The airborne chlorides environment by de-icing salts of the Suam road tunnel in motorway were examined. It was found that higher airborne chlorides were detected inside road tunnel than outside. Therefore, there is a need to appreciate that RC structures inside tunnel might be exposed to salt attack environment

This study evaluated the feasibility of recovering and recycling nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from livestock excreta as struvite (MgNH4PO4·6H2O) in South Korea. Our experimental results showed that struvite precipitation was a very effective way to recover N and P from livestock excreta. Moreover, our study demonstrated that struvite precipitates from livestock excreta (SPL) contain higher concentrations of N, P, and magnesium (Mg) as compared to compost and liquid manure from livestock excreta. In addition, although SPL contain high concentrations of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn), they meet the fertilizer criteria for concentrations of heavy metals. In South Korea, SPL cannot currently be used as a fertilizer due to legal constraints. Legal permission for SPL use would offer greater choice in livestock excreta management. In conclusion, recovery and recycling of N and P from livestock excreta as struvite can be an effective tool for managing nutrients in livestock excreta.

This study examined the effects of delayed harvest of Miscanthus on its biomass yield and growth characteristics. The trial was conducted at a 5-year-old demonstration field, using Miscanthus sacchariflorus cv. Geodae 1 and Miscanthus × giganteus. Harvesting was carried out using a mower, baler, and bale picker driven by a 5-ton tractor. Harvesting dates were the 1 st , 10 th , and 17 th of April, which respectively corresponded with the first, mid, and last emerging dates of new shoots. The sequential changes in stem number due to delayed harvesting were investigated on April 29 th , May 27 th , July 22 nd , and October 30 th , which corresponded to the juvenile, mid, luxuriant, and senescence stem stages, respectively. Soil penetration resistance, biomass yield, and growth characteristics were investigated on October 30 th . There was no difference in soil penetration resistance at a depth of 10 cm, but it increased at a depth of 20 cm in proportion to the delayed harvesting time. The sequential change in stem number due to delayed harvesting was greater in M. sacchariflorus cv. Geodae 1 than in M. × giganteus. In M. sacchariflorus cv. Geodae 1, which was harvested on the last emerging date of new shoots, the stem number was 169/m 2 in the mid stage but decreased to 70/m 2 in the luxuriant stage. The diameter of newly developed rhizomes, stem height, and biomass yield decreased in the two Miscanthus species due to delayed harvesting. The ratio of Miscanthus headings, which is a critical characteristic for landscape use, also decreased due to delayed harvesting. Heading of M. sacchariflorus cv. Geodae 1 was not observed in plots harvested on the mid and last emerging dates of new shoots.

Recently, geopolymer binder or alkali-activated binder has been enormously studied as an alternative to portland cement. However, studies on heat resistance of geopolymers are still few, whereas studies on resistances against chemical attack and carbonation, and mechanical performance of geopolymer are being investigating. This paper aims to summarize a literature review on heat resistance of gel structure in geopolymers exposed to elevated temperature.

This research investigated the influence of adding hybrid steel fiber on the direct tensile behavior of UHPFRC(Ultra high performance fiber reinforced concrete). Test results revealed that the post cracking strength and peak toughness for the Lf: 20mm Df: 0.2mm_0.5% and Lf: 22mm Df: 0.22mm_1.0% were higher than incorporate with Lf: 20mm Df: 0.2mm_1.0% and Lf: 22mm Df: 0.22mm_0.5%

The airborne chlorides environment by de-icing salts of retaioning wall in motorway were examined. It was found that in the retaining wall, height of 14m, the airborne chlorides tend to be decreased by height ranged between 81.0-73.8%.

