In this study, the antioxidative activity and functional food activities of water and ethanol extracts from Pinus densiflora root were examined. It was more effective to use ethanol than water when extracting phenolic compounds. The extracted phenolic compounds from Pinus densiflora root for biological activities were examined. The phenolic compounds extracted with water and 80% EtOH were 1.86±0.04 mg/g and 6.85±0.16 mg/g, respectively. DPPH free radical scavenging activity of water and EtOH were each 86% and 85% at 100 μg/mL phenolics, respectively. ABTS radical decolorization activity was 48% in water and 68% in EtOH at 200 μg/mL. Antioxidant Protection Factor (PF) were 1.74 PF in water and 1.96 PF in EtOH at 50 μg/mL. TBARs of water and EtOH were 93% and 98%, respectively at 100 μg/mL. The inhibition activity on xanthine oxidase was 83.7% in water extracts and 79.6% in ethanol extracts. Inhibition on xanthine oxidase of water and ethanol extracts showed a higher inhibition effect than allopurinol. The inhibition activity on α-glucosidase was 14.8% in water extracts and 91.6% in ethanol extracts. The result suggests that P. densiflora root extracts may be useful as as functional food material.

본 연구에서는 폐금속 광산에 특화된 인체위해성평가 방법을 제시하고, 국내 폐금속 광산지역 으로부터 도출된 다양한 노출인자 값을 적용하여 폐금속 광산지역의 주민(성인 남자, 성인 여자, 어린 이)에 대하여 인체위해성평가를 수행하였다. 또한 인체위해성평가의 결과로부터 중금속 오염에 의한 주민의 건강이 우려되는 경우, 위해성에 기반한 각 매체(토양, 지하수, 지표수)별 복원기준을 제시하고 자 하였다. 본 연구 결과, 발암위해도와 비발암위해도를 지시하는 총 초과발암위해도(TCR)와 위험지 수(HI)는 지하수섭취와 농작물섭취에 의한 경로로 노출되는 비소에 의해 각각 허용 가능한 수준인 1.00E-6과 1을 크게 초과하는 것으로 나타나서 연구대상 지역의 인체위해성이 큰 것으로 평가되었다. 위해도 저감을 위한 복원농도 산정 결과, 발암위해도 기준 계산 시 As 6.83~6.85 mg/kg, Pb 18.41~18.46 mg/kg, 비발암위해도 기준 계산 시 Cu 17.38 mg/kg, As 9.13 mg/kg의 수준으로 토양정 화가 필요한 것으로 나타났다.

The study aims to examine preferences between community residents and visitors in designing a rural community garden. It analyzed diverse aspects of a garden design including garden’s function, location, management subject, components and so on. The survey was conducted on residents or visitors participants with a self-administered survey questionnaire. The results revealed that both residents and visitors highly preferred a rural community garden as a role of relaxation, appreciation, and healing. Meanwhile, there were differences of preference for location and garden components between residents and visitors. The results implicated that residents’ preference and characteristics of a community are essential in designing a rural community garden, which will lead to sustainable garden construction.

The purposes of carrying out this research were the efficient formation and management of the house gardens of the farming villages in the future by stereotyping the house gardens of the farming villages and the garden spaces and the facilities through the analysis of the present situation of the farm villages and the suggestion of the basic materials for the improvement of the farming village environments. As a result, there were the limitations that this research had been limited to the garden spaces of the farm village houses, without considering all the environments of the farm villages. It was thought that, if, based on these results, the researches for drawing the item of the concrete creation of the gardens and the management are proceeded with through the in-depth analysis in the vein of the relationship between the farm village homestead gardens and the villages in the future, this will prove helpful in practically formulating and putting into practice the policies for supplying the farm village gardens for the farm villages.

