This study investigates the indoor air quality conditions of the total of 52 buses depend on seasons, time and others. We evaluated the CO₂and PM10, the controlled parameters in express buses by Ministry of Environment and VOCs and HCHO, the non-controlled parameters. The CO₂concentration during peak commute times was 38.5% in summer and 15.4% in autumn, which are higher than the normal. But, PM10 concentration was influenced by the outside air not number of passengers. The concentration of VOCs were not related with other parameters such as number of passengers, seasons, and driving time. And then, the formaldehyde concentration was not related with seasons as it showed little difference between summer and autumn.

The arched stone bridge has been continuously deteriorated and damaged by the weathering and corrosion over time, and also natural disaster such as earthquake has added the damage. However, masonry stone bridge has the behavior characteristics as discontinuum structure and is very vulnerable to lateral load such as earthquake. So, it is necessary to analyze the dynamic behavior characteristics according to various design variables of arched stone bridge under seismic loads. To this end, the arched stone bridge can be classified according to arch types, and then the discrete element method is applied for the structural modelling and analysis. In addition, seismic loads according to return periods are generated and the dynamic analysis considering the discontinuity characteristics is carried out. Finally, the dynamic behavior characteristics are evaluated through the structural safety estimation for slip condition.

The aim of this study is to investigate the awareness and satisfaction level of school meal services by elementary school students and their parents. Approximately 97.2% of student-subjects have agreed on the necessity of a free meal service for school lunch; 44.3% of student-subjects voiced the need to provide free meal services in order to eliminate discrimination of low-income students. Over one-third of student-subjects (36.7%) cited nutrition as the main benefit of providing a free meal service. The majority of parent-subjects (95.1%) have recognized the need for a free meal service in school; approximately 37.3% of parent-subjects responded to need the free meal service in order to eliminate the discrimination of impoverished students. Both student- and parent-subjects expressed a high level of satisfaction with the quality of ingredients and the type of soup/nutrition provided. Student-subjects insisted on better food hygiene and a new menu, but cited the noisy cafeteria as a problem associated with school meal services. In addition, approximately 56.5% of student-subjects responded to the need for nutritional education in school. Parent-subjects were primarily concerned with hygiene regarding the preparation of school meal services, noting the temperature of foods as the biggest problem in school meal services. The majority of parent-subjects (88.1%) responded to the need for the nutritional education in school. Results of this survey indicate that school meal services can be improved by increasing menu options and increasing food hygiene.

This paper presents the design, analysis, and experimental evaluations of precast reinforced UHPC (ultra high-performance concrete) beams with a new design concept of non-uniform flexural members. With outstanding mechanical properties of UHPC which can develop the compressive strength up to 200MPa, the tensile strengths up to 8~20MPa and the tensile strain up to 1~5%, a non-uniform structural shape of UHPC flexural beams were optimally designed using three-dimensional finite element analysis. The experiments were carried out and compared with the design strength in order to verify the performance of them. Proposed non-uniform UHPC beams were evaluated by a series of three-point beam loading test as well as estimated by design bending and shear strength of members. The newly designed UHPC beams show excellent performances not only in transverse load capacities but also in deformation capacities.

Stone pagoda structures have continued to be aged due to the combination of various damage factors. However, some studies on nonstructural damage have been carried out, but assessment studies on structural damage have not been done in various ways. Therefore, in this study, structural and nonstructural influencing factors according to the damage types are classified and the damage assessment according to the structural influencing factors affecting the behavior of the stone pagoda structure is performed. In addition, the damage rating classification criteria for each type of structural damages or damage locations are presented, and the damage index is calculated by providing the criteria for the classification of damage according to the degree of damage to which the damage is caused. Therefore, this study can evaluate quantitatively the damage status of stone pagoda structures.

