Glabridin (from licorice) and carnosic acid (from rosemary) are natural phenolic compounds which show the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Nevertheless, the use of licorice and rosemary extracts in food matrix is highly limited due to the low water solubility and poor chemical stability of active constituents of both extracts. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the functionality and stability of O/W emulsions containing glabridin and carnosic acid for improving their efficiency for food application. To manufacture the O/W emulsions (10% oil, w/w), licorice and rosemary extracts were dispersed, respectively, in soy bean oil (3%, w/w) and then emulsified with various emulsifiers (decaglyceryl luarate, decaglyceryl monooleate, whey protein isolate and casein) using a high pressure homogenizer (10,000psi for 3 times). Particle size and ζ-potential of emulsions were then measured during the storage for 4weeks at room temperature. UV stability, antioxidant & antimicrobial activity were also tested. The size of oil droplets and the ζ-potential values remained within the margin of error during the 4weeks of storage. Core materials in extracts, glabridin and carnosic acid, incorporated into emulsion system were kept less damaged by UV rays than those dissolved in oil only. Antioxidant activity of emulsion systems remained significantly higher than that of oil system during storage period and also depended on the emulsifier type an increase in interfacial area in emulsion system might increase antioxidant activity of core materials dissolved in oil. The result obtained from the study could be beneficial for food industry interested in utilizing licorice and rosemary extracts.

Due to the sewer induced ground subsidence, there is an increasing demand for the advanced visual inspection technique for the existing sewer pipe structures. This study aim to develop a visual inspection device and real-time transmission system of inspection data with precisely evaluated structural and operational conditions of underground sewer pipe structures. In this paper, a high-precision image capturing system that automatically extracts cracks in the large-diameter sewer pipes and sewage culverts with a diameter of 1,000 mm or more, a real-time gas detection sensor for investigator safety were studied. By analyzing the module technology of the visual inspection device, the concept design for system integration was derived, and the real time transmission system of the inspection result was developed to establish the technical basis for the commercialized device. Also the crack detection test using crack calibration was carried out for the proposed image capturing camera system, and the position accuracy using L1 grade GPS module was tested in this study. The inspection technique of the existing structure condition using the visual inspection device in this study can be effectively used for various structures types and advanced composite structures in the future.

경상북도에 위치한 유전자원보호구역 3개 지역( 봉화지역의 자작나무, 영주지역의 신갈나무, 울진지역의 소나무)을 식생 유형에 따라 2016년 5월에서 9월까지 함정 트랩(pitfall trap)을 5회씩 3반복하여 각각 상대적으로 비교하였다. 채집된 보행성 딱정벌레류는 딱정벌레과 등 총 25과 116종 1,663개체가 확인되었으며 자작나무 군락에서 종풍부도(72), 종균등도(0.829), 종다양도(3.544) 모두 가장 높게 나타났다. MRPP(Multi-response Permutation procedures)분석결과 서식지에 대한 군집차이가 있다고 확인되었으며(p < 0.001), Bray-curtis 분석결과 군집간의 확연한 차이와 함께 자작나무 군락이 보행성 딱정벌레류의 종 풍부도에 큰 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났고 소나무군락은 다른 지역과 비교해 상대적으로 낮은 영향을 받았다. 식생 유형에 대한 지표종 분석결과 자작나무군락에서 끝무늬녹색먼지벌레 (Chlaenius micans Fabricius)를 포함한 4종, 신갈나무 지역에서 긴윤머리먼지벌레(Trichotichnus coruceus Tschitscherine) 를 포함한 9종, 소나무 지역에서 솔곰보바구미(Hylobius harodi Faust)를 포함한 3종의 지표종이 확인되었다.

As a preparation of a design standard regarding road facilities in terms of reliability based optimum design examples, such as cantilever columns for traffic lights, optimum design in deterministic and probabilistic ways for the foundation of traffic lights poles are proposed. Most of the previous study have focused on the foundation surrounded by cohesionless soil. However, the design would be governed by risky condition. Therefore the resistance by clay-soil is investigated compared with other design specifications. In deterministic optimization, GRG method is applied. It is found that both geometries of deep and shallow foundation provides optimum values. The resistance of cohesive soil is selected to represent the ultimate limit states, in terms of sliding, overturning and bearing pressures from super structures to the foundation under external loads. Example foundations with varying height of columns for traffic lights are optimized about 30% decreased embedded depth of foundation. The optimum coefficients of resistant and load factors may need to be developed with design load combinations in order to prepare design specifications as the next step.

