The point of this Supreme Court Cases are (1) Does the accused’s act putting up maximal collateral constitute a charge of embezzlement? (2) Should the act of disposal after the embezzlement be punished as an independent crime? In my relationship with breach crime of trust, the embezzlement has a character as the special law. Therefore, where the embezzlement is concerned, it needs to be strictly interpreted. If the accused’s act has not reached the level to trespass on some one’s proprietary rights, the establishment of embezzlement should be denied and the breach crime of trust should be reviewed. On the one hand, the term “Unpunishable Act After Crime” means that the act after crime (the post act) is unpunishable whenever the punishable crime (the previous act) is committed and it contains a whole illegality of the post act. In this case, nevertheless if the post act is punished as an independent crime, it occurs the problem of the double risk necessarily. On the other hand, the illegality of the post act exceeds the previous one, it is no more unpunishable. In the several criminal cases, the “Unpunishable Act After Crime” is mentioned in the property crimes like embezzlement, fraud, malpractice, and theft. In the criminal investigation and the trial, the “Unpunishable Act After Crime” could influence a judgment of the court, an arraignment of the prosecutor, a statute of limitations, an appeal, and so on. Eventually, the concept of the “Unpunishable Act After Crime” prevents a suspect from the double punishment or double risk. But it may cause harm to substantial criminal justice because unpunishable act after crime shall be exempted from legal sanctions even though it should be a punishable crime in a different circumstances. So it is important that establish a elaborate standard to define if a certain act is an unpunishable act after crime or not.

Most of outdoor mobile robots have a suspension on each wheel in order to relieve the shock by ground obstacles and to improve the driving stability. Typically, in the actual operations, the suspensions have been used under a given set of conditions as all the damping and spring coefficients of the suspensions are fixed. However, it is necessary to readjust the coefficients of the suspensions according to surface conditions that may cause the unstable shaking of a robot body at high speed driving. Therefore, this paper is focused on the mobility analysis of an outdoor robot when the coefficients of suspensions (in particular, damping coefficients) are changed while driving on an uneven road surface. In this paper, a semi-active suspension with twelve damping coefficient levels was used and a small sized vehicle with the suspensions was employed to analyze the mobility dependent on a change of the damping coefficient. And the mobility was evaluated through driving experiments on a bumped slope.

This study describes the efficient method for the discrimination of 'Cheonryang' in Panax ginseng Meyer using a STS primer. A total of 208 STS primers were applied to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification for discriminating Korean ginseng cultivars. Co-dominant polymorphic band patterns were generated with two primers, MFGp 0019, MFGp 0248, and successful identification of 'Cheonryang' was achieved from out of 11 Korean ginseng cultivars. Two different sizes of DNA band patterns were detected with MFGp 0019 primer. Ten Korean ginseng cultivars shared the same size of amplified DNAs (389 bp), but 'Cheonryang' showed a different size. Thus 'Cheonryang' can be efficiently distinguished from the other ten ginseng cultivars by using the MFGp 0019 primer. In the case of MFGp 0248, two different sizes of DNA band patterns were detected in the eleven ginseng cultivars. Same sized amplified DNA bands (307 bp) were shown in five cultivars (Chunpoong, Gopoong, Kumpoong, Cheongsun, Sunhyang) and 254 bp sized DNA bands were identified in the other 6 cultivars (Yunpoong, Sunpoong, Sunun, Sunone, Cheonryang, K-1). In conclusion, the two STS primers, MFGp 0019, and MFGp 0248, provide a rapid and reliable method for the specific identification of 'Cheonryang' cultivar from a large number of samples.

The robot mechanisms that were previously researched had only been conducted for the purpose of overcoming the obstacles stably at low speed driving and enhancing the stability against high speed circuitous driving, and yet, the mechanism satisfying two purposes. However, in order to stably drive with high speed on rough terrain, there is a need for satisfying both of these purposes, as well as testing the efficiency of the mechanisms at high speed driving. There, this paper simulated some of the passive mechanisms and focused on checking the performances of passive mechanisms through simulations and analyzing each mechanism on the basis of an evaluation index. The simulation was conducted by Adams (The Multi-body Dynamics Simulation Solution) and used various types of passive mechanisms which were introduced in the robotics field. As a result, the study confirmed that passive mechanisms have a number of situations that affect the driving stability on each direction of roll and pitch. Further study is needed about active mechanism.

The development of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and expressed sequence tag-derivedsimple sequence repeats (EST-SSRs) provided a useful tool for investigating Korean ginseng genetic diversity. In this study,18 polymorphic markers (7 RAPD and 11 EST-SSR) selected to assess the genetic diversity in 31 ginseng accessions (11Korean ginseng cultivars and 20 breeding lines). In RAPD analysis, a total of 53 unique polymorphic bands were obtainedfrom ginseng accessions and number of amplicons ranged from 4 to 11 with a mean of 7.5 bands. Pair-wise genetic similaritycoefficient (Nei) among all pairs of ginseng accessions varied from 0.01 to 0.32, with a mean of 0.11. On the basis of theresulting data, the 31 ginseng accessions were grouped into six clusters. As a result of EST-SSR analysis, 11 EST-SSR mark-ers detected polymorphisms among the 31 ginseng accessions and revealed 49 alleles with a mean of 4.45 alleles per primer.The polymorphism information content (PIC) value ranged from 0.06 to 0.31, with an average of 0.198. The 31 ginsengaccessions were classified into five groups by cluster analysis based on Nei’s genetic distances. Consequently, the results ofginseng-specific RAPD and EST-SSR markers may prove useful for the evaluation of genetic diversity and discrimination ofKorean ginseng cultivars and breeding lines.

Methods for measuring or estimating of ground shape by a laser range finder and a vision sensor(exteroceptive sensors) have critical weakness in terms that these methods need prior database built to distinguish acquired data as unique surface condition for driving. Also, ground information by exteroceptive sensors does not reflect the deflection of ground surface caused by the movement of UGVs. Thereby, UGVs have some difficulties regarding to finding optimal driving conditions for maximum maneuverability. Therefore, this paper proposes a method of recognizing exact and precise ground shape using Inertial Measurement Unit(IMU) as a proprioceptive sensor. In this paper, firstly this method recognizes attitude of a robot in real-time using IMU and compensates attitude data of a robot with angle errors through analysis of vehicle dynamics. This method is verified by outdoor driving experiments of a real mobile robot.