아서 웨슬리 다우의 구성은 20세기 초 미국의 고전주의적 미술교육의 한계를 극복하기 위해 고안 된 새로운 미술교육법이다. 학생들은 구성을 통해 동양과 서양, 과거와 현재를 망라한 모든 시대와 양식의 미술로부터 구성의 기본요소인 선, 매스, 색채를 조화시키는 법을 스스로 발견하고, 그것을 바탕으로 자신만의 디자인을 창조할 수 있었다. 다우는 학생들에게 구성 디자인을 수공예로 만드는 실험도 권장하였다. 구성교육은 미국에서 유행한 아트 포터리 운동과 여성 도예가의 등장에 영향을 미쳤다는 점에서 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 아마추어 장식가였던 여성들이 구성교육 이후 독창적 도자기 디자인을 개발하게 되는 배경과 과정을 고찰하고, 도자기를 예술적으로 생산하는 프로페셔널 미술가의 지위를 획득한 여성 도예가들에게 미친 구성의 영향을 살펴보았다.

In current research, it was attempted a preliminary design and evaluation of non-uniform ultra high-strength concrete (UHSC) truss members. UHSC used here has the compressive strength of 180 MPa, the tensile strength of 8 to 20 MPa, and the tensile strain after cracks up to 2%. By the three-dimensional finite element stress analysis as well as strut-tie approach on concrete solid beams, the non-uniform truss shape of UHSC truss was designed with the architectural esthetic concept. In a series of examples, to compare with conventional concrete members, the proposed UHSC truss members have advantages in capabilities of the slender design with minimum weight with high performances under transverse loadings as well as the aesthetically non-uniform design for spatial structures.

이 연구는 17세기 초의 북부 네덜란드 화가 헨드릭 테르브루헨의 작품 <의심하는 토마스>에 초점을 맞추었다. 이 연구는 우선, 테르브루헨의 <의심하는 토마스>를 카라바조의 <의심하는 토마스>와 비교해 구도가 일치하지 않음을 강조했다. 다음으로, 이 연구는 테르브루헨의 작품을 감상했던 감상자들 이 작품 앞에서 서로 대화를 나누었음을 전제했다. 마지막으로, 이 연구는 감상자들이 테르브루헨의 작품 앞에서 성경원문과 그림전통의 차이에 대해 대화했음을 증명하려 했다. 이 연구의 목적은 테르브 루헨의 작품을 둘러싼 수용활동을 구체적으로 보여주는 것이다.

The International Organization for Standardization published ISO 9001 Quality Management System– Requirements in 1987 and has revised four times since then. ISO 9001:2015 is the latest edition. This latest edition has two most noticeable changes. The first major change of new edition focuses on performance with an emphasis on Risk-Based Thinking (RBT) to enhance the process approach. The new edition consists of ten clauses whose first three clauses are largely same as older edition but risks are clearly stated and stressed in last seven clauses, emphasizing on Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle at all levels in the organization. The second major change is that the new edition has the same overall structure as other ISO management system standards known as High Level Structure with Annex SL. In this article we aim to statistically analyze minor nonconformities found in different types of transition audits. We try to interpret the findings and summarize the implications of the statistical results.

In the current research, a seismic ceiling system as one of non-structural elements in buildings has been developed by applying newly designed vertical hanger clips combined with M-bar channel clips. In order to evaluate the seismic performance of the developed system, full-scale shaking table tests of one story frame structure with the conventional ceiling system or the developed seismic ceiling system were performed with time-history responses under earthquake loads. The developed system was also evaluated by the time-history dynamic analysis. From seismic test and analysis, it was shown that the developed seismic ceiling system could give improved seismic performances to minimize displacements and damages of ceiling systems as well as enhance seismic safety of the ceiling system.

In order to protect the health of students and to prevent environmental harm, the School Health Law has been enacted and enforced. In the current “School Health Law Enforcement Rule”, school facilities, such as student desks and chairs, are required to use a small amount of formaldehyde emission values. In this study, an analysis was conducted with the purpose of using the basic data for the adjustment of the present emission standard. The formaldehyde exposure trend in the classroom was evaluated by examining the newly purchased student desks and chairs. As a result of measuring the compound levels in ten schools, the new student desks and chairs seemed to have contributed little to indoor formaldehyde levels. Only one classroom out of ten schools exceeded the threshold of 100 μg/m³ in Class 2 (without new desks and chairs) [(2)103.7 μg/m³]. A measurement of the classrooms exposed to formaldehyde for more than 10 years did not exceed the standard value. It is also very likely to be a source of contamination due to the recent construction (within 6 months) of indoor building materials, which was the dominant feature of the nine new schools. Although the study comprised a limited measurement, the appraisal results are suitable for HCHO emission.