Miscanthus has been considered as the most promising bioenergy crop for lignocellulosic biomass production. In Korea, M. sacchariflorus and M. sinensis can be found easily in all regions. It is a great advantage to utilize as important species with respect to genetic and cross-breeding programs materials for creation of novel hybrids. For successful breeding programs, it is important to precisely understand the variability of flowering traits among Miscanthus species as breeding parents materials. In this study, flowering traits were observed daily in 960 germplasms of two Miscanthus species (M. sacchariflorus and M. sinensis) for growing seasons over 2 years. The flowering process was divided into three stages. ST (sprouting time) was recorded when first leaf of the plant emerged on soil. FS1 (flowering stage 1) and FS2 (flowering stage 2) were recorded when flag leaf was firstly observed, and 1 cm of panicle was showing on at least one stem, respectively. For 2013 and 2014, the latest germplasms exerted flag leaf, i.e. September 30 (DOY of FS1 164.1) and September 4 (DOY of FS1 141.0) occurred M. sacchariflorus cv. Geodae 1 and M. sacchariflorus cv. Uram collected from Southern Korea (Jeollanam-do), while Miscanthus germplasms collected from northern Korea (Gyeonggi-do) which emerged the earliest flag leaf in July and August, significantly decreased DOY. For DOY from ST to FS2, M. sacchriflorus germplasms ranged from 140 to 190 days, and 110 to 170 days for 2013 and 2014. The highest frequency showed to 160 days for 2013, and 150 days for 2014. In M. sinensis germplasms, the highest frequency showed to 180 days for 2013, and 170 days for 2014. In the results of correlation between the day of years from ST to FS2 for 2013 and 2014, M. sacchriflorus and M. sinensis showed high coefficient of correlation (0.70 and 0.89). It can be supposed that flowering characteristics of Miscanthus are largely affected by the unique phenotypic characteristic of native habitat than environmental factors of the current planted site. This study for flowering traits of Miscanthus may provides an important information in order to expedite the introduction as breeding materials for creation of new hybrid.

Background : To control ginseng gray mold, farmers have mainly used inorganic chemical based fungicides. The recent emergence of fungicide resistance has reduced the effectiveness of such control methods. Such pesticides also carry additional problems, such as diffuse pollution. Methods and Results : Six treatments of organic agricultural materials were tested for control of ginseng gray mold, CAPW (Chrysophanic acid + Phytoncide +Wood vinegar), EmEWV (Emodin + Ethanol +Wood vinegar), CEWV (Curcumin + Eugenol +Wood vinegar), Bacillus subtilis, soybean oil and sulfur. The control effect for gray mold by a single application of the agrochemical fungicide industrial Fenhexamid wettable powder (WP) was 84.4%. The control effect by CAPW, EmEWV and CEWV varied between 52.7 - 64.9%. The control effect by B. subtilis, soybean oil, and sulfur were 32.9 - 59.2%. Conclusions : In the field tests, CAPW showed the highest control effects when used before, and at first stage of disease incidence, against ginseng gray mold.

본 연구는 한국형 바이오에너지작물로 선발된 물억새인 ‘우람’의 미성숙 화기를 이용한 캘러스 유도 및 식물체 재분 화 조건을 확립하고자 하였다. 캘러스 유도율은 MS배지에 2,4-D 3 mg L-1 첨가에서 93.3%로 높게 나타났으며, 2,4-D 3 mg L-1과 BA 0.1 mg L-1 처리에서 86.7%로 높게 나타났 다. 식물체 재분화율은 BA가 첨가된 배지에서 유도된 캘러스 를 이용하였을 경우 BA가 첨가되지 않은 배지에서 유도된 캘 러스보다 높게 나타나는 것을 확인하였다. 재분화를 위한 배 지 조성은 BA 5 mg L-1과 NAA 0.1 mg L-1 호르몬 조합에 서 재분화율이 86.7%로 가장 효과적이었다. 재분화된 소식물 체는 캘러스로부터 분리하여 MS배지에서 발근을 유도하였을 때 배양 4주 이후 뿌리가 3 cm 이상 신장하였다. 기내에서 발 근이 된 소식물체의 순화를 위해 상토에 이식하고 온실에서 재배하였을 때, 5주 후 지상부가 20 cm 이상으로 신장하여 성공적으로 활착되었다.

