The objective of this study was to determine the growth and light utilization efficiency of garden plants in shade area through chlorophyll fluorescence reaction analysis. Ten garden plants was grown for 75 days under 50% and 80% shading conditions. Under shading, ET2O/RC, the fluorescence parameter related to electron-transport in photosystem II, was effectively enhanced. However, the electron transport flux until PSI acceptors per reaction center (RE1O/RC) was reduced. These changes in photochemical parameters evoked a decrease in performance index (PI) and driving force (DF) of electron transport flux. In addition, some photochemical parameters such as FV, FV/FO, RE1O/RC, ET2O/RC, PITOTAL ABS, and DFTOTAL ABS were found to be important for shade tolerance. Three species (Pachysandra terminalis Siebold & Zucc, Physostegia virginiana L., and Carex maculata Bott) were found to be shade tolerant. Based on these results, shading factor index (SFI) deduced from photochemical parameters is useful for evaluating of shading stress of garden plants.

The risk-based assessment, also called time-based assessment of structure is usually performed to provide seismic risk evaluation of a target structure for its entire life-cycle, e.g. 50 years. The prediction of collapse probability is the estimator in the risk-based assessment. While the risk-based assessment is the key in the performance-based earthquake engineering, its application is very limited because this evaluation method is very expensive in terms of simulation and computational efforts. So the evaluation database for many archetype structures usually serve as representative of the specific system. However, there is no such an assessment performed for building stocks in Korea. Consequently, the performance objective of current building code, KBC is not clear at least in a quantitative way. This shortcoming gives an unresolved issue to insurance industry, socio-economic impact, seismic safety policy in national and local governments. In this study, we evaluate the comprehensive seismic performance of an low-rise residential buildings with discontinuous structural walls, so called piloti-type structure which is commonly found in low-rise domestic building stocks. The collapse probability is obtained using the risk integral of a conditioned collapse capacity function and regression of current hazard curve. Based on this approach it is expected to provide a robust tool to seismic safety policy as well as seismic risk analysis such as Probable Maximum Loss (PML) commonly used in the insurance industry.

To prepare the dried Cirsium setidens Nakai appropriate to the gondre-namul, this study investigated the effects of steaming and blanching on its color characteristic, degree of browning, peroxidase activity, rehydration, and preference test. Cirsium setidens Nakai (gondre) was steamed for 5-15 min and blanched in different blanching solutions for 1-5 min, followed by drying at 50oC. The blanching solutions used in this study were water, and 0.5% (w/v) solutions of NaCl, CaCl2, and sodium polyphosphate (SPP). The control was dried without pre-treatment. Relative to the control, the lightness of dried Korean thistle decreased, except for that blanched with NaCl solution, whereas its redness decreased except for that steamed. All treatments exhibited lower yellowness than the control. Also, all treatments revealed a lower degree of browning and peroxidase activity than the control. Rehydration was reduced by pre-treatments of Korean thistle relative to the control. Korean thistle blanched for 1 min with CaCl2 solution exhibited higher points for color, flavor, taste, and overall acceptability than those of the control. Overall, blanching with CaCl2 solution would be an appropriate way of preparing the gondre-namul using dried Korean thistle, accompanying the common way by blanching with NaCl solution.

In regions of low-to-moderate seismicity, various types of lap splices are used for longitudinal reinforcement of columns at the plastic hinge zones. The seismic performance of such lap spliced columns, such as strength, deformation capacity, and energy dissipation, is affected by material strengths, longitudinal re-bar size, confinement of hoops, lap splice location, and lap splice length. In the present study, cyclic loading tests were performed for columns using three types of lap splices (bottom offset bar splice, top offset bar splice, and splice without offset bend). Lap splice length(40db and 50db) was also considered as test parameters. Ties with 90-degree end hooks were provided in the lap splice length. The test results showed that strength, deformation capacity, and energy dissipation of columns significantly differed depending on the details and the length of lap splices. The bottom offset bar splice showed high ductility and energy dissipation but low strength; on the other hand, the top offset bar splice and the splice without offset bend showed high strength but moderate ductility and energy dissipation.

