To understand microorganism effects on wild mushroom fruiting bodies, we investigated the fungi in hyphosphere soil supporting wild mushroom species Cortinarius violaceus, Amanita hemibapha, Laccaria vinacelavellanea, and Amanita verna found in the Gotjawal area of Jeju Island. Fungal species identification based on morphological traits and molecular analysis of ITS, LSU rDNA, and -tubulin gene sequences resulted in isolation and identification of eleven fungal species previously unrecorded in Korea. These newly-recorded species are: Arthrinium kogelbergensis, Kalmusia longisporum, Keithomyces carneum, Neopyrenochaeta cercidis, Penicillium ranomafanaense, Phomatodes nebulosa, Pyrenochaeta nobilis, Tolypocladium album, Talaromyces kendrickii, Talaromyces qii, and Umbelopsis gibberispora, and their morphological characteristics and phylogenetic positions are described.

The purpose of this study was to propose an operational concept for a ship in a fleet equipped with an interceptor missile system, a naval surface to air defense system, and to develop a simulation program that reflects it. The results of the defense activities of other ships in the fleet can be reflected by receiving information about the status of the enemy missiles. The allocation of defensive assets is based on the survival probability of the ship, not on the destruction of enemy attacks, which can be obtained as the product of the expected survival probability for each enemy missile. In addition, the concept of predicted survivability was introduced to assess the loss of future defense opportunities that would result from assigning a new command. A simulation program was also developed as a tool for realizing the proposed concept of operations, which generated cases.

In contemporary global warfare, the significance and imperative of air transportation have been steadily growing. The Republic of Korea Air Force currently operates only light and medium-sized military cargo planes, but does not have a heavy one. The current air transportation capability is limited to meet various present and future air transport needs due to lack of performance such as payload, range, cruise speed and altitude. The problem of population cliffs and lack of airplane parking space must also be addressed. These problems can be solved through the introduction of heavy cargo planes. Until now, most studies on the need of heavy cargo plane and increasing air transport capability have focused on the necessity. Some of them suggested specific quantity and model but have not provided scientific evidence. In this study, the appropriate ratio of heavy cargo plane suitable for the Korea's national power was calculated using principal component analysis and cluster analysis. In addition, an optimization model was established to maximize air transport capability considering realistic constraints. Finally we analyze the results of optimization model and compare two alternatives for force structure.

목적: 본 연구에서는 유아교사들의 개별화교육 수립 운영에 관한 인식과 각 학급에서의 대처하기 어려운 도전적 행동에 대한 현황을 파악함으로써 이를 통해 팀 협력적 접근 속 전문가로서 작업치료사의 중요성 및 필요성을 알아보고자 한다. 연구방법: 2023년 5월 8일부터 2023년 5월 21일까지 전국 어린이집과 유치원에 근무하고 있는 원장⋅원감, 부장교사, 일반교사(1정 정교사, 2정 정교사), 특수교사, 수석⋅보직교사를 대상으로 온라인 설문지를 SNS (카카오톡)로 발송하고 회수한 203부를 분석에 사용하였다. 결과: 각 학급을 담당하는 교사들의 70.9%가 장애유아(53.9%)뿐 아니라 비장애유아(46.1%) 또한 도전적 행동을 보인다고 응답하였고, 타 전문가들과의 협력을 필요로 하였다. 개별화교육을 알고 있다고 답하였지만 개별화교육의 수립 및 시행 방법 및 방향성에 관한 자세한 사항에 대한 세미나⋅보수⋅연수⋅직무교육이 필요할 것으로 나타났다. 또한 작업치료의 직무를 잘 모르지만 개별화교육에 작업치료사가 포함되어야 한다는 응답률은 높게 나타났다. 결론: 유아교사들은 학급에서 도전적 행동을 보이는 유아를 지도할 때 타 영역 전문가와의 협력을 원하고 있으며 이와 관련된 개별화교육 협력적 팀 접근 중재를 적용하는 연구들이 다양하게 진행되어야 할 것이다. 더하여 작업치료의 중요성과 필요성에 관한 관련 세미나⋅보수⋅연수⋅직무교육이 제공되어야 함을 시사하는 바이다.

