Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are capable of differentiating into mesenchymal tissue such as bone, cartilage, muscle, and adipose, and have been isolated and characterized from various species. Deer adipose tissue-derived MSCs (dAD-MSCs) have not been studied and deer bone marrow-derived MSCs (dBM-MSCs) have not been fully characterized. In this study, we firstly isolated MSCs from deer tissues and then compared characteristics of dAD-MSCs and dBM-MSCs. dAD-MSCs and dBM-MSCs exhibited significant increase in proliferation under low-glucose DMEM culture condition during 20 and 10 passages consecutive passages, respectively. Both cells expressed cell surface markers such as CD73, CD90, and CD105, but did not express CD34 and CD45. Two types of cells expressed stemness markers (Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog) and exhibited differentiation potential into mesodermal lineages. Both cells exhibited osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation potential, but poor adipogenic differentiation potential. Specifically, dAD-MSCs have a greater capacity for chondrogenic differentiation potential compared to dBM-MSCs. Collectively, we successfully isolated dAD-MSCs from deer for the first time. This study suggests that adipose tissue of deer could be used as a source of deer MSCs.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells capable of replicating as undifferentiated cells, and have the potential of differentiating into mesodermal lineages. Goats are commonly used as animal models for bone tissue engineering to test the potential of stem cells for bone regeneration. Goat MSCs isolated from bone marrow (BM) or adipose tissue (AD) should be evaluated using in vitro assays, prior to their application in a tissue engineering project. In this study, we compared the stem cell properties of MSCs derived from goat AD, BM and ear skin tissue (ESK). As results, BM and ESK-MSCs exhibited a spindle-shaped morphology comparable to that of AD-MSCs. Especially, BM-MSCs could be cultured for significantly longer periods and exhibited the greatest expansion capacity, whereas AD-MSCs had the shortest culture time and lowest growth rate. Also, we compared differentiation potentials of AD, BM and ESK-MSCs into adipogenic, chondrogenic, and osteogenic lineages through specific staining and quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Collectively, we successfully isolated ESK-MSCs from goat for the first time. This study suggests that adult skin tissue of goat could be used as a source of goat MSCs. Further studies are needed to show the more information for establishment and fully characterization of goat ESK-MSCs.

To enhance the thermal properties of epoxy composites, expanded graphite (EG) was oxyfluorinated and embedded into epoxy resin as a reinforcement. The maximum thermal conductivity was obtained for epoxy composites with oxyfluorinated EG, representing a 62% increase compared to that of neat epoxy. Additionally, the glass transition temperature (Tg) and integral procedural decomposition temperature of epoxy composites with oxyfluorinated EG show the increase of 6% (4.4 °C) and 106% (264 °C), respectively, which indicated the improvement in thermal stability. These results can be attributed to the interfacial interaction between epoxy and oxyfluorinated EG, which formed strong interfacial interactions between the epoxy resin and EG due to the presence of oxygen- and fluorine-containing functional groups in oxyfluorinated EG.

본 연구의 목적은 농가의 사회·경제적 특성을 조사하여 대상 지역 쌀 생산의 기술적 효율성 수준을 분석하는 것이다. 또한 이 연구에서는 캄보디아의 쌀 생산성 수준에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 확인하고자 하였다. 이 연구에 사용된 정보는 2016년에 캄보디아 남부에 위치 하는 다케오주의 트람꺽군과 키리웡군에서 무작위로 선택된 80개의 농가를 면접 조사한 자료이다. 농가의 사회·경제적 특성을 조사하기 위하여 기술 관련 통계 자료가 활용되었다. 또한 inputorientation data envelopment analysis는 기술적 효율성 점수를 추정하는데 사용되었다. 더불어 Tobit regression은 쌀 생산의 효율성 수준에 영향을 미치는 요인을 확인하는데 사용되었다. 연구 결과에 따르면 연구 결과에 따르면 연구 분야 농가의 평균 기술 효율은 0.67인 반면, 쌀 생산업자들은 같은 생산 수준을 유지하면서도 투입 비용을 33% 절감할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 다케오주의 뜨람꺽군 및 키리웡군의 쌀 생산의 효율성 수준에 영향을 미치는 네 가지 요인이 발견되었다. 토빗 회귀분석 결과, 가장의 성별, 가장의 주요 직업, 쌀의 재배 횟수를 포함한 요인들이 기술적 효율성에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 반면 심어진 종자와 품종은 기술적 효율성에 부정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 추정되었다. 쌀 생산 규모의 효율성은 0.80로 분석되었으며, 이는 농민들이 적정 규모에 가깝게 운영 하고 있음을 나타낸다. 이는 생산관련 비효율의 원인이 투입 자원의 잘못된 배분이나 부적절한 사용으로 인한 것임을 의미 한다.