This study firstly provides basic data for selection of cultivatable bioenergy grass in barren reclaimed lands applied with solidified sewage sludge. The experimental plots consisted of a plot containing reclaimed land mixed with solidified sewage sludge (MSS 50), a plot covered by solidified sewage sludge (CSS 100), and an original reclaimed soil plot (ORS). The growth, biomass production of bioenergy grasses and soil chemical properties were investigated in each experimental plot for 5 years. The organic matter (OM) and total nitrogen (T-N) content in both MSS 50 and CSS 100 were considerably higher than those in ORS. In bioenergy grasses, M. sacchariflorus cv. Geodae 1 showed an excellent growth and adaptability on reclaimed land applied with solidified sewage sludge. The application of solidified sewage sludge may provided soil nutrition in the reclaimed land due to the fact that bioenergy crops grew better in soils applied with solidified sewage sludge than in untreated soils, and treated soils had higher OM and T-N content than untreated soils. This study suggests that M. sacchariflorus cv. Geodae 1 is the most suitable biomass feedstock crop for biomass production and that solidified sewage sludge may be used as a soil material

This study firstly provides basic data for selection of cultivatable bioenergy grass in barren reclaimed lands applied with solidified sewage sludge. The experimental plots consisted of a plot containing reclaimed land mixed with solidified sewage sludge (MSS 50), a plot covered by solidified sewage sludge (CSS 100), and an original reclaimed soil plot (ORS). The growth, biomass production of bioenergy grasses and soil chemical properties were investigated in each experimental plot for 5 years. The organic matter (OM) and total nitrogen (T-N) content in both MSS 50 and CSS 100 were considerably higher than those in ORS. In bioenergy grasses, M. sacchariflorus cv. Geodae 1 showed an excellent growth and adaptability on reclaimed land applied with solidified sewage sludge. The application of solidified sewage sludge may provided soil nutrition in the reclaimed land due to the fact that bioenergy crops grew better in soils applied with solidified sewage sludge than in untreated soils, and treated soils had higher OM and T-N content than untreated soils. This study suggests that M. sacchariflorus cv. Geodae 1 is the most suitable biomass feedstock crop for biomass production and that solidified sewage sludge may be used as a soil material

The purposes of this study were to suggest the methodology to select prior areas in the environmental pollution survey for livestock excreta (EPSLE) as well as to elucidate the validity of the methodology. In this study, the prior areas in the EPSLE were determined by examining the number of compost facilities categorized according to the three levels of size including the basin, the sub-basin and the watershed, respectively, based on the data from “Annual Nation-wide Pollution Sources Survey (2012)”. The results suggested that the list of prior basins were Nakdong, Geum, Youngsan and Han river basins in order. Also, it was examined that the prior sub-basins in the four river basins including Nakdong, Geum, Youngsan and Han rivers were Naesung Stream, Geumgang Gongju, Juam Dam and Namhan Downstream, respectively. The prior watersheds in the sub-basins of Naesung stream, Geumgang Gongju, Juam Dam and Namhan Downstream were Seocheon Downstream, Geum Stream, Gyeombaek Suwipyo and Yanghwa Stream, respectively. The validity of the methodology used in this study was elucidated by analyzing the correlation of the number of compost facilities with the concentrations of T-N and T-P observed in the end-points of sub-basins. The results of correlation analysis showed that the concentrations of T-N and T-P increased with the number of compost facilities. Specifically, there was the stronger correlation between the number of compost facilities and the concentrations of T-N than that for T-P. Consequently, it was proved that the methodology used in this work was valid and rational for the selection of prior areas in environmental pollution survey for EPSLE.

