This study was carried out in order to evaluate the growth promotion effects on tomato crops and to assess the mineral nutrient concentrations of farm-made liquid fertilizers used in organic cultivation in South Korea. We hope that this study will help to develop of a standardized manufacturing technique for these organic liquid fertilizers. We collected 62 farm-made liquid fertilizers made from various raw materials including fish, seaweed, food scraps, plant and crop by-products, and other materials. Two groups of tomato seedlings were treated at different times, one at 20 days and the other at 40 days after sowing. We used both foliar and soil applications. These seedlings were treated using liquid fertilizers at various dilution rates (x1000, x500 and x100). When foliar application was used, seedlings after 20 days had a 20-30% increase in shoot fresh weight with 47-48 fertilizers and seedlings after 40 days had a 20-30% increase in shoot fresh weight with 17-32 fertilizers. When soil application was used, seedlings after 20 days had the same increase in shoot fresh weight with 30-31 fertilizers and seedlings after 40 days also saw the same increase with 6-7 fertilizers. Therefore, our studies showed that application of liquid fertilizers to seedlings 20 days after sowing was most effective and that foliar treatment was more effective than soil treatments. We also observed that the higher the concentrations of fertilizer, particularly when applied twice rather than just once, the higher the rates of growth, which promoted shoot fresh weight more than plant height. Our results imply that mineral nutrients in liquid fertilizers seem to be the probable cause for the growth promotion observed in this study. However, more study is required to determine exactly which mineral nutrients are most effective.

The acaricidal activity of extracts of Gleditsia japonica var. koraiensis, Camellia sinensis, Cinnamomum cassia, Lantana camara and their mixtures against the tea red spider mite, Tetranychus kanzawai was evaluated. Treatments with mixtures 3 and 1 were effective against the adult females of T. kanzawai and yielded 82.0% and 77.3% adulticidal activities at 7 days after treatment, respectively. Treatment with mixture 2 revealed 68.0% adulticidal activity. Generally, the acaricidal activity of the single treatment of each plant extract was lower than the mixtures. The adult females of T. kanzawai treated with mixtures 3 and 1 produced only 24.0~29.6% as many eggs as control females did. The residue of the plant extracts tested had low adulticidal activity (16.7~31.3% at 7 days after treatment). All the plant extracts tested exhibited no remarkable toxic effect to the eggs of T. kanzawai. Treatments of mixtures 3 and 1 were effective against nymphs of T. kanzawai and led to emergence rates of 16.7 and 22.0%, respectively. These results suggest that mixtures 3 and 1 might be used for the control of T. kanzawai in tea fields.

In recent years, the United States has used the Load Duration Curve (LDC) method to identify water pollution problems, considering the size of the pollutant load in the entire stream flow condition to effectively evaluate Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs). A study on the improvement of the target water quality evaluation method was carried out by comparing evaluations of two consecutive years of water quality and LDC data for 41 unit watersheds (14 main streams and 27 tributaries). As a result, the achievement rate of the target water quality evaluation method, according to current regulations, was 68-93%, and that by the LDC method was 82-93%. Evaluating the target water quality using the LDC method results in a reduction in the administrative burden and the total amount of planning as compared to the current method.

The susceptibility of the predatory mite, Neoseiulus californicus to extracts of Melia azedarach, Piper nigrum, Syringa velutina and their mixtures was evaluated in laboratory bioassays. In treatments with plant extracts tested, 76-86% of adult female predators survived after 7 days after treatment. Adult female predators treated with plant extracts tested produced 68.3-81.1% as many eggs as did control females and eclosion of eggs deposited by treated predators was not affected. Moreover, treatment of plant extracts tested showed no toxic effect on N. californicus eggs and produced 100% hatchability. Survival of N. californicus nymphs was not seriously affected by exposure to the plant extracts tested. Immatures of N. californicus survived on the leaf disc treated with plant extracts tested and 78-90% of immature predators reached adulthood. These results suggest that extracts of Melia azedarach, Piper nigrum, Syringa velutina and their mixtures expected to be promising candidates for use in integrated mite management program with N. californicus.