Climate and atmospheric carbon dioxide are significant factors in ecological risk assessments, suggesting their consideration is required in predicting potential distribution of a invasive species. CLIMEX model is one of species distribution models (SDMs) and provides potential geographical distribution by focusing on climatic effect on species inhabitation. Most SDMs, such as Bioclim, Domain, GARP and MaxEnt, focus on relationship between the occurrences of the species and static environmental covariates, whereas CLIMEX model depends on limitations of species' geographical distribution and reactions to climatic variables at an appropriate temporal scale (called seasonal phenology). In this study, we described the basic concept of CLIMEX and reviewed previous applications. Also, we demonstrated the various utilization of CLIMEX differed by study purposes and methodology for analyzing the model.

The red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) is categorized into the world’s 100 worst invasive alien species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Accordingly, the prediction of potential distribution of the red imported fire ant is demanded in order to provide the possibility of dispersion into new sites, and to identify vulnerable regions to be attacked. In general, species distribution model can predict potential distribution of a specific species, but most of them have used air temperature as the most important variable. However, red imported fire ant has life cycle under ground, requiring soil temperature for more reliable prediction of potential habitats. For this reason, this study was to insert soil temperature into CLIMEX, and to evaluate potential distribution of the red imported fire ant.

Solenopsis geminata has been found in South Korea, suggesting a risk of its invasion has been increased by rapid climate change. This situation requires species distribution modeling to predict possibility of Solenopsis geminata introduction, but information necessary for performing it is very limited. In this study, we developed a map for global distribution of Solenopsis geminata so that the map can be used for future species distribution modeling. Also, as the first step to assess Solenopsis geminata introduction, climatic similarity between its origin (Puerto Rico) and major cities in South Korea was compared. We used ArcMap (version 10.0) for creating the distribution map by obtaining current habitat from public database, and CLIMEX was used to compare climates based on CMI value. The result showed that climates were not similar as indicated by CMI less than 0.52, suggesting the risk of intial introduction is low under the current climatic condition. However, it should be noted that climatic similarity did not consider biological characteristics of Solenopsis geminata and climate change. Thus, the next study will be devoted to climatic suitability simultaneously considers meteorological data, distribution and biological information.

수노랑나비(Chitoria ulupi (Doherty, 1889))는 한반도 전역에 국지적으로 분포하는 종으로, 국외의 경우 인도, 미얀마, 라오스, 중국, 대만 등에 서식하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 이 종에 대한 생활사는 김과 서(2012)에 의해 확인된 유생기와 번데기의 형태 등이 일부 보고 된 것 이외에는 알려진 바가 없다. 본 연구에서는 한국산 수노랑나비의 생태적 습성(성충 산란행동, 점유행동, 짝짓기, 먹이습성 등)과 미성숙단계 (알, 유충, 번데기)의 형태적 특징 등 생활사 전반에 대하여 보고 하고자 한다.

The Nitidulidae includes 10 subfamilies and over 350 genera and 4500 species and is the largest family in Cucujoidea. We place the enigmatic subfamily Calonecrinae into the internal relationship of Nitidulidae, a comprehensive molecular phylogenetic analysis was performed using five gene regions (COI, 28s, CAD, H3, Wingless) for 80 taxa. We included 73 ingroup taxa representing nine of the ten currently recognized subfamilies of Nitidulidae and 7 outgroups. The phylogenetic results are consistent with prior molecular studies, that include a polyphyletic Nitidulinae with the inclusion of Meligethinae and Cillaeinae and that the Calonecrinae is sister taxon to Epuraeinae. Ancestral state reconstruction of feeding behavior indicates that stem group nitiduilds were most probably sap-feeding with transitions to other feeding types independently derived multiple times.

The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith is a noctuid moth endemic throughout the Western Hemisphere that has recently become widespread in sub-Saharan Africa. In Asia, FAW was firstly reported at corn fields in India, SriLanka, Bangladeshi, Miyanmar and Thailand in 2018. In January 2019, FAW was also found in Yunnan province of China. In March 2019, the larvae which could be tentatively identified as FAW were caught at a corn field of Plant Protection Center of Lao PDR, which is located in Vientiane, Laos. Species identification was confirmed by DNA barcoding using the COⅠ segment of the four larvae, which were found to be the haplotype of rice strain (COⅠ-RS). The host strain identity was additionally analysed as a Tpi-C (C-strain allele) by Triosephosphate isomerase gene (Tpi) segment located on the Z sex chromosome. The result shows that the FAW specimens in Lao is the subpopulation of COⅠ-RS/Tpi-C (COⅠ and Tpi haplotype combination). It was reported that COⅠ-CS/Tpi-C were more frequently observed than COⅠ-RS/Tpi-C in Western Hemisphere and Western Africa, but COⅠ-RS/Tpi-C were more frequently observed in Eastern Africa. It can be supposed that the subpopulation of COⅠ-RS/Tpi-C in Lao is one of the subpopulations which have migrated into the Indochinese peninsula from Eastern Africa, with more detailed analysis for more diverse nationwide specimens left.

