Background: Kinesiology taping (KT)’s therapeutic effect on dysphagia is insufficient, and method of KT application is not yet clear. Objectives: To review the considerations for the clinical application of KT for dysphagia rehabilitation. Design: A systematic review. Methods: The present study involved a systematic search of electronic databases (Medline, Embase, CINAHL, and Web of Science) to identify relevant studies published on the use of KT for dysphagia rehabilitation between 2010 and 2020. Results: Four articles (on child dysphagia, adult dysphagia, and healthy adult) were selected. It was found that when KT was applied with 15% tension to the orbicularis oris, mylohyoid, sternohyoid, and masseter muscles in children with dysphagia, lip closure and sucking function were improved. In addition, when KT with 80% tension was applied below the hyolaryngeal complex in healthy adults, significant activation of the suprahyoid muscle was reported. Application of KT with 50% tension to the digastric posterior bellies and the mylohyoid, geniohyoid, sternocleidomastoid, and upper trapezius muscles in adults with dysphagia showed an immediate improvement in vertical excursion and epiglottis rotation of the hyoid bone. Finally, application of KT with 70% tension to the hyolaryngeal complex in adults with dysphagia showed increased thickness of the suprahyoid and the tongue muscles. Conclusion: The present review indicates that KT has significant potential as a therapeutic exercise method for patients with dysphagia in the future. However, the application of KT in such patients should take into account the shape, design, and degree of tension of the tape and the patient's capability and swallowing function.

Rose is one of the most economically important ornamental crops worldwide. Although rose products are widely used, limited genetic and genomic data from this species is available. Fundamental genetic knowledge can accelerate the development of superior rose germplasms. In the present study, we explored the genetic data (e.g., chromosome numbers, total chromosome length, and ploidy level) of 39 rose cultivars using conventional cytogenetic methods. Of the 39 rose cultivars tested, 36 (92.3%) were tetraploid (2n = 4x = 28). ‘Rosada,’ ‘Rosemarin,’ and ‘Hanmaum’ were diploid (2n = 2x = 14), triploid (2n = 3x =21), and tetraploid-based aneuploid (2n = 4x = 28 + 2), respectively. The total chromosome length ranged from 46.03 ± 0.55 μm in ‘Rosada’ (2x) to 138.51 ± 0.92 μm in ‘Christoper’ (4x). The chromosome information obtained in this study will be useful for rose breeding and germplasm evaluation.

Most of the open-source decision tree algorithms are based on three splitting criteria (Entropy, Gini Index, and Gain Ratio). Therefore, the advantages and disadvantages of these three popular algorithms need to be studied more thoroughly. Comparisons of the three algorithms were mainly performed with respect to the predictive performance. In this work, we conducted a comparative experiment on the splitting criteria of three decision trees, focusing on their interpretability. Depth, homogeneity, coverage, lift, and stability were used as indicators for measuring interpretability. To measure the stability of decision trees, we present a measure of the stability of the root node and the stability of the dominating rules based on a measure of the similarity of trees. Based on 10 data collected from UCI and Kaggle, we compare the interpretability of DT (Decision Tree) algorithms based on three splitting criteria. The results show that the GR (Gain Ratio) branch-based DT algorithm performs well in terms of lift and homogeneity, while the GINI (Gini Index) and ENT (Entropy) branch-based DT algorithms performs well in terms of coverage. With respect to stability, considering both the similarity of the dominating rule or the similarity of the root node, the DT algorithm according to the ENT splitting criterion shows the best results.

Smart City operates with the purpose of solving urban problems. The important thing in smart city operation is that spatial information must be managed at a high level. In addition, it has the characteristics of being managed by one platform. This study presented the core value dimension of smart city based on analysis of various domestic and overseas smart city operation cases. Smart cities are basically operated based on spatial information, and the higher the level of spatial information, the more smart city services can be connected and managed in an integrated manner. The performance dimension of smart city core values presented in the study includes prosperity, personalization, convenience, accuracy, sustainability, safety, environment, integration, etc., and there is a connectivity dimension, a concept that can be managed in an integrated manner. This study will be useful for empirical research on smart city performance dimension design and surveys based on case studies. It will also help field managers who develop, operate, and manage smart cities when quantifying performance dimensions.