The susceptibility of the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae and the predatory mite, Phytoseiulus persimilis to extracts of Melia azedarach, Piper nigrum, Syringa velutina and their mixtures was evaluated in laboratory bioassays. Treatments of mixture 1 and 2 were effective against adult females of T. urticae and yielded 73.3 and 70.7% adulticidal activity at 7 days after treatment, respectively. Treatment of mixture 3 revealed 62.7% adulticidal activity. However, M. azedarach, P. nigrum and S. velutina had lower adulticidal activity than the other treatments. Adult females of T. urticae treated with mixture 1 and 2 produced only 11.1-16.7% as many eggs as control females did. All the plant extracts tested were ineffective to against the eggs of T. urticae. Plant extracts tested had little effect on the survival of P. persimilis adult females. Moreover, reproduction of P. persimilis adult females and eclosion of eggs deposited by treated predators were not seriously affected. Treatment of plant extracts tested showed no toxic effect on P. persimilis eggs and produced 100% hatchability. These results suggest that mixture 1 and 2 might be used for the control of T. urticae, and expected to be promising candidates for use in integrated mite management program with P. persimilis.

본 실험은 감과수원의 지표면 관리방법(녹비작물 재배, 초생재배, 청경재배)이 감 해충 발생량과 생물다양성에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 감 과수원의 녹비작물을 가해하는 해충은 알팔파바구미, 긴꼬리볼록진딧물, 아카시아진딧물 등 7종이며 가장 피해가 심한 해충은 알팔파바구미였으나 감나무에 피해를 주는 해충은 없었다. 과수원 지표면 피복식물에 서식하는 해충과 천적은 재배방법 즉 유기재배와 초생재배에 따라 발생량의 차이는 없었다. 차잎말이나방은 연 3회 발생최성기를 나타내는데 감나무에 피해는 경미하였으며 재배방법별 총 발생량은 유기재배 1,261마리, 관행초생재배 1,003마리, 청경재배 621마리로 청경재배 포장에 비해 지표면에 식물체가 존재하는 포장에서 발생량이 많았다. 복숭아순나방은 연 4회 발생하였는데 역시 감나무에 피해는 극히 적었다. 재배방법별 토양내 서식 미소동물 종과 개체수는 유기재배 22종 838개체, 초생재배 17종 421개체, 청경재배 15종 381개체였으며 종 풍부도는 유기재배 3.12, 초생재배 2.65, 청경재배 2.36으로 유기 > 초생 > 청경 순으로 개체수와 풍부도가 높았다.

This study was performed to investigate the recognition of Korean farmers for the safety of environment-friendly organic materials (EFOMs). The main purchase line of environment-friendly organic materials was the sustainable agriculture organizations, and decisive basis for the materials purchase was because they thought that agricultural produce cultivated with EFOMs were safe. Currently farmers obtained the most information about EFOMs through farmer’s education operated by agricultural technology center. Sixty nine percent of respondents hoped that they would get the information on the website and through official education opened by of the government or relative institutions. Whereas, only a few respondents hoped that they would get the information from the sellers. Therefore we thought that government and related institutions should operate the education program to give the sellers the scientific and accurate information about EFOMs. In addition, farmers are highly recognized the necessity of safety-related information provided by government and related institutions. Most Farmers thought that safety education for farmers using EFOMs was very important. Also, it was confirmed that farmer respondents thought to need to establish the shelf-life and user guideline and to label about toxic category of EFOMs. The Cronbach’ alpha coefficient calculated in order to verify the reliability of survey questions was 0.699. That value indicates that responses of the respondents in this study might be reliable.

‘호반’은 대립이며 종자 특성이 우수한 GWS91을 모본으로 하고 Lipoxygenase 2와 3이 결핍된 ‘진품콩’을 부본으로1995년도에 인공교배를 하고 1996년부터 1997년까지 F1-F2양성하였다. 1998년부터 2003년도에 F3 이후 세대를 전개하며 계통육종법으로 선발한 GSL95102-2B-16-5-1-1계통으로계통명은 ‘강원5호’이다. ‘호반’의 주요특성으로는 유한신육형이며 꽃색은 자색이고 엽형은 난형이다. 입형은 편구형이고종피색은 황색, 제색은 황색이며 100립중은 29.0 g으로 대립이다. 개화기는 7월 23일, 성숙기는 10월 5일로 ‘진품콩 2호’와 유사한 중만생종이다. 종실 성분중 조단백함량은 39.0%로‘진품콩 2호’와 유사하였고, 조지방 함량은 18.5%로 다소 높았다. 기능성 성분중 아이소플라본 함량이 1,995 ㎍/g 로‘진품콩 2호’보다 25% 높았으며, 콩 비린내 유발 효소인 Lipoxygenase 2가 결핍되었다. 조단백 함량은 ‘진품콩 2호’와 유사하였으나, 조지방 함량은 다소 높았고, 메주와 청국장가공 시 발효정도와 풍미가 ‘진품콩 2호’보다 양호하였으며,청국장 수율도 높았다. 수량성은 2004년부터 2006년까지 3년간 실시한 지역적응시험결과 단작지에서 2.69 MT/ha로‘진품콩 2호’ 2.62 MT/ha 대비 3% 증수하였고, 이모작지에서는 2.60 MT/ha로 ‘진품콩 2호’ 2.59 MT/ha와 차이가 없었다.

Greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes Vaporariorum, is the most important insect pest in environmental friendly tomato production. Natural enemies, Nesidiocoris tenuis and environmental friendly agricultural materials (EFAM) are major control agents in Korea. The aim of the present work is to evaluate release time of N. tenuis in controlling of T. vaporariorum and to select environmental friendly agricultural materials (EFAM) to suppress both T. vaporariorum and N. tenuis which if the density were high causing necrotic rings. Six EFAM selected to control of Trialeurodes Vaporariorum in three times spray with seven days intervals. Three EFAM showed high mortality 67.7~70.5% in spray after release plot but low in release after spray plot. It should be careful to spray with N. tenuis. When N. tenuis were early release at 7 days after transplanting which before occurring and establishment of greenhouse whitefly, it could suppress the density. Extracts of bead tree + matrin, matrin 1, Chrysanthemum showed high mortality on T. vaporariorum adults and N. tenuis. The results suggested that tms three EFAM could be control agents of the damage of necrotic rings from N. tenuis.

대왕'은 대립이며 종자 특성이 우수한 GWS91을 모본으로 하고 '석량풋콩'을 부본으로 1996년도에 인공교배를 하고 1997년부터 1998년까지 F1 - F2 양성하였다. 1999년부터 2001년도에 F3 - F5 세대를 계통육종법으로 선발한 GSL96202-2B-1-3-7계통으로 계통명은 '강원106호'이다. 주요 특성은 다음과 같다. 1. 유한신육형이며 꽃색은 자색이고 엽형은 난형이다. 입형은 구형이고 종피색은 황색, 제색은 황색이며 100립중은

This research was carried out to investigate invertebrate fauna with organic and conventional pear orchards, which used four collected methods; soil sampling for soil microorganism, pitfall, malaise, and black light trap for over ground species. Collected species were 37 species, 1,184 individuals in organic and 28 species, 501 individuals by soil sampling in conventional pear fields. Those were 38 species, 646 individuals and 29 species, 440 individuals by pitfall trap, 55 species 650 individuals and 47 species, 508 individuals by malaise trap, and 23 species, 201 individuals and 9 species, 42 individuals by black light trap. Collembola was collected 389 individuals in organic which was 5 times than in conventional in soil sampling. In pitfall trap, that was 183 individuals which was 3 times. The diversity indices of organic pear orchards were 1.956 in May, 2.638 in August and those of conventional was 1.426 in May, 2.011 in August in soil sampling. In pitfall trap, the dominant species were spiders, collembollan, and coleopteran. Among Coleoptera, indicator insects for the evaluation of agricultural environment suggested were Eusilpha jakowelewi as organic pear orchard and Anisodactykus punctatipennis and Pheropsophus jessoensis as conventional. Malaise trap was collected dominant species as Diptera and Hymenoptera of Braconidae and Ichneumonidae. The diversity indices of organic pear orchards were 2.952, 3.120, and 2.010 in pitfall, malaise and black light trap in over ground invertebrate sampling. The highest diversity was in malaise trap. The higher diversity indices, the lower dominance indices.

This study carried out to evaluate toxicology of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium and Melia azedarach against natural enemies in the laboratory, and the diamond backmoth, Plutella xylostella, on chinese cabbage. In the evaluation of the toxicity on predatory mite of phytoseiid Phytoseiulus persimilis, Hypoaspis aculeifer, Amblyseius cucumeris, A. wormersleyi, A. swirskii, the two plant extracts were classified into moderate selective toxicity as recommended by international organization of biocontrol (IOBC). The mummies parasitic natural enemies, Trichogramma evanescens, Aphidius ervi, Aphidius colemani, Eretmocerus eremicus, Encarsia formosa were found to be relatively safe to the plant extracts except Eretemocerus eremicus. In the field study for the control of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, single spray of C. cinerariefolium indicated that the control effect dropped from 21th days after the spraying. In the 3 times of spray with 7 says intervals, the mortality effect low at the beginning, but increased to 91.1 at 21 days after spraying. Single spray of M. azedarach showed a 96.7% mortality on P. xylostella at 14 days after spraying, and thereafter decreased. In the three times of spray with 7 days intervals of M. azedarach, the mortality of P. xylostella was 100% at 14 days and its effect was maintained to 28 days after treatment. Consequently, it was suggested that M. azedarach be sprayed before C. cinerariaefolium application.

