Calcia (CaO) stabilized cubic-HfO2 is studied by density functional theory (DFT) with generalized gradient approximation (GGA). When a Ca atom is substituted for a Hf atom, an oxygen vacancy is produced to satisfy the charge neutrality. The lattice parameter of a 2×2×2 cubic HfO2 supercell then increases by 0.02 Å. The oxygen atoms closest to the oxygen vacancy are attracted to the vacancy as the vacancy is positive compared to the oxygen ion. When the oxygen vacancy is located at the site closest to the Ca atom, the total energy of HfO2 reaches its minimum. The energy barriers for the migration of the oxygen vacancy were calculated. The energy barriers between the first and the second nearest sites, the second and the third nearest sites, and the third and fourth nearest sites are 0.2, 0.5, and 0.24 eV, respectively. The oxygen vacancies at the third and fourth nearest sites relative to the Ca atom represent the oxygen vacancies in undoped HfO2. Therefore, the energy barrier for oxygen migration in the HfO2 gate dielectric is 0.24 eV, which can explain the origin of gate dielectric leakage.

Tetragonal-Ni1-xPdxSi/Si (001) structure was studied by using density functional theory (DFT). An epitaxial interface between 2×2×4 (001) tetragonal-NiSi supercell and 1×1×2 (001) Si supercell was first constructed by adjusting the lattice parameters of B2-NiSi structure to match those of the Si structure. We chose Ni atoms as a terminating layer of the B2-NiSi; the equilibrium gap between the tetragonal-NiSi and Si was calculated to be 1.1 Å. The Ni atoms in the structure moved away from the original positions along the z-direction in a systematic way during the energy minimization. Two different Ni sites were identified at the interface and the bulk, respectively. The two Ni sites at the interface have 6 and 7 coordination numbers. The Ni sites with coordination number 6 at the interface were located farther away from the interface, and were more favorable for Pd substitution.

본 실험은 작물의 양』분 흡수율에 근거하여 배추과 엽채류 수경재배에 적합한 배양액을 개발하고자 수행되었다. 원예연구소 배양액(NSH액) 1배액을 기준으로 1/2배액, 1배액, 3/2배액으로 25일간 담액 수경재배 했을 때 청경채와 겨자채는 3/2배액, 케일은 1배액에서 생육이 좋았다. 작물의 양수분 흡수율을 산정하여 얻은 평균 양이온 비는 K 49.5%, Ca 35.8%, Mg 14.7% 였으며, 배추과 작물에 적합한 배양액 N 14, P 3, K 6.8, Ca 4.8, Mg 2m·L-1을 개발하였다 개발 배양액을 평가하기 위해 2003년 9월부터 2004년 10월까지 공시 작물을 4회 재배하였다. 개발 배양액에서 작물을 재배했을 때 빠른 상대생장률과 함께 생육이 1.1~2.5배, 비타민 C 함량은 1.06~l.52배 증가하였다. 개발 배양액에 적합한 작물로는 겨자채 'Asia curled', 'Asia redcurled' 및 'Pamagreen', 케일 'TBC', 'Portugal' 및 'Manchu collard', 잎브로콜리 'New green', 천경채, 방울다다기양배추 'Green king'와 'Red king', 홍채태, 쌈추 등으로 생육과 항산화 성분인 비타민 C함량 증가를 통해 기능성 엽채류 생산이 가능하였다.

The present study investigates the effects of teaching activity-based integrative reading and writing on the amelioration of written language in the elementary school classroom. This study was conducted during the first semester in 2003. The subjects were 160, 6th year elementary school students. They were divided into two groups, control and experimental. Both the control group and the experimental group were composed of 80 students each. Each group was divided into three levels: high, intermediate, and low, on the basis of a diagnostic evaluation. All the subjects of the experimental group were integratively taught reading and writing of the English alphabet, words, phrases, sentences, and context, according to their level. All the subjects of the control group were discretely taught reading and writing according to their curriculum and level. They were also given a questionnaire of affective and psychomotor domains. Statistical analyses were performed to determine: (a) the difference of the control and experimental groups, (b) the difference between the control and experimental groups, (c) the difference of their level (high, intermediate, and low) of the control and experimental groups on reading and writing in the pre- and post- achievement tests, and (d) the difference of the level of the control and experimental groups on the affective and psychomotor domains such as interest, self-confidence, understanding, participation, and motivation of reading and writing in the pre- and post- achievement tests. The results of this study reveal that significantly higher scores on the written language were obtained in the experimental group. The difference between the control group and the experimental group was not significant at the beginning of the term. However, the difference was significant at the end of the term. It was also found that in the experimental group, interest was improved at the intermediate level. Self-confidence and understanding were improved at the intermediate and low levels, and participation was improved at the low level. It is recommended that researchers and teachers develop integrative materials of reading and writing more widely according to the level.