This study aimed to evaluate the quality characteristics of Gastrodia elata Blume fermented by lactic acid bacteria after saccharifying by 3 methods including enzyme, malt, and rice-nuruk. The lactic acid bacteria (LAB), Pediococcus inopinatus BK-3, isolated from kimchi could reduce the unpleasant taste and odor of Gastrodia elata Blume. The total acidity value of Gastrodia elata fermented by LAB on the malt and rice-nuruk extract solution for 3 days was 2.23% and 2.33%, respectively. After saccharification by malt and rice-nuruk extract solution for 3 days, the viable cell number of fermented Gastrodia elata was 9.14 log cfu/mL and 9.27 log cfu/mL, respectively. The total acidity values were increased above 3.35% by malt and rice-nuruk extract solution for 8 days. Thus, the viable cell number was the highest by malt and rice-nuruk extract solution fermentation for 3 days. The amino acid content of Gastrodia elata fermented by LAB after saccharification by malt extract solution was higher than that of other saccharifying methods. The free sugar content and p-hydroxybenzyl derivatives induced by the enzyme method were higher than those of other saccharifying methods. The overall acceptability was the highest at 4.2 point in Gastrodia elata fermented by malt extract solution.

고속도로 휴게소는 고속도로 이용자의 휴식을 위한 공간으로 현재 졸음쉼터, 간이 휴게소, 일반 휴게 소, 화물차 휴게소 등 다양한 유형으로 구분할 수 있다. 국내 휴게소의 경우 일부 휴게소에서 도로 이용 시 휴식을 제공하는 기본적인 기능에 국한되지 않고 즐길거리, 볼거리, 살거리 등을 제공하는 등의 다양 한 변화를 시도하고는 있다. 휴게소 분야의 선진사례인 일본의 경우 고속도로 휴게소와 연계시설인 하이웨이 오아시스, 휴게소의 기능과 지역커뮤니티의 기능을 보유한 국도 휴게소인 미치노에키 등이 활발히 운영 중에 있으며 일본의 다양성과 전문성, 규모를 벤치마킹해야 할 필요가 있다. 이러한 배경에서 본 연구는 본 연구에서는 국내 휴게소의 발전방안을 제시하고 향후 휴게소 발전방안 에 대한 의사결정시 참고할 수 있는 현실성 있는 세부모델을 제시하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 현황 및 사례 분석을 위하여 국내 테마휴게소에 대한 현장조사를 통해 휴게소 운영현황, 시설, 이용객 의 이용패턴 등을 인터뷰 및 현장조사하였고 휴게소 운영상의 문제점을 도출하였다. 또한, 일본 휴게소에 대한 사례조사를 통해 고속도로 정규휴게소, 간이휴게소, 하이웨이 오아시스와 국도 휴게소 미치노에키의 운영 특징 및 현황을 파악하였다. 일본 및 국내 휴게소의 비교분석을 통해 국내 휴게소가 가지는 한계점 과 발전방안 수립을 위한 시사점을 도출하였다. 이와 함께, 기존 휴게소 관련 선행연구를 검토하여 발전 방안 수립시 참고자료로 활용하였다. 현황 분석 및 시사점 도출을 통해 국내 휴게소 발전방안을 크게 ⅰ)테마 휴게소 강화 ⅱ)IT 기술을 적 용한 휴게소 서비스의 고도화 및 관리 과학화 ⅲ)휴게소 인프라를 통한 지역협력을 발전방안으로 제시 하였다. 첫 번째 발전방안인 테마휴게소의 강화방안을 위해 휴게소의 특성화를 추진하기 위한 개선모델인 애니 메이션 캐릭터 휴게소를 개선모델로 제시하였다. 두 번째 발전방안인 IT 기술을 적용한 휴게소 서비스의 고도화 및 관리 과학화 방안의 세부 모델로는 ICT, 빅데이터 기술을 적용한 스마트 휴게소의 도입 모델을 제시하였다. 마지막으로 휴게소 인프라를 통한 지역협력 발전방안으로는 휴게소 시설의 개방을 현실적인 대안으로 제시하였다.