Piloti-type building is one of typical vertical atypical buildings. These buildings can fail by weak-story or flexible-story mechanism on the first story. They should be designed by taking into account the special seismic load, but those less than six stories are not required to confirm the seismic performance from structural engineers in Korea. For this reason, small-size pilloti-type RC buildings need to be checked for seismic performance. Based on this background, this study performed nonlinear dynamic analysis using the PERFORM-3D for small-size pilloti-type RC buildings and assessed their seismic performance. Examples are two through four story buildings with and without walls in the first story. The walls and columns in the first story satisfied the target performance in the basic of flexural behavior due to quite a large size and reinforcement. However, wall shear demands exceed shear strength in some buildings. When designed for KBC2009, wall shear strength exceed shear demand in some buildings, but still does not in others. Consequently, wall shear must be carefully checked in both existing and new small-size pilloti-type RC buildings.

Small-size buildings are not designed by professional structural engineers in Korea. Therefore, their seismic performance can not be exactly estimated because their member sizes and reinforcement may be over- or under-designed. A prescriptive design criteria for the small-size buildings exists, but it also provides over-designed structural members since structural analysis is not incorporated, so it is necessary to revise the prescriptive criteria. The goal of this study was to provide an information for the revision, which is seismic performance and capability of small-size reinforced concrete moment frame buildings. For the study, the state of existing small-size reinforce-concrete buildings such as member size and reinforcement was identified by investigating their structural drawings. Then, over-strength, ductility and response modification factor of the small-size reinforced concrete moment frame buildings were estimated by analytical approach along with seismic performance check. The result showed that they possess moderate over-strength and ductility, and may use slightly increased response modification factor.

명이(산마늘, Allium victorialis L.)는 백합과의 Allium 속 다년생 식물로, 북위 37° 부근의 전 세계 고산지대에서 자생하는 것으로 알려져 있으며, 국내에서는 울릉도, 지리산, 오대산, 설악산 등지에서 자생하고, 최근에는 고산지대의 밭에서 재배되어 이용되고 있다. 명이는 마늘과 동일한 풍미를 나타내어 마늘과 유사한 생약학적 용도를 나타내는 것 으로 알려져 있다. 명이는 주로 5월경에 어린잎과 줄기를 채취하여 식용으로 이용하나 생채보다는 간장절임으로 가공 하고 냉동저장하면서 연중 유통 및 소비되고 있다. 간장절임을 위한 선별작업에서 제외된 것과 채취시기가 경과된 억 샌 명이들은 이용되지 못하고 폐기되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 명이절임의 가공부산물 및 채취시기가 경과된 비상품 성 명이의 활용성 재고를 위해 명이 분쇄물이 첨가된 냉동고추장소스를 개발하는 것이었다. 명이 고추장소스의 원료 로 울릉도에서 자생하는 명이를 채취하여 1차적으로 염장처리하여 냉동 저장된 염장명이를 사용하였다. 냉동염장명이 는 흐르는 물에서 해동하여 분쇄한 것을 고추장, 미향, 올리고당, 정제수, 정백당, 잔탄검, 볶음깨 등을 배합비에 따라 제조하였다. 제조된 냉동명이 고추장소스는 냉․ 해동 전후의 색도 및 점도, 해동 후 이수율, 기호도를 평가하였다. 선 행연구를 통해 염장명이 분쇄물은 고추장의 중량의 25% 수준으로 첨가하였고, 잔탄검 함량을 0.05~0.3%(고추장소스 전체 중량 대비)로 변화하였다. 냉동명이 고추장소스는 해동 시 잔탄검 0.1~0.3% 첨가군에서 이수현상이 발생하지 않 았으나 0.05% 첨가군은 24.4%의 이수율을 나타내었다. 점도는 잔탄검 함량이 증가하면서 증가하였으며 냉동 전보다 냉동한 후 해동한 경우에 더욱 높은 점도를 나타내었다. 색도는 냉․ 해동 전후에 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 기 호도에 있어 0.3% 잔탄검을 첨가한 냉동명이고추장소스가 색, 향, 맛과 전반적 기호도 항목에서 모두 다른 처리군들 보다 높은 기호도를 나타내었다. 본 연구로부터 개발된 냉동명이 고추장소스는 폐기되는 명이를 활용하여 부가가치를 창출할 수 있는 방안일 것으로 생각된다.