참외재배시 저광도 조건시 상품수량의 급격한 저하를 막기 위하여 본 연구가 수행되었다. 과실 비대기에 해당되는 착과후 10일부터 400 μmol.m-2.S-1정도의 저광도 조건이 지속되면 광합성 속도도 떨어지고, 엽록소 함량도 낮았으며 특히 요소 무엽면시비구의 광합성속도는 크게 저하되었다 당도에 있어서는 자연광에 비해 저광도 처리구가 전반적으로 낮았는데, 착과수가 많고 무엽면시비구일수록 낮았다. 발효과 발생률은 요소 엽면시비 유무에 관계없이 자연광에서는 4% 미만으로 발생되었는데, 저광도 조건에서는 10% 이상 발생되었다. 특히 저광도 조건에서 적과수를 적게 한 처리구일수록 발효과 발생률이 높았는데, 적과를 하지 않은 처리구는 각각 39와 48%로 매우 높은 발생율을 보였다. 수확시기 지연은 요소 엽면시비 유무와 관계없이 자연광에 비해 저광도 조건에서 늦어지는 경향을 보였는데, 적과수가 적을수록 지연정도는 심했다 주당 상품수량에 있어서는 저광도 조건하에서 자연광에 비해 16∼34% 수준 정도로 매우 낮은 수량을 보였는데, 요소 0.5% 액을 엽면시비하고 2개를 적과한 처리구가 34%수준으로 자연광에 비해 다른 처리보다 높은 상품수량을 보였다. 따라서 참외재배시 과실 착과후 10일경부터 강우 등에 의해 장기간 저광도 조건이 지속될 것으로 전망되면 상품수량의 급격한 저하를 막기 위하여 주당 6개의 착과 과실중에서 2개를 적과하고, 요소 0.5%액을 2회 정도 엽면시비 해주는 것이 바람직 할 것으로 사료된다.

Phytic acid, making up 1-5% of the composition of many plant seeds and cereals, is known to form iron-chelates and inhibit lipid peroxidation. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), as an indication of lipid peroxidation, were measured in beef round, chicken breast, pork loin, and halibut muscle after the meats were stored for 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 days at various temperatures [frozen (-20℃), refrigerator (4℃), and room temperature (25℃)]. Phytic acid effectively inhibited lipid peroxidation in beef round, chicken breast, halibut, and pork loin muscle (p$lt;0.05). The inhibitory effect of phytic acid was dependent on concentration, storage time, and temperature. At frozen temperature, the inhibitory effect of phytic acid was minimal, whereas at room temperature, the inhibitory effect of phytic acid was maximal, probably due to the variation of the control TBARS values. At the concentration of 10 mM, phytic acid completely inhibited lipid peroxidation in all the muscle foods by maintaining TBARS values close to the level of the controls, regardless of storage time or temperature (p$lt;0.05). The rate of lipid peroxidation was the highest in beef round muscle, although they had a close TBARS value at 0 day. Addition of phytic acid to lipid-containing foods such as meats, fish meal pastes, and canned seafoods may prevent lipid peroxidation, resulting in improvement of the sensory quality of many foods and prolonged shelf-life.

The role of cytochrome P-450 2E1 (P450 2E1) in the early phase of alcoholic fatty liver was examined. Female rats were pretreated with either allyl sulfide (200 mg/kg, po), disulfiram (500 mg/kg, po), YH 439 (250 mg/kg, po) or pyrazine (200 mg/kg/day × 2 days, ip). Marked changes in carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity and carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) elevation due to dichloromethane administration were observed in rats treated with one of the P450 2E1 modulators. A single dose of ethanol (6 g/kg, po) increased the hepatic triglyceride contents approximately 2 fold, which was inhibited completely by YH 439 pretreatment. However, the other P450 2E1 modulators failed to alter the ethanol-induced hepatic triglyceride accumulation. In vitro hepatic microsomal enzyme activity was determined in 4 week old premature and 12 week old adult rats. Aminopyrine-N demethylation was not different, but p-nitrophenol hydroxylation and p-nitroanisole O-demethylation were significantly higher in premature rats compared to adult indicating that the P450 2E 1 activity decreases with the maturity of rats. However, no difference in the triglyceride accumulation induced by an intraperitoneal dose of ethanol (3 g/kg) was noted between premature and adult rats. The results suggest that the P450 2E1 activity dose not play an important role in the induction of acute alcoholic fatty liver.

This study was carried out to examine substrate removal characteristics with the variation of the hydraulic retention time in an anaerobic filter. The feed concentration of synthetic wastewater used in the experiment was $10,000mg/l$ glucose. As media, the porosity of volcanic stones in Jeju island were 76%. The conditions of the experiment were as follows; HRT ranging from 1 day to 3 day, loading rates ranging from 3.33kg $COD_{er}/void\;m^3.day$ to 10kg $COD_{er}/void\;m^3.day$ and a temperature $35^{\circ}C$. Based on the results of the experiments, the COD removal efficiency was 98~99% in $COD_{er}$ method with loading rates ranging from 3.33kgCOD/void $m^3.day$ to 10kg COD/void $m^3.day$ and HRT ranging from 1day to 3 day. The produced quantity of gas equivalant to a porosity volume was $1.332~3.756Nm^3/void\;m^3.day$. The relationship between $COD_{er}$ loading rates and gas produced quantity equivalant to a porosity volume was well fitted with the equation of $Nm^3/void\;m^3.day{\cdot}=0.359L_0+0.179$($L_0=COD$ loading rate). Judging from the removal efficiency in this experiment, We concluded that anaerobic filter using Volcanic stones is one of improved and effective. As media, practical value of volcanic stones is sufficient.

The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between elementary school students’ self-confidence in English as a foreign language and their assessment of English teaching taught by native speaker English teachers. A total of 126 elementary school students were asked on a 5-point Likert scale instrument to assess their native English teachers in terms of their teaching ability, provision of opportunity to use English, classroom management, and language assessment ability. In addition, the subjects were asked to rate how much they were confident with their English. All of the responses were submitted to the SPSS 22 version for statistical analyses. Firstly, the subjects were divided into 3 groups based on how much they felt confident with their English. Secondly, a MANOVA was run to investigate any group differences in how they perceive their native speaker teachers’ teaching ability, provision of opportunity, and language assessment ability. The results indicated that language confidence was indeed an important variable not only in subjects’ learning English but also how they perceived their English learning experience as a whole. Pedagogical implications for improving elementary school children were also discussed.