With a view to creating beautiful farm villages, this study aims to exploit space syntax and thereby establish a systematic plan for refurbishing common farming facilities in farm villages by expanding a remodeling plan that has so far been focused on farm houses to cover different villages as well as in spatial scope. For this purpose, the study has extracted a system of categories for common ownership facilities in farm villages and applicable elements needed for collaboration in the space of joint production by performing a comprehensive analysis of related literature for the purpose of researching the distribution of common farming facilities. Based on such categorization of applicable elements, the study conducted a field survey of the four types of farm villages such as suburban area (Hwaseong), inland farming-centered area (Jeungpyeong), coastal & plain area (Goheung), and mid-mountain area (Gangneung), through group discussions by participating researchers and field pilot surveys. Also, space analysis has come up with measurements based on the five criteria of integration, local integration, control, connectivity, and spatial depth. And a plan for type-specific remodelling of common farming facilities has been drawn up through standardization based on the values in integration for different villages and spatial depth for common farming facilities. The significance of the current study consists in identifying how the location of common farming facilities influences the characteristics of different villages in terms of spatial structure and then drawing up guidelines for planning their placement.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the entire processes of rural amenity resources survey from the beginning to the end, to discuss the results of the survey and resources information establishment, and to comprehensively analyze the status of resources information application. Rural amenity resources survey, which is aimed at finding rural amenity resources to respond to the demands of the resources and support rural development, was first conducted by National Academy of Agricultural Science under Rural Development Administration in 2005. The first survey subjects were 149 eups and myeons in Korea, expanding to the nationwide rural villages. In 2012, the rural amenity resources survey was completed. Next year, the information establishment was completely made. It is expected that the rural amenity resources information established by the survey will be more applied and used, and that with the constant addition of new analyses in line with the changing environment demands, rural amenity resources will contribute to dynamic rural development.

This research aims to identify regional inequitable development through the analysis of facilities distribution pattern. This study describes the concepts underlying the application of the Gini's coefficient and decomposition method to measure the regional inequitable development in Sun-chang County, Jeonbuk Province, Korea. We used the facility data surveyed for three years, from 2010 to 2012 for facility distribution pattern that RDA surveyed. These data have been serviced on the web. The Lorenz Curve presents a graphical view of the inequitable facility distribution and the Gini's Coefficients quantifies the distribution pattern. And furthermore, Gini Decomposition represents intra regional inequalities. These applied techniques can describe how the local development affects other district and change regional inequalities.

This study discusses developing historical trails and ecological trails in rural area. Since the leisure time and interests in environment and health have been increasing, the number of hikers who enjoy the beautiful landscape and regional culture through the exploration of natural regions has been growing. However, these various road haven't been related to the rural village in many cases, so it is necessary to make some alternatives for revitalizing the region and improving incomes of non farm. Therefore this study suggested the applications of rural trail plan that fits for a scale of the rural village and local characteristics. This research divided forms of the rural village road into type of the natural landscape resource (Gangreung Anbandegi Village) and that of the historical culture resource (Yongin Hakil Village) according to amenity resources of objective village. The plan for village road basically made by the best of valuable resources of village unit, connected existing 'Trail' of other departments to the village and suggested a case of plan applied to the field so as to emphasize characteristics of rural area. It should be possible to induce hikers to rural area and be suggested as a measure for improvement of village image, regional vitalization and incomes of non farm.

Village community centers are public locations where residential members of communities gather for various group meetings, social support, public information and recreational activities. Since the residents voluntarily operate the facilities, a convenient access to the center is a very important criterion for choosing where such facilities should be distributed throughout the districts. In particular, it is highly desirable to locate them within walking-distances from the residential populations. In this work, we have evaluated the accessibility to the community centers in several rural areas based on the surveys that were collected from year 2005 to 2012. We used the collected rural amenity resource distributions of the area for the evaluating the accessibilities to village center. More specifically, we considered some factors such as residential district and fraction of elderly population in the vicinity.

Since 2010, RDA has discovered 30 Green-Road as the way of developing rural area. However, results from conference with expert and village leaders of Green-Road concluded that there were problems such as little financial benefits due to mismanagement and needs of improving the efficiency of management. In order to respond to these issues, this research has conducted empirical investigation about the status, management of Green-Road and its influences on local area. Main purposes of this investigation was to reveal the various obstacles in road management, and to find better ways of road management. To accomplish the goal of research, this study conducted survey and interviews with leaders in villages. Particularly, the investigation had focused on the specific management issues suggested by village leaders. Based on the results, this research suggested establishing a committee for creating leaders network and developing effective management method in order to improve road management and its consequences.

This study aimed to draw the plan elements and characteristics that should be considered in case when developing guidelines to build up roads in rural villages. Drawing the construction elements necessary for building up roads through the advanced researches, the survey was conducted for relevant experts in order to evaluate the importance of each plan element of route plan, design & construction and operation & management. The result determined total 105 contents that should be considered in case when building up roads in rural villages. The study on building up roads in rural villages as a strategy to vitalize rural areas means universal roads that connect each village with rural amenities in various values like walking tour road, visit roads and observation roads. It is considered that the development of guidelines for building up roads in rural villages could be used as a basic data to build up roads where nature, culture and history of rural areas can be effectively experienced and enjoyed.