Effectiveness of transgene transfer into genome is crucially concerned in mass production of the bio-pharmaceuticals using genetically modified transgenic animals as a bioreactor. Recently, the mammary gland has been considered as a potential bioreactor for the mass production of the bio-pharmaceuticals, which appears to be capable of appropriate post-translational modifications of recombinant proteins. The mammary gland tissue specific vector system may be helpful in solving serious physiological disturbance problems which have been a major obstacle in successful production of transgenic animals. In this study, to minimize physiological disturbance caused by constitutive over-expression of the exogenous gene, we constructed new retrovirus vector system designed for mammary gland-specific expression of the hEPO gene. Using piggyBac vector system, we designed to express hEPO gene under the control of mammary gland tissue specific and lactogenic hormonal inducible goat β-casein or mouse Whey Acidic Protein (mWAP) promoter. Inducible expression of the hEPO gene was confirmed using RT-PCR and ELISA in the mouse mammary gland cells treated with lactogenic hormone. We expect the vector system may optimize production efficiency of transgenic animal and reduce the risk of global expression of transgene.

This study was developed the rapid heating and cooling device using peltier module for uniform cooling. make the rapid heating and cooling device(RCHD), for traditional water cooling device(TWCD) method and the rapid heating and cooling method warpage were compared and were analyzed and the materials used crystalline PP polymer. various warpage were compared for the process parameters such as packing pressure, packing time, mold temperature. in the crystalline PP polymer, TWCD method has higher warpage than RCHD method and show the result to be a bit more uniform cooling. RCHD method has higher warpage than TWCD method as cooling time and packing time increases and TWCD method has higher warpage than RCHD method as mold temperature increases.

For small-size reinforce-concrete buildings, Midas Gen, OpenSees, and Perform-3D, which are structural analysis programs that are most popularly used at present, were applied for nonlinear static pushover analysis, and then difference between those programs was analyzed. Example buildings were limited to 2-story frames with irregular shaped walls. Analysis result showed that there were more differences than for frames only and frames with rectangular walls, but it was not so significant. Nevertheless, the capacity curve were different in some buildings, which is attributed to shape and location of walls, and feature of the analysis program. Especially, selection of automatic or manual input in Midas Gen, or nonlinear wall elements in Perform3D can affect the capacity curve and performance of the buildings. Therefore, the program users should understand the feature of the program well, and then conduct performance assessment. The result of this study is limited to low-story buildings so that it should be noted that it is possible to get different results for mid- to high-rise buildings.

For small-size reinforce-concrete buildings, Midas Gen, OpenSees, and Perform-3D, which are structural analysis programs that are most popularly used at present, were applied for nonlinear static pushover analysis, and then difference between those programs was analyzed. Example buildings were limited to 2-story frames only and frames with one or more rectangular walls. Analysis results showed that there was not much difference for frames only based on capacity curves. There were some differences for frames with rectangular walls, but it was not so significant. The global behaviors represented by the capacity curve were not so different, but the feature of each analysis program appeared when the results were analyzed in more detail. Therefore, the program users should understand the feature of the program well, and then conduct performance assessment. The result of this study is limited to low-story frames only and frames with rectangular walls so that it should be noted that it is possible to get different results for frames with non-rectangular walls or mid- to high-rise buildings.