This research was carried out to investigate the seasonal occurrence of major pests and the effects of releases of natural enemies for biological control of the major pests in eggplant greenhouse. A total of 8 pest species in 7 families were identified. Among these pests, Myzus persicae, Aphis gossypii, Frankliniella occidentalis, Tetranychus urticae and Trialeurodes vaporariorum were the dominant species in eggplant greenhouse. Two aphid species occurred mainly from May to June, but their populations decreased rapidly from July. The population density of F. occidentalis was high from June to July and T urticae and T vaporariorum were abundant from July to September during the growing season of eggplant. In the trials of biological control of pests, aphids could be suppressed within the range of 87~97% by two times releases of Chrysopa pallens eggs. F. occidentalis and T. urticae could be suppressed within the range of 76~90 and 87~91 % by three times releases of Orius sauteri adults, respectively. The releases of C. pallens eggs and O. sauteri adults were as effective as three times applications of insecticides for the control of aphids, F. occidentalis and T. urticae from May to September.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of plant extracts, Chrysanthimum cinerariefolium and Melia azedarach to natural enemies and management of two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae in organic strawberry fields in Jeonnam area. Plant extracts were highly toxic against Phytoseiulus persimilis, but low against Orius laevigatus. In the residual effect against Phytoseiulus persimilis, C. cinerariefolium showed lower level than M. azedarach which safe at least 1 day after spray. Emergence rates of parasitoids were about 40% at seven days after spray. Eretmocerus eremicus has very low emergence rate in treatment of M. azedarach, so it should release after spray of M. azedarach. To control of T urticae C. cinerariefolium (CC) sprayed first and then sprayed C. cinerariefolium or M. azedarach (MA) for two and three times at a week interval. In the treatment of CC+MA and CC+CC+MA, the density of T urticae was inhibited by 15th day but increased afterward. In CC+MA+CC, that of T urticae inhibit from 8 days but also increased after 15th day. In case of spray M. azedarach (MA) first, the treatment of MA+CC, MA+MA+CC, MA+CC+MA suppressed T urticae from the first day so the densy of T urticae maintained low level to 30 days after spray. It suggested that M. azedarach should spray first and then alternative spray. When C. cinerariefolium sprayed before and behind to release of P. persimilis, the density of P. persimilis maintained unchanged but could not suppress T. urticae after 8 days which T. urticae increase time. When M. azedarach sprayed, the density of T. urticae rapidly decreased. It was accompanied with P persimilis so T. urticae did not occur at 8 days after treatment.

이 연구는 남해안 중부해역의 여름철 전 후 단계를 나누어서 6월부터 10월까지의 2004-2006년 장기간 해양환경 모니터링 및 식물플랑크톤 군집구조를 파악함과 아울러, Cochlodinium 적조발생에 관한 해석에 이용되고자 하는 것이다. 조사해역은 득량만, 고흥연안, 여자만, 가막만, 광양만, 여수연안, 남해연안으로 총 16개 정점이다. 수온은 19−29℃ 범위로 여름철 여자만에서 두 정점 모두 가장 높은 29℃C, 27℃ 를 나타내었다. 그러나 8월을 제외한 6월, 7월, 9월, 10월에는 조사정점에 관계없이 큰 차이를 보여주지 않았다. 염분도는 7월과 8월에 여자만과 광양만에서 다른 조사해역에 비하여 약 5-6 정도 낮은 25-27를 나타내었다. 클로로필의 경우도 7월과 8월에 각 조사해역별 큰 차이를 보이고 있다. 특히 광양만은 최고 5배 정도 많은 15μgl−1 까지 보였다. 투명도는 수온, 염분도, 클로로필과 다르게 조사기간 동안 해역에 관계없이 거의 비슷한 수준인 2-5m 정도로 보여주고 있다. 용존무기질소도 조사해역 중 광양만의 경우 7월과 8월에 가장 높은 0.53mgl−1 까지 보여 10배 정도까지 차이를 보였으나, 용존무기인 상대적으로 큰 차이를 나타내지 못하고 있다. 용존무기질소와 클로로필의 관계를 보면 7월에는 임의 상관성을 보여 클로로필의 증가에 따른 용존무기질소가 급속히 소모됨을 알 수 있지만, 8월에는 거의 오히려 양의 상관성을 보여주고 있다. 식물플랑크톤의 평균 세포수는 7월과 8월에 500 cells ml−1 까지 나타내었고, 대부분 규조류의 비율이 60% 이상 출현되었으나, 8월에 와편모조류의 점유율이 20-30%까지 보였다. 우점종으로는 Skeletonema costatum이 2004년부터 2006년까지 전 해역에 걸쳐 가장 많이 출현되었다. 각 해역별에 출현하는 식물 플라크톤의 집괴분석에 따르면 상호 혼잡되어 분포 되는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 보면 여름철에 가장 큰 해양환경 변화를 보였고, 식물플랑크톤 중 S. costatum은 남해연안의 대표적인 기초생산 종으로 간주된다. 특히 여름철 Cochlodinium 적조는 득량, 가막, 고흥, 여수, 남해해역에서 3년 동안 계속해서 발생된 반면, 여자만과 광양만은 전혀 나타나지 않았다. 뚜렷한 차이점은 용존무기질소 Cochlodinium 적조 형성을 위한 요구량은 수중에 풍부하게 존재하고 있기보다는, 미량이라도 충분히 적조를 유발시키고, 외해역에서도 발생될 수 있다는 뒷받침을 하고 있다.