Pear psyllids belong to the most serious pests of pear. They damage pear trees by excessive removal of phloem sap, by soiling the fruits with honeydew which, in turn, provides a substrate for sooty mold, and by transmission of Candidatus Phytoplasma, the causal agents of the pear decline disease. The morphological similarity, the presence of seasonal dimorphism that affect adult colour, size and wing characters, and uncritical use of species names, led much confusion in the taxonomy of pear psyllid species. As a result, pear psyllids have been frequently misidentified. Here we analysed DNA barcodes of eleven pear psyllid species from eastern Asia, Europe and Iran using four mitochondrial gene fragments. The efficiency of identification was notably high and considerable barcoding gaps were observed in all markers. Our results confirm the synonymies of the seasonal forms. Previous misidentifications are also corrected. There is no evidence for the presence of European pear psyllid species in East Asia.

Pesticide application in agriculture provides significant benefits such as protection from disease, prevention of harmful insects, and increased crop yields. However, accurate toxicological tests and risk assessments are necessary because of many related adverse effects associated with pesticide use. In this review, we discuss and analyze residual pesticides contained in livestock feed in Korea. A pesticide residue tolerance standard for livestock feed has not been precisely established; so, risk assessments are required to ensure safety. Standards and approaches for animal criteria and appropriate methods for evaluating residual pesticides are discussed and analyzed based on technology related to animal product safety in Korea. The safety of livestock feed containing pesticides is assessed to establish maximum residue limits relative to pesticides. Analysis of residual pesticides in milk, muscle, brain, and fat was performed with a livestock residue test and safety evaluation of the detected pesticide was performed. Efficacy of organic solvent extraction and clean-up of feed was verified, and suitability of the instrument was examined to establish if they are effective, rapid, and safe. This review discussed extensively how pesticide residue tolerance in livestock feed and hazard evaluation may be applied in future studies.

TiO2-doped activated carbon fibers (ACFs) were successfully prepared as capacitive deionization (CDI) electrode materials by facile ultrasonication-assisted process. ACFs were treated with titanium isopropoxide (TTIP) and isopropyl alcohol solutions of different concentrations and then calcinated by ultrasonication without heat-treatment. The results show that a certain amount of anatase TiO2 was present on the ACF surface. The specific capacitance of the TiO2-doped ACF electrode was remarkably improved (by 93.8% at scan rate of 50 mV s–1) over that of the untreated ACF electrode, despite decreases in the specific surface area and total pore volume upon TiO2 doping. From the CDI experiments, the salt adsorption capacity and charge efficiency of the sample with TTIP percent concentration of 15% were found to considerably increase by 71.9 and 57.1%, respectively. These increases are attributed to the improved wettability of the electrode, which increases the number of surface active sites and facilitates salt ion diffusion in the ACF pores. Additionally, the Ti-OH groups of TiO2 act as electrosorption sites, which increases the electrosorption capacity.

Some of the deicer ingredients are the same as fertilizer ingredients from agricultural activities. The goal of this study is to distinguish the components of highway deicer from the components used for agriculture. Among the deicer ingredients, Ca and Cl are substances which can be supplied by fertilizer or livestock manure. However, fertilizer and livestock manure contain plenty of nitrogen, organic matter, phosphoric acid and magnesium, including deicer ingredients. The soil physico-chemical characteristics were analyzed according to the distance from the highway. The physico-chemical analysis items of the soil include electrical conductivity, total nitrogen (TN), available phosphate (Av.P), organic matter (OM), ammonia nitrogen (NH4-N), Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC). In the case of effective phosphoric acid, leaching into the subsoil is very low due to various binding mechanisms in the soil. However, it is considered that the compost (fertilizer) applied to the topsoil is mixed with the soil by the tillage or flattening operation. In addition to the organic matter content of the subsoil appear to 10% or more is that in some cases exhibit a similar level as the topsoil. The average soil organic matter content of about 2.6%. This results shows that an excess of organic compost in the study area flows into subsoil and was mixed with the subsoil. The high EC value at the points outside the snow removal effect range level is not considered to be affected by the deicer. The results of the survey showed that the values were differently detected by agricultural activities, and that they should be approached in a complex way in their interpretation.