본 연구는 출소를 앞두고 있거나, 현재 교도소에 수용되어 생활하고 있는 성범죄자들이 성범죄자 신상공개제도를 어떻게 인식하고 있는지를 탐색적으로 알아보기 위해 시행되었다. 성범죄자 신상공개제도는 성범죄자에 대한 강한 통제를 통해 지역사회를 보호하고자 하는 목적을 가지고 있는데 어떠한 제도를 계획ㆍ시행ㆍ평가하기 위해서는 이 제도에 직접 영향을 받는 사람들의 인식이 매우 중요하다고 볼 수 있다. 이를 위해 미국에서는 일반 시민을 비롯하여 성범죄 피해자, 정책 입법가, 치료 전문가, 경찰 등 다양한 연구 집단을 대상으로 인식 조사를 실시한 바 있으며, 이 제도에서 가장 큰 영향을 받는 집단이라 할 수 있는 성범죄자들의 인식을 연구한 결과들이 상당수 존재한다. 하지만 그동안 우리나라에서 시행되었던 제도 관련 연구를 살펴보면 인식연구는 일반시민이나 법관을 대상으로 한 연구에서 그치고 있으며, 성범죄자들을 대상으로 한 연구는 극히 드물다. 많은 연구들이 성범죄자 신상공개 제도의 ‘지역사회 보호’와 ‘성범죄 예방’ 이라는 효과에 대해 검증을 해왔지만 명확하게 신상공개제도의 효과성에 대해 증명된 연구가 많지 않으며, 증거기반의 연구와 교정실천이 강조되고 있는 현 상황에서 ‘성범죄자들은 신상공개제도를 어떻게 받아들이고 있는가?’에 대한 연구는 신상공개제도가 의도한 목적을 달성할 수 있도록 하는데 기여할 것으로 보인다. 나아가, 신상공개제도가 의도하지 않은 이차적 결과에 대해 성범죄자들이 어떻게 생각하고 있는가를 알아보고 이를 대처하기 위한 방안을 제시하고자 하였다. 이에 따라 ○○교도소에 수용된 성범죄자들을 대상(n=113)으로 자기보고식 설문조사를 시행하였으며, 결과를 살펴보면 다음과 같다. 전체 인원의 77.0%가 신상공개 대상자였으며, 66.4%가 우편고지 대상자인 가운데 평균 3.88회의 전과를 가지고 있었으며, 35.4%는 자기가 신상공개 대상자 인지 아닌지, 그 기간이 얼마나 되는지를 알지 못하고 있었다. 대상자들의 평균 선고형량은 44.4개월, 잔여형량은 26.2개월로 나타났으며, 대부분이 출소 후에 사회생활에 잘 적응할 것이라 응답했지만 일부는 출소 후의 생활에 적응하지 못할까봐 걱정하고 있었다. 출소 후 생활 적응에 있어 가장 걱정되는 요인들로는 주변 사람들의 냉소적 시선, 사회생활, 구직, 가족관계의 회복 순으로 나타났으며, 그 결과로 실직, 이사, 관계 단절, 스트레스 등을 경험할것 같다고 응답했음을 알 수 있었다. 마지막으로 신상공개제도의 인식에 영향을 미치는 요인들이 무엇이 있는지에 대해 살펴본 결과, ‘이차적 결과에 대한 두려움’, ‘잔여형량’, ‘출소 후 사회복귀에 대한 장벽’, ‘신상공개 기간’이 신상공개제도의 인식에 통계적으로 유의한 부정적 영향을 미치고 있었다. 위의 연구결과를 토대로 자신의 처분에 관한 긍정적 수용, 이차적 결과의 두려움에 대한 관리 프로그램, 가족관계 개선의 필요성 등을 제시하였다.

Various non-seismic tie details are frequently used for one- and two-story small buildings because the seismic demand on their deformation capacities is not relatively significant. To evaluate the effects of the non-seismic tie details on the seismic performance of reinforced concrete columns, six square columns with a cross section of 400 × 400 mm and six rectangular columns with a cross section of 250 × 640 mm were tested. The anchorage details at both ends and spacing of tie hoops, along with the cross-sectional shape and the magnitude of axial load, were considered as the primary test parameters. Test results showed that square columns had higher stiffness and lower lateral deformation rather than rectangular columns. Both lap spliced tie and U-shaped tie provided comparable or improved seismic performance to 90° hook tie in terms of maximum strength, ductility, and energy dissipation. The predicted curves with modeling parameters in ASCE41-13 were conservative for test results of lap spliced tie and U-shaped tie specimens since plastic behavior after flexural yielding could not be considered. For economical design, ASCE41-13 should be revised with various test results of tie details.

In this paper, Nonlinear Static Pushover analysis method(NSP) is proposed which apply to RC buildings reinforced by external retrofit fornseismic performance. Based on previous analysis and research, NSP is more developed by connection nonlinearity according to shearnresistance mechanism such as dowel and adhesive resistance as major shear resistance elements. According to the proposed method,nstructural analysis for example buildings was carried out to evaluate seismic performance of buildings. And, it was confirmed thatndepending on shear strain and characteristics of joint resistant of external retrofitting are different from internal retrofitting. Furthermore,nthe strength reduction coefficient of the anchor needs to be considered at the joint design.

