The objective of this study was to identify the immediate effects of the short leg brace on the weight bearing distribution and gait patterns of hemiplegic patients. The subjects of this study were 18 hemiplegic patients who had been hospitalized or visited out-patient department of Rehabilitation Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, from January 5, 1996 through March 23, 1996. PLS(Posterior Leaf Spring) on and off changes in gait patterns were measured using ink foot print as well as by recording weight bearing distribution using a limb load monitor. The data were analyzed by the correlation and paired t-test. The findings were as follows: 1. Eighteen subjects were more weighted on the affected leg when PLS was put off(42.74%) than on(40.08%). 2. The defference in gait patterns between PLS on and off was statistically significant, with an increase in step length by 1.7cm on the involved side; a decrease in foot angle by 4.41 degree on the involved side; and a narrowing of base of support by 1.46cm when PLS were off. In conclusion, this study showed that PLS did not affect the weight bearing distribution and gait patterns of hemiplegic patients. Since, the evaluation method used in this study has limitations in regard to temporal distance gait values. Further studies are required to numerous experiments for subject and extensive study.

Two standard methods of cane length measurements were compared to find which methods really achieve the elbow flexion of 20 degrees to 30 degrees Twenty-four patients with hemiplegia who were ambulatory participated in this study. Method I : Length of the cane measured from the floor to the top of the greater trochanter. Method II : Length of the cane measured from the floor to the distal wrist crease with the arm at the side. Using an adjustable cane, each individual was fitted according to the two methods, and elbow angle was measured after each adjustment. The elbow angle according to Method I and Method II was , , respectively. No significant difference was found in the elbow angle or the cane length between the two methods. Of the 24 participants, 5(20.8%) measured according to method I and 3(12.5%) measured according to method II showed the elbow angle between 20 degrees and 30 degrees. These low predictive rates of agreement between ideal cane length and actually achieved elbow angle showed that these two methods which have conventionally been accepted as a standard to measure ideal cane length need to be revised through further research.

Spasticity has been defined as a motor disorder characterised by a velocity-dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes with exaggerated tendon jerks resulting in hyperexcitability of the stretch reflexes as one component of the upper motor neuron syndrome. Weakness and loss of dexterity, however, are considered to be more disabling to the patient than changes in muscle tone. The discussion includes the important role that alterations in the physiology of motor units, notably changes in firing rates and muscle fiber atrophy, play in the manifestation of muscle weakness. This paper considers both the neural and mechanical components of spasticity and discusses, in terms of clinical intervention, the implications arising from recent research. Investigations suggest that the resistance to passive movement in individuals with spasticity is due not only to neural mechanisms but also to changes in mechanical properties of muscle. The emphasis is on training the individual to gain control over the muscles required for different tasks, and on preventing secondary and adaptive soft tissue changes and ineffective adaptive motor behaviours.

The objective of this study was to identify the effects of weight-transfer training on the weight bearing distribution and gait patterns of hemiplegic patients through visual and auditory feedback using a limb load monitor. The subjects of this study were 18 hemiplegic patients who had been hospitalized or were visited out-patient department of the Rehabilitation Hospital, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, from January 5, 1995 through March 15, 1995. Pre-and post-training changes in gait patterns were measured using ink foot prints as well as by recording weight bearing distribution using a limb load monitor. The data were analyzed by the repeated measure one-way ANOVA and paired t-test. The finding were as follows: 1. Prior to the training, 18 subjects bore more weight on the sound leg(61.6 %) than on the affected leg(38.4 %). 2. Posterior to the training, the average percentage of weight bearing on the affected leg increased significantly from 38.4 % prior to training; to 46.0 % immediately after training; 45.7 % after a 30 second delay; and 45.3 % after a 60 second 3. The difference in gait patterns between pre- and post- training was statistically significant, with an increase in gait velocity to 3.65 cm/sec post-training; an increase in stride length to 5.37 cm on the affected side; 4.77 cm on the sound side; and a narrowing of the base of support to 1.19 cm. In conclusion, hemiplegic weight-transfer training using visual and auditory feedback with a limb load monitor was found to be enhancing symmetrical standing posture, and simultaneously improve gait patterns.

In general, research in isokinetic exercise has focussed on studies of peak torque. However, peak torque is not always sufficient to assess the real amount of motion or to determine endurance. In this study, the subjects were 54 healthy students who performed continuous maximal isokinetic knee flexion and extension until their total work per time reached 50% of their maximal total work. Isokinetic curves were then plotted. Total work sums, exercise durations in seconds, and the numbers of repetitions were compared with reference to subject gender, angular velocity and muscle group. The relationship between total work sum, duration and number of repetition and thigh circumference plus leg length was computed. In addition, the characteristics of total work per second and total work per time were calculated. Results showed the total work sums differed greatly from muscle group to muscle group and with different angular velocities. The duration in seconds and the numbers of repetition differed only at higher angular velocity. Males achieved higher levels in every category except for some duration in seconds and some numbers of repetitions. Thigh circumference and leg length were deciding fators in every case, but duration in seconds and number of repetitions were not. These results suggest that measures of endurance should be included along with measures of total work when isokinetic studies are done. Measures of endurance in seconds are more accurate when isokinetic exercise is performed at lower angular velocities and numbers of repetitions at higher angular velocities.