This article purposes to make a GIS database of South Korea rural village forest. So we first tried to collect data of their geographic coordinates or location from the many references on the rural village forest. As the result, we collected locations of the 634 forests. Boundaries of the 462 forests could be made by using their satellite imagery. Finally we implemented GIS database of the 462 traditional rural village forest in South Korea. Furthermore we surveyed 100 forests out of them. They were analyzed in the view of location, area, wood species, cultural assets and activities of inhabitants. These data can be used in the rural village planning and I look forward this database is helpful to preserve existing traditional rural village groves as a lasting legacy.

성장호르몬 치료는 성장호르몬 결핍증, 터너증후군, 만성 신부전증, 프라더 월리 증후군 등으로 인해 성장장애가 온 아동인 경우 수행되지만 성장호르몬의 과다 투여로 인한 부작용에 대해서는 여전히 논란의 여지가 많은 상황이다. 본 연구에서는 유아기 성장호르몬의 노출이 사춘기 시기의 성성숙 및 생식 내분비계에 미치는 영향에 대하여 알아보고자 하였다. PND21부터 PND28까지 1주일간 각각 10마리의 수컷 SD rat에 Growth hormone (rhGH) 1, 2 IU/kg/day를 피하주사하였다. 대조군 (10마리)으로는 식염수 0.1ml을 투여하였으며, 체중 변화를 매일 0.1g 단위로 측정하며 기록하였다. 사춘기 도래시기의 변화를 분석하기 위하여 음경꺼풀분리 (preputial separation) 일자를 기록하였으며, 사춘기 (PND28) 시기의 주요 생식기관의 중량변화 및 조직학적 변화를 분석하였다. 시상하부에서 사춘기 조절에 관여하는 kiss1 및 GnRH의 발현 변화를 확인하였고, 혈중 testosterone 농도 및 정소에서 스테로이드호르몬 분비에 관여하는 유전자들의 발현 변화를 확인하였다. 정소조직 내 Leydig cell의 면적 및 세포수를 이미지 분석 시스템을 이용해 분석하였다. 모든 GH 처리군에서 유의적인 체중 증가가 나타났으며, 2IU 처리군에서 음경꺼풀이 대조군에 비해 조기에 분리되었다. GH 2IU/kg 처리군에서 정소와 부정소, 정낭샘 및 음경꺼풀샘의 중량이 유의적으로 증가하였고, 시상하부에서 kiss1 및 GnRH의 발현이 유의적으로 감소하였다. 혈중 testosterone의 농도가 2IU 처리군에서 유의적으로 증가하였으며, 정소에서 스테로이드 호르몬 합성 유전자인 17β-HSD, SF-1발현이 증가하였다. GH 처리군에서 Leydig cell의 면적과 세포수가 유의적으로 증가하였다. 성장호르몬에 노출될 경우 개체의 성장 및 기관 발달이 촉진되지만, 과다 노출될 경우 steroid의 합성과 분비조절 기능의 변형이 예상되며, 사춘기 조기 도래를 유발할 가능성이 있는 것으로 사료된다.

Many urban people are attracted to the recreational opportunities and attractions of rural areas, such as beautiful scenery, lakes, mountains, forests, and resorts. Furthermore, rural development planning increasingly emphasizes the integration of resource extractive industries with non-market-based recreational and amenity values. This article outlines a method to estimate an amenity level of rural areas such as natural amenities index and shows the relation of the natural amenity and population growth. The results revealed that natural amenity classifying each region can be explained with geographical characteristics, temperature-humidity, and sunshine duration time. In analysis with population, natural amenity does not exactly explain that but can be one of the important factor of population change.

In 2007, Google has introduced a novel approach to model some cities from around the world by utilizing vast amount of information provided by internet users. They essentially built an efficient engine to collect and compile enormous stream of data that are necessary to reproduce fine details of a city. In this Letter, we propose an implementation of this novel approach to establish a Web-based visualization of rural landscape and scenery. We later demonstrate its feasibility by constructing a 3D model of Namsa-ri, Danseong-myeon, Sancheong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do.