The purpose of this study is to develop correction formulas using the results of measurement by PMS 103, which is a weight method measuring device, and by Dusttrak (TSI, USA), DustMate (Turnkey Instrument Ltd., UK), and LD-5 (SIBATA, Japan), which are light scattering measuring devices. The objective is to evaluate and identify new standards (to develop a proposal) in order to complement the limitations of the existing measurement methods of public transportation vehicle indoor air quality by utilizing the three nephelometer type measuring devices. In the case of non-rush hours, the PMS values were estimated using an estimation regression equation. Statistically, the PMS values that were actually measured were not significantly different (p-value=0.4375, 0.4375, 1.000). With respect to the agreement between the two values, ICC was 0.99 in the case of the estimation regression equation using LD-5 values, 0.97 in the case of the estimation regression equation using Dusttrak values, and 0.84 in the case of the estimation regression equation using DustMate values to allow for the identification of agreement at greater levels. In the case of rush hours, the PMS values were estimated using an estimation regression equation. Statistically, the PMS values that were actually measured were not significantly different (p-value=0.3125, 0.6250, 0.8125). With respect to the agreement between the two values, ICC was 0.92 in the case of the estimation regression equation using LD-5 values, 0.91 in the case of the estimation regression equation using Dusttrak values, and 0.89 in the case of the estimation regression equation using DustMate values to allow for the identification of agreement at greater levels.

In response to growing needs for developing Korean Language teacher expertise and diverse Korean language learners, appropriate retraining programs are the key to successful Korean language education. The purpose of this study is to specify and guide program contents designed to retrain Korean language teachers for multicultural families. For this goal, a questionnaire survey was adopted as a main research tool and literatures on national and international teacher training were reviewed. One hundred thirteen teachers who attended multicultural teacher training programs were surveyed and their responses were analyzed in quantitative and qualitative ways. The results of the study showed that the factors affecting the programs are as follows: 1) In-depth Korean pedagogical content knowledge, 2) various, practical practices in Korean teaching methods, 3) developing and utilizing Korean teaching materials, 4) comprehension on assessment system, 5) understanding the uniqueness of immigrant students, 6) teachingreflection and sharing teaching moments, 7) developing strategy and direction for cultural pedagogy. Therefore, this study may shed light on shaping teaching expertise to build teacher development.

목적: Hyaluronic acid(HA)와 dopamine(DP)을 활용한 항산화 기능 하이드로겔 콘택트렌즈 (HCL)를 개발하고자 한다. 방법: 실험실에서 제조한 HCL에 Interpenetrating polymer network(IPN) 방법을 이용하여 분자량이 다른 두 종류의 HA(J&D CHEM, 10kDa(HCL-HA10), 100kDa(HCL-HA100))를 각각 첨가 시켰다. HA가 첨가된 HCL렌즈(HCL-HA)에 일정량의 dopamine(DP, Sigma Aldrich)을 첨가한 후 4℃ 진탕기에서 3일간 흔들어주며 유지하였다. 광투과율은 UV-Visible spectrophotometer(SHIMADZU, UV-165 PC)를 이용하여 300~800 nm 범위에서 측정하였으 며, 함수율은 0.9% NaCl 생리 식염수를 사용하여 gravimetric method로 측정하였다. 렌즈에 결합된 DP는 298nm에서 UV 흡광도를 측정하여 정량하였다. 렌즈의 항산화 효과는 ABTS(2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)) radical 소거능 분석 방법을 이용하여 측정하였다. 결과: 광투과율은 HCL과 HA가 첨가된 렌즈(HA10, HA100) 모두에서 90% 이상으로 나타났다. 함수율은 HCL에서 45%로 나타났으며, HA가 첨가된 렌즈에서는 HCL보다 모두 5% 이상 증가 하였다. 렌즈 표면에 결합된 DP의 양은 HCL-HA10-DP과 HCL-HA100-DP에서 0.056, 0.082 mmol/cm2 이었다. 항산화 효과는 HCL과 DP 첨가 전인 HCL-HA 렌즈에서는 관찰할 수 없었다. 반면, DP가 첨가된 HCL-HA10-DP과 HCL-HA100-DP 렌즈에서는 41.10%와 57.21%로 각각 나타나 매우 높은 항산화 효과를 보유함을 확인할 수 있었다. 결론: 하이드로겔 콘택트렌즈(HCL)에 고분자인 HA를 첨가한 후에도 90% 이상의 광투과율을 나타낸 것은 IPN 방법이 고분자 첨가에 효과적임을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 첨가된 HA에 포함된 다수의 비이온성 하이드록실기(hydroxyl group)에 의해 콘택트렌즈의 함수율이 증가한 것으 로 생각된다. 도파민이 결합된 콘택트렌즈에서 높은 항산화효과를 확인할 수 있었으며, HA와 아마이드(amide) 결합이 더 많이 일어나는 HCL-HA100-DP에서 더 높은 항산화 효과를 나타낸 것으로 생각된다.