It is well known that visual cues can improve the motor performance of Parkinsonian patients. Previous laboratory studies have examined the effects of visual cueing to the floor. This case study examined the effects of using a visual cue above eye level on the gait of a Parkinsonian man. It was found that cueing the patient to a target above eye level while waking not only improved the kinematic parameters of the gait cycle but also facilitated a more functional gait pattern with re-intergration of arm swing, rhythm, heel strike and a more erect posture. Visual targeting above eye level may serve as an important clinical tool for physiotherapists treating Parkinsonian patients.

Biofeedback devices have been used successfully to improve head control and symmetrical walking in cerebral palsied children. Biofeedback of postural sway was investigated as a therapeutic technique to reduce postural abnormality in 24 selected children with cerebral palsy. Subjects were evaluated their weight distribution of both sides during their standing before and after the visual and auditory feedback training. The effectiveness of biofeedback was compared to conventional physical therapy practices in reestabilishing symmetrical standing in cerebral palsied children. Our study found biofeedback was effective in training symmetrical standing posture.

유채의 새싹 발아와 생리활성에 효과적인 영향을 미치는 LED 광질 종류를 구명하기 위해 청색, 녹색, 적색, 백색, 황색, 적색+청색광을 발광 14시간, 암조건 10시간, 주간 25℃, 야간 18℃로 조절하여 종자 발아와 새싹을 생장을 시켰다. 생리활성 조사는 새싹을 메탄올로 추출한 것을 이용하여 실시하였다. 종자 발아율과 발아속도는 광질에 관계없이 3일 만에 100% 발아 되었다. 파종 후 6일째의 신선중은 녹색광과 백색광에서 각각 0.339g/10plants 및 0.339g/10plants로 높았다. 새싹의 총플라보노이드 함량은 적색광과 백색광 처리구에서 각각 72.5 및 70.9mg·L-1로 많았다. 전자공여능은 추출물 2,000mg·L-1일때 청색광과 백색광 처리구에서 각각 90.0 및 90.3%로 높았다. 아질산염 소거능은 적색광 처리구에서 57.4mg·L-1로 가장 낮게 나타났다. Tyrosinase 저해 활성은 녹색광 처리구에서 22.5mg·L-1로 가장 많이 나타났다.

To investigate the variations of physico-chemical factors and microbial population, in ten stations at water region of coastal area of Chagwi-Do, Nutritive salts, water temperature, transparency, suspended solid, salinity, COD, DO, pH, heterotrophic bacteria, coliform group and Vibrio spp. were analysed three times in September, November in 2004 and February in 2005. Heterotrophic bacteria in surface water was 3.5×101～1.16×103 cfu/ml, 1.0×102～5.2×101 cfu/ml, 2.0×101～7.6×101 and bottom water counted 7.0×102～1.0×103 cfu/ml, 1.4×101～2.5×102 cfu/ml, 2.0×102～4.2×101 cfu/ml in September, November in 2004 and February in2005, respectively. The cell number of total coliform bacteria in the surface water amounted to 0～4.3×102 cfu/ml, 0～6.0×101 cfu/ml, 0～1.0×101 cfu/ml and bottom water amounted 0～2.2×102 cfu/ml, 0～5.4×102 cfu/ml, 0～2.0×101 cfu/ml in September, November in 2004 and February in 2005, respectively. As for Vibrio spp., the cell number in the surface water was 1.0×101～2.5×102 cfu/ml, 1.0×101～2.0×101 cfu/ml, 0 cfu/㎖ and bottom water counted 1.0×101～5.2×102 cfu/ml, 0 cfu/㎖, 2.0×101 cfu/ml in September, November in 2004 and February in 2005, respectively.

일복내의 광환경과 포장상태에서의 물질생산 실태를 파악하기 위하여 5년근 개체군의 층별(상, 중, 하층), 재식립치별(1, 3, 5행)로 맑은 날 및 흐린날 각각 일복내외의 조도를 측정하고 대상조도를 구하였으며 포장에서의 광합성 호흡속도를 측정하였다. 1. 개체군 상부와 조도는 1행이 상대적으로 높고 3, 5행간에는 큰 차이가 없었으나, 중앙부의 경우는 1, 3, 5행간에 뚜렷한 차이를 보였다. 2. 쾌청일에 비해, 맑으나 산광이 많은 날은 일복내 조도가 높고 흐린날은 낮았으나 외부조도에 대한 비율은 양자 모두 쾌청일보다 높았다. 3. 광합성속도는 행별로 차이가 커서 후행일수록 낮았다. 그러나 전행에서도 광합성 최대능력을 나타내는 것으로는 생각되지 않았다.