<25", while they remain constant at R ≥ 25". The colors of NGC 205 get bluer inward at 1"<R<50", and remain flat outside. Our photometry, supplemented by the photometry based on the far-ultraviolet and visual images of the HST archive data, shows that there is an inversion of color at the very nucleus region (at about 1"). The implications of the redder color of the core part of the nucleus compared with neighboring regions are discussed. The amount of the excess components in the central regions of these galaxies is estimated to be ≈10 5 L⊙. Distributions of dust clouds in the central regions of the two galaxies are also investigated.