The International Organization for Standardization published ISO 9001 Quality Management System – Requirements in 1987 and has revised four times since then. ISO 9001:2015 is the latest edition and organizations are supposed to obtain the certificate of the new version registration by late 2018. This latest edition has two most noticeable changes. The first major change of new edition focuses on performance with an emphasis on Risk-Based Thinking (RBT) to enhance the process approach. The new edition consists of ten clauses whose first three clauses are largely same as older edition but risks are clearly stated and stressed in last seven clauses, emphasizing on Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle at all levels in the organization. The second major change is that the new edition has the same overall structure as other ISO management system standards known as High Level Structure with Annex SL.In this article we pursue to explain the basic concept of Risk-Based Thinking and describe six steps of Risk-Based Thinking using a realistic example. We enumerate all possible risks that can be occurred in organizations and propose a specific risk management procedure that the quality managers of organizations can systematically implement.

조본 연구는 태안 안면도 모감주나무군락(천연기념물 제 138호)과 완도 대문리 모감주나무군락(천연기념물 제 428호)을 대상으로 천연기념물의 존속을 저해하는 외부요 인과 문제점을 분석하여 대상지에 맞춤형 보전관리 방안을 마련하고자 하였다. 실태조사는 2016년에 3회(봄, 여름, 가을)에 걸쳐 식물상, 매목조사, 생육상태, 후계목 실태, 주 변시설물, 관리실태 등을 조사하였다. 태안 모감주나무군락 에는 60과 109속 115종 11변종 4품종 3아종 총 133분 류군이 출현하였다. 모감주나무는 높이 2~8m로 253개체 생육하고 상태는 양호하며, 후계목은 비교적 넓은 공간에서 발아에 의한 치수가 발달하고 있으나 무차별적인 하예작업 으로 후계목이 감소하고 있는 추세이다. 외곽에는 보호책, 지주, 안내판 등이 설치되어 있지만 탐방로와의 거리가 가 깝고 구역내로 출입이 잦아 위협요인으로 작용하고 있다. 완도 모감주나무군락에는 46과 76속 76종 10변종 총 86 분류군이 출현하였다. 모감주나무는 높이 2~17m로 600 개체가 생육하고 상태는 양호하며, 후계목은 모감주나무군 락 가장자리와 여유 공간에서 발아에 의한 치수가 발달하였 다. 시설물은 안내판, 보호책, 경고문 등이 설치되어 있으나 일부 구간이 손상되어 있고, 주변에 농자재와 어구들이 무 차별하게 버려져 있어 위협요인으로 작용하고 있다. 천연기 념물의 보전관리를 위해서는 보호구역내 상시관리 강화와 하층식생 정비방법 개선, 개체군 유지를 위한 정기모니터링 및 생육환경 개선, 인위적 피해 방지를 위한 지역주민 참여 강화 등의 보전관리 방안이 마련되어야 할 것이다.