호남평야지에서 보리 후작 벼 담수표면직파재배시 파종 한계기를 설정하기 위하여 1998~1999 년에 호남농업시험장 수도포장인 전북통(미사질양토)에서 조생종 삼천벼, 상주벼, 오봉벼, 중생종 금오벼 1호, 주안벼를 공시하여 6월 5일, 6월 10일, 6월 15일, 6월 20일에 10 a당 7 kg씩 담수표면산파하여 생육 및 쌀 수량 등을 검토한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 입모율은 68~81% 로 파종시기가 빠를수록 입모율이 다소 높은 경향이었다. 2. 도복은 오봉벼, 주안벼에서 경미하게 발생하였으나 삼천벼, 상미벼, 금호벼 1호는 도복발생이 심했다. 3. 안전출수기로 본 파종한계기는 삼천벼, 상주벼, 오봉벼의 경우 6월 20일까지, 금오벼 1호와 주안벼는 6월 15일까지였다. 4. 쌀 수량은 6월 5일 파종과 6월 10일 파종은 파종기간에 별 차이가 없었으나 6월 15일 이후 파종에서는 수량감소가 컸다. 5. 따라서 호남평야지에서 보리 후작 벼 담수표면직파재배시 출수기, 수량 등을 고려한 파종한계기는 6월 10일이었다.

서남부 간척지에서 벼 담수표면직파재배시 토양 염농도 별 파종전 후 합리적인 물관리 방법을 구명하고자 2004~2005 년에 걸쳐 호남농업연구소 계화도출장소 시험포장인 세사양토(문포통)에서 남평벼를 공시하여 로타리 후 환수횟수와 파종 후 물관리 방법을 각기 달리하여 입모 및 쌀 수량등을 검토한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 저염토양에서는 로타리 후 1회 환수, 파종 후에는 낙수 관리해 주어야 입모가 양호하고 쌀 수량이 감소되지 않았다. 2. 중염토양에서는 로타리 후 3회 환수, 파종 후에는 담수관리 하되 2일 간격으로 환수를 실시해 주어야 입모가 양호하고 쌀 수량감소가 적었다. 3. 따라서 서남부 간척지에서 벼 담수표면직파재배시 입모 및 쌀 수량 등을 고려할 때 저염답에서는 로타리 후 1회 환수, 파종 후에는 낙수관리, 중염답에서는 로타리 후 3회 환수, 파종 후에는 담수관리하되 2일 간격으로 환수하는 것이 유리하다.

서남부 간척지에서 벼 담수표면산파재배시 토양 염분농도별 적정 파종량을 구명하고자 2003~2004 년에 걸쳐 호남 농업 연구소 계화도출장소 시험포장인 문포통(세사양토)의 저영답(토양 염농도 0.1%)과 중염답(토양 염농도 0.3%)에서 서간벼를 공시하여 파종량별 입모수, 생육, 수량 및 백미 외관 품위 등을 검토한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 입모수는 중염답보다 저염답에서 파종량이 증가할수록 많았다. 2. 간장과 수장은 중염답이 저염답보다 파종량이 증가할 수록 짧았으며, 도복은 토양염농도에 상관없이 파종량이 증가할수록 심했다. 3. 완전미 수량은 저염답에서는 파종량 5 kg/10a까지, 중염답에서는 파종량 7 kg/10a까지는 증가되었으나 그 이상의 파종량에 서는 수량이 증가하지 않았다. 4. 백미의 외관상 품위는 파종량이 증가할수록 저염답보다 중염답에서 완전미율이 낮았다. 5. 따라서 서남부 간척지에서 벼 담수표면산파재배시 입모, 벼 생육, 완전미 수량 및 백미의 외관상 품위 등을 고려할 때 적정 파종량은 저염답은 5~7kg/10a , 중염답은 7~9kg/10a 이 적당할 것으로 생각된다.