본 조사를 통하여 2015년 6월부터 8월까지 태안군에서 13개 지역을 선정하여 곤충상을 조사 하였다. 주요조사방법으로 임도와 등산로, 생태탐방로를 따라 포충망을 이용한 채어잡기와 쓸어잡기 방법으로 주간 채집을 실시하였고, UV light trap을 이용한 야간 채집을 수행하였다. 채집된 육상곤충은 총 12목 77과 491종 3657개체가 확인되었고, 이 중 고유종으로 줄우단풍뎅이 (Gastroserica herzi Heyden, 1887, 딱정벌레목 : 검정풍뎅이과), 우리벼밤나방 (Sesamia pseudoturpis Kononenko et Ahn, 1998, 나비목 : 밤나방과), 제일줄나비 (Limenitis helmanni Lederer, 1853, 나비목 : 네발나비과), 팔공산밑들이메뚜기 (Anapodisma beybienkoi Rentz et Miller, 1971, 메뚜기목 : 메뚜기과)와 기후변화생물지표종 먹그림나비 (Dichorragia nesimachus Boisduval, 1836, 나비목 : 네발나비과), 암끝검은표범나비 (Argyreus hyperbius Linnaeus, 1763 나비목 : 네발나비과), 제주등줄박 각시 (Marumba spectabilis Okamoto, 1924, 나비목 : 박각시과)가 확인되었다. Shannon’s diversity 지수(H)와 Simpon’s diversity 지수(D′)를 이용하여 각 지역별 다양성을 산출하였는데 안면도 휴양림 (H=4.486, D′=0.9804)이 가장 높게 나타났으며, 대소산 (H=4.175, D′=0.9622)이 다음으로 높은 다양성을 보였다. 주성분분석(Principal Component Analysis) 결과 월별 종 구성의 차이는 크게 나타나지 않았지만, 지역별 구성에서 백화산, 안면도 휴양림, 대소산에서 다른 군집과 매우 상이한 종 구성을 보였다.

Halitosis is a bad odor in mouth. The etiology of halitosis is multifactorial including intra-oral and extra-oral causes. It affects social interactions in many people. The aim of this study is to investigate an association between recognition group and non-recognition group by evaluating halitosis level and systemic factors. Nineteen participants who visited Department of Periodontology of Seoul National University Bundang Hospital were enrolled. Volatile sulfur a compounds (VSCs) were measured by Oral ChromaⓇ, a questionnaire was requested and oral exam was carried out in all subjects. Female is more sensitive than male for oral malodor. VSCs level of hydrogen sulfide(H2S) and methyl mercaptan(CH3SH) in male is higher than that in female. Participants who gave appeal dry mouth seem to recognize halitosis.

This study examined the satisfaction level and effects of after-school program cooking activities in children of multicultural families. A total of 135 children of general and multicultural families from 3th to 6th grades and their 11 teachers were surveyed, and 75 multicultural family children underwent a cooking activity program. Children of multicultural families showed higher participation in cooking activities than other Korean children. Children of multicultural families wanted to be involved in cooking activity programs after school more than other Korean children. These children also showed a higher rate of wanting to cook Korean foods compared to children of general families. Regarding reasons for participating in cooking activities, ‘I think I’m glad to be served delicious food’ response was the most common. Children of multicultural families showed higher participation in cooking activities than children of general families. Regarding school life changes, children of multicultural families were found to be less picky of foods in general as well as kimchi and vegetables. In conclusion, cooking activity programs for children of multicultural family showed beneficial effects on diet and understanding of Korean culture.

괴사성 췌장염은 사망률이 높고 괴사된 췌장 부위에 감염이 동반되어 있을 경우에 패혈증과 다발성 장기 부전이 발생 하여 사망률이 더욱 증가하는 중대한 질환으로 과거에는 수술적 괴사 제거술이 많이 시행되었지만 최근에는 경피적 배액술 또는 내시경적 괴사 제거술과 같은 최소 침습 시술이 치료에 널리 이용되고 있다. 저자들은 경피적 배액술과 내시 경적 배액술을 시행하였으나 치료 반응이 없고 임상적으로 악화 경과를 보이는 환자에서 직경이 넓은 식도 금속 스텐트 를 사용하여 경피적 내시경적 괴사 제거술을 시행하여 대장 주변(paracolic gutter)에 있는 막으로 둘러싸인 괴사를 성공 적으로 치료한 사례들을 경험하였고 식도 금속 스텐트를 사 용하여 경피적 내시경적 괴사 제거술이 시행된 증례는 국내 에서 이전에 보고된 바가 없기에 이를 문헌 고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다.

Recently, sewer–pipe constructions replacing deteriorated pipes are currently underway in the downtown area. To resolve many problems in the conventional method of open-cut construction, lining-board system using light-weight GFRP panels is developed. The pultruded GFRP panels can be successfully used for the developed lining-board system as temporary decks and retaining walls in virtue of light weight, high strength and high durability. In this paper, the structural safety and serviceability of the lining-board system are examined through FE analyses and experiments. Further more, a field application of the lining-board system is presented. The field application shows that quality and environment of construction can be significantly improved.

This study was done in order to investigate the changes in quality of Cheonggukjang for soybean cultivars during fermentation. Cheonggukjang of 14 cultivars that were inoculated with Bacillus subtilis 15893 was produced, and, then, it was measured for hardness, proximate composition, amino nitrogen, enzyme activity, and total aerobic bacteria counts. In a raw bean, the highest hardness value was 16,975 g from Sunyu. In a steaming bean, Jangwon had the highest hardness value and the lowest aerobic bacteria counts of forty-eight hours fermented Cheonggukjang. Saedanbaek, whose protein contents was highest in raw bean