『법화경』의 사상적 내용은 일불승(一佛乘)한 회삼귀일(會三歸一)의 정신을 바탕으로 청문(聽聞)과 수지(受持)가 기본을 이루고 있다. 그리하여 우리나라에 서는 일찍이 신라와 고려의 통일 과정에서 사상적 밑받침이 되었다고 할 수 있 다. 또 통일신라시대 비록 정토불교가 성행하였고, 고려시대에 선불교가 유행하 였지만, 대중들로부터 꾸준히 사랑을 받고 지속적으로 연구가 이루어진 경전은 『법화경』이라고 할 수 있다. 그만큼 한국인들의 내면에 문화적 DNA로 새겨져 있는 법화사상에 대해 굳이 언급할 필요는 적겠지만, 조선 유교사회에 들어서 는 『법화경』과 법화사상에 대해 주목하는 일은 아직은 필요해 보인다. 그것은 조선사회가 20세기와 21세기 민주주의 사회에서 법화사상 나아가 한국불교가 걸어 나가야 하는 방향과도 직결되는 문제를 안고 있다고 여기기 때문이다. 본문에서는 조선초기 불교의례의 존립에 대해 『법화경』과 법화사상의 맥락 에서 소화하려고 하였다. 우리는 『법화경』이 지니고 있는 대승불교의 논리, 즉 누구나 부처가 될 수 있다는 혁신적인 사유에 매료되어 있다. 또한 『법화경』은 인간은 누구나 내면적인 가치를 존중받아야 하며 인격적인 차원에서 평등하다 고 가르치고 있다. 그리고 불교의례의 차원에서 조선초기에도 여전히 불교경전 은 그러한 역할을 했던 것을 알 수 있다. 태조와 태종대는 물론이고 세종과 문 종대에도 여전히 불교의 힘에 의지하여 자신들의 선왕과 선후의 극락왕생을 빌 고 있는 모습은 이 땅에 불교가 들어왔을 때의 모습을 닮아있다고 할 것이다. 조선초기 『법화경』과 법화사상이 이전 시대에서부터 전승되었다는 점과 새 로운 시대적 이데올로기를 만났을 때 보여주었던 법화사상의 면모를 살펴보았 다. 이때 조선 초기 불교의례라는 문화요소에 법화경이 어떻게 사용되고, 왕실 과 사대부 및 일반 대중들에게 무엇을 의미하게 되었는지를 효용과 가치의 측 면에서 다루어 보고자 한다.

This study investigates the integration of astronomy-related topics in the Korean national science curricula spanning from 1945 to 2023. We analyze the placement and extent of astronomy content across different school levels. Astronomy contents in the science curricula have changed in response to social needs (e.g., practical knowledge required for agriculture and fishery) and advancement in astronomical research (e.g., the discovery of exoplanets and the suggestion of new cosmological parameters). Contents addressing the motions of celestial objects and stellar physical properties have remained relatively consistent. In the latest 2022 revised national curriculum, scheduled for implementation in 2024, several elements, such as coordinate systems, have been removed, while the inquiry activities using digital tools are emphasized. The incorporation of the cosmic perspectives in the national curriculum, as well as astronomy education within the context of education for sustainable development, remains limited even in the most recent curriculum. For future life revisions, the active participation of researchers is needed to reflect the latest astronomical research progress and scientific characteristics in the field of astronomy.

PURPOSES : This study intended to derive a methodology that can evaluate water splash caused by distress on the road surface based on experimental methods and to present quantitatively by analyzing the impact on road users. METHODS : Through literature review, the current problems of road pavement and drainage facility standards, the factors of road splash caused by puddle was selected to measure damage. Field measurements were conducted by setting different conditions for each factors and setting different conditions based on the hypothesis. In addition, water splash by surface distress type and puddle was measured to analyze using statistical techniques from correlation to multi-regression. RESULTS : The maximum and effective distance due to road splash increases as the driving speed, regardless of vehicle load and tyre type. Splash was measured according to the type of road distress to analyze the correlation between the influencing factors, and there was a weak correlation between the width and length of the puddle, depth and the effective distance. In addition, the interaction analysis showed that there was an interaction between the width of the water hole and the depth of puddle. Moreover, based on the multi-regression analysis, it was not statistical significant. This is judged to that the number of data samples used for this analysis is limited because the diversity of puddle conditions cannot be set differently for each type of distress. CONCLUSIONS : Since the distress of depending on the size, depth and shape of the road surface, it is necessary to calculate it and present maintenance standards, so this results present an experimental methodology that can intuitively evaluate damage cased by unestablished puddle. From this results, this is expected to be used as a quantitative indicator to evaluate the satisfaction of road users as a functional performance according to road surface condition.

The consumption of enoki mushrooms has been associated with cases of listeriosis produced by Listeria monocytogenes, highlighting the significance of sanitizing food-contact surface, such as the velcro used in welding processing of enoki mushrooms, to ensure microbial safety. We investigated the inhibitory activity of nine chemical disinfectants at regular concentrations against L. monocytogenes isolated from a mushroom farm environment. The bacterial suspension was prepared in phosphate buffered saline and mushroom extract broth and inoculated onto the velcro surface. After inoculation, most disinfectants reduced the initial 8 log CFU/coupon concentration by less than 2 log CFU/coupon during a 5-min treatment. Slightly acidic hypochlorous water showed a reduction of approximately 4 log CFU/coupon when tested for more than 30 min at the maximum allowable concentration of 200 mg/L. Sodium hypochlorite solution showed a reduction of approximately 5 log CFU/coupon when used at 100 mg/L for 60 min. Peracetic acid, at the maximum allowable concentration of 300 mg/L, showed the most effective reduction of 5 log CFU/coupon or more when the surface was treated with 37.5 mg/L for 30 min. These results indicate that peracetic acid can be used as the disinfectant strategy to control cross-contamination of L. monocytogenes on the velcro surface of plastic wrappers used in the welding processing of enoki mushrooms.