억새(Miscanthus spp.)는 화본과 중 광합성 효율이 높은 C4 식물군에 속하는 식물로 한국, 일본, 중국 등 동아시아가 원산지인 대표적인 바이오에너지 원료작물이다. 억새는 주로 지하경을 이용하여 번식하여 왔으나 지하경을 이용한 번식은 유전형은 유지할 수 있으나 우량 품종 개발에 불리하다는 문제점이 있다. 조직배양기술은 유용 자원을 이용한 돌연변이 육종과 형질전환 기술을 이용한 신품종 육종을 위한 기반기술로 활용 될 수 있어 바이오매스의 확보측면에서 유용하다. 국내 유망 바이오매스 자원인 억새의 신품종 육성을 위해서는 캘러스 유도 및 식물체 재분화에 효율적인 조직배양 기술을 확립하는 것이 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 농촌진흥청에서 선발한 ‘우람’ 억새(Miscanthus sacchariflorus cv. Wooram)의 미성숙 화기를 이용한 안정적인 캘러스 유도 및 식물체 재분화 조건을 확립하여 신품종 육종을 위한 기초자료를 확보하고자 하였다. 식물재료는 국립식량과학원 바이오에너지작물연구소 내의 억새 재배포장에서 미성숙 화기가 5 mm 이하로 분화한 개체만 채취하여 사용하였으며, 수집한 재료는 70% EtOH로 2분, 0.45% NaOCl으로 20분간 표면 살균하여 배지에 치상하였다. 미성숙화기로부터 캘러스 유도율을 조사한 결과, MS배지에 생장조절제인 3 mg L-1 2,4-D를 첨가한 처리가 캘러스 유도율 93.3 %로 가장 높게 나타났고 3 mg L-1 2,4-D + 0.1 mg L-1 BA를 혼합 처리한 배지에서도 86.6 %의 캘러스 유도율을 나타냈다. 이후 캘러스로부터 식물체 재생 실험에서 3 mg L-1 2,4-D에 0.1 mg L-1 BA를 혼합 처리한 배지에서 유도된 캘러스가 3 mg L-1 2,4-D 처리 배지에서 유도된 캘러스보다 식물체 재분화율이 높게 나타났다. 캘러스 유도에는 최종적으로 3 mg L-1 2,4-D + 0.1 mg L-1 BA 처리 배지가 가장 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 식물체 재분화를 위한 최적 생장조절제 농도에 대한 실험에서는 5 mg L-1 BA + 0.1 mg L-1 NAA 배지에서 재분화율 86.6 %로 가장 효과적이었다.

In this paper, investigate the effect of the quality of fresh UHPC on the mixer type, it was found that the use of twin shaft mixer was fine. On the other hand, pan type mixer is required for adjustment mix proportion.

This study examines the compressive strength of cementless mortar in order to evaluate its mechanical characteristics according to the admixing of fly ash and blast furnace slag. This result showed that cementless mortar for shotcrete repair materials is profitable for using ZrSF.

The rice stem borer (Chilo suppressalis Walker) was one of the most destructive pest of rice for the 1960s and 1970s in Korea. Recently, it is newly recognized as a potential risk factor to the biomass yield of bioenergy crops. The current research was firstly conducted to investigate overwintering larvae population density and pattern of rice stem borer attacking Miscanthus sacchariflorus cv. Geodae 1 which is referred to as an ideal lignocellulosic bioenergy crop in Korea. Population density of larvae per 1 m2 in stems and rhizomes at the Miscanthus experimental plots and rates of damage (wormhole, abscission) of M. sacchariflorus cv. Goedae 1 were investigated from October 2012 to March 2013. The population of larvae per 1 m2 in stems of Miscanthus were 23, 4, 1, and 1 in October, November, December 2012, and January 2013, respectively. Over the same period, the population of larvae in basal stem rots and rhizomes were increased, whereas decreased in stems. Interestingly, the positions of larvae for overwintering in Miscanthus were confirmed to 5~10 cm below the soil surface such as basal stem rot and rhizome, whereas the most common overwintering position known in rice is a part of stem on the ground such as rice straw and rice stubble. It would suggest that the larvae gradually moved to bottom of stems and rhizomes in soil in line with decline in temperature. Moreover, the damage rates of stems per 1 m2 were up to more than 50% in some places. In conclusion, this might be the first report that rice stem borer could affect the productivity of biomass of Miscanthus in case of mass cultivation. Moreover, it should be necessary to make a decision in insect control management for this bioenergy feedstock and other related crops.