본 연구는 아동⋅청소년 및 여성과 같은 사회적 약자를 대상으로한 성폭력범죄의 예방을 위해 현재 우리나라에서 시행되고 있는 여러 정책들 중 성범죄자의 신상정보를 성범죄자 e-알리미 라는 사이트를 통해 공개하고 있는 ‘인터넷 신상공개’제도와 특정인에게 자기의 거주지 또는 시설 주변에 성범죄자가 주거하는 경우 우편으로 성범죄자의 신상정보가 담겨있는 우편물을 보내는 ‘우편고지제도’에 대해 교정 연구 분야에서 다뤄져야할 방향을 제시하고자 하는데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 2000년 도입 당시부터 최근까지 국내에 발표된 신상공개제도 관련 학술연구의 동향을 살펴보고 이와 비교하기 위해 미국에서 발표된 학술연구 중 우리나라에서 다뤄지지 않은 부분들을 살펴보았다. 먼저, 우리나라의 신상공개 관련 학술연구의 경우 신상공개제도의 위헌성 연구, 미국의 메건법과 우리나라 성범죄자 신상공개제도간의 비교법적 연구, 보안처분의 소급적용과 관련된 소급효 관련 연구, 그리고 최근에는 성범죄자에 대한 엄벌주의와 관련한 문제점들을 지적하고 있는 연구들이 진행되고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 즉, 우리나라의 연구는 신상공개제도에 관해 이론적으로 접근하는 연구가 많은 것으로 나타났으며, 상대적으로 실증연구는 인식조사를 비롯한 탐색적 연구에 그치고 있었다. 범죄자를 대상으로 국가에서 시행되는 정책이 정책의 대상이 되는 사람들을 고려하지 않고 국민적 감정이나 입법자들의 판단만으로 정책을 시행한다면 이는 일시적으로는 범죄의 억제효과가 있을 수 있으나 장기적으로 봤을 때는 실효성이나 신뢰성에 문제가 생길 수 있음을 인지해야 할 것이다. 그렇기 때문에 범죄자를 비롯한 그의 주변 사람들이 이러한 정책을 어떻게 생각하고 있는지, 이 정책을 통해 입법자나 일반 국민들이 생각하는 효과는 어느 정도인지, 마지막으로 성범죄자와 그들의 가족들이 이로 인한 이차적 결과를 경험하지 않았는지에 대한 실증적 연구가 필요한 시점이라 할 수 있다. 이차적 결과라 함은 성범죄자 신상공개제도가 애초에 목적으로한 결과인 지역사회보호효과, 일반 및 특별예방효과와 달리 공개로 인해 성범죄자 혹은 그들의 가족이 겪게 되는 정신적, 신체적, 사회적 피해를 의미한다. 실제로 미국의 경우 가족의 이혼 혹은 단절, 취업에서의 어려움, 자경주의로 인한 물리적 피해, 이사, 고립감이나 스트레스 등 다양한 주제들을 가지고 이러한 연구가 시행되고 있다. 때문에 우리나라에서도 더 이상 성범죄자 신상공개제도와 관련하여 이론적인 연구만을 수행할 것이 아니라 성범죄자, 판사, 피해자 등의 인식조사 및 신상공개 제도의 효과성(재범), 그리고 신상공개제도의 이차적 결과 등 다양한 주제를 가지고 본 제도에 관해 연구할 필요가 있다고 본다.

In this study, to further understand the mechanism of animal growth and to develop a miniature transgenic animal model, we constructed and tested tetracycline-inducible RNAi system using shRNA targeting the mRNA of mouse insulin-like growth factor (mIGF-1) or mouse growth hormone receptor (mGHR) gene. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of mouse liver cell (Hepa1c1c7) cells transfected with these vectors showed 85% or 90% of expression inhi-bition effect of IGF-1 or GHR, respectively. In ELISA analysis, the protein level of IGF-1 in the cells expressing the shRNA targeting IGF-1 mRNA was reduced to 26% of non-transformed control cells. Unexpectedly, in case of using shRNA targeting GHR, the IGF-1 protein level was decreased to 75% of control cells. Further experiments are needed to explain the lower interference effect of GHR shRNA in IGF-1 protein. Accumulated knowledge of this approach could be applicable to a variety of related biological area including gene function study, gene therapy, development of miniature animals, etc.

This research presents the nonlinear analysis model for reinforced concrete shear wall systems with special boundary elements as proposed by the Korean Building Code (KBC, 2009). In order to verify the analysis model, analytical results were compared with the experimental results obtained from previous studies. Established analytical model was used to perform nonlinear static and dynamic analyses. Analytical results showed that the semi-special shear wall improved significantly the performance in terms of ductility and energy dissipation as expected based on previous test results. Furthermore, nonlinear incremental dynamic analysis was performed using 20 ground motions. Based on computer analytical results, the ordinary shear wall, special shear wall and newly proposed semi-special shear wall systems were evaluated based on the methods in FEMA P965. The results based on the probabilistic approaches accounting for inherent uncertainties showed that the semi-special shear wall systems provide a high capacity/demand (ACMR) ratio owing to their details, which provide enough capacity to sustain large inelastic deformations.

Since the execution of structural design by professional structural engineers is not mandatory for small-size buildings in Korea, structural design is conducted by architects or contractors resulting in concern about the seismic safety of the buildings. Therefore, the Korean Structural Engineers Association proposed dedicated structural design criteria in 2012. The criteria were developed based on a deterministic approach in which the structural members are designed only with information of story and span length of the buildings and without structural analyses. However, due to the short time devoted to their development, these criteria miss satisfactory basis and do not deal with structural walls popularly used in Korea. Accordingly, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport launched a research on the 'development of structural performance enhancement technologies for small-size buildings against earthquakes and climate changes'.. As part of this research, this paper intends to establish direction for the preparation of deterministic structural design guidelines for seismic safety of domestic small-size reinforced concrete buildings. To that goal, a typical plan of these buildings is selected considering frames only and frames plus walls, and then design is conducted by changing the number of stories and span length. Next, the seismic performance is analyzed by nonlinear static pushover analysis. The results show that the structural design guidelines should be developed by classifying frames only and frames plus walls. The size and reinforcement of structural elements should be provided in the middle level of the current Korean Building Code and criteria for small buildings by considering story and span length for buildings with frames only, and determined by considering the shape and location of walls and the story and span length as well for buildings with frames plus walls. It is recommended that the design of walls should be conducted by reducing the amount of walls along with symmetrically located walls.

Companion animal is an animal kept primarily for a person's company or protection. The most popular pcompanion animals are noted for their attractive appearances and their loyal or playful personalities. Companion animals commonly provide their owners physical and emotional benefits. Companion animals can give companionship to elderly adults who do not have adequate social interaction with other people. We are aimed to conduct the survey research to evaluate the perception of twenties's interviewers on the companion animals. We deals with the findings obtained from extensive interviews with a representative samples. The objectives of interviews included twenties year-old ages. Questions focused on how interviewers were recognized the perception of companion animals. Questionnaire and technical data are analysed and summarized. As the results of the survey research, the objectives of interviews had positively understood about the perception of companion animals.

In current seismic design code, steel moment frames are classified into ordinary, intermediate, and special moment frames. In the case of special moment frames which have large R-factor, economic design is possible by reducing the design lateral force. However, there is difficulty for practical application due to constraints such as strong column-weak beam requirement. This study evaluated if steel intermediate moment frame could maintain enough seismic capacity when the R-factor is increased from 4.5 to 6. As for the analytical models, steel moment frames of 3 and 5 stories were categorized into four performance groups according to seismic design category. Seismic performances of the frames were evaluated through the procedure based on FEMA P695. FEMA P695 utilizes nonlinear static analysis(pushover analysis) and nonlinear dynamic analysis(incremental dynamic analysis, IDA). In order to reflect the characteristics of Korean steel moment frames on the analytical model, the beam-column connection was modeled as weak panel zone where the collapse of panel zone was indirectly considered by checking its ultimate rotational angle after an analysis is done. The analysis result showed that the performance criteria required by FEMA P695 was satisfied when R-factor increased in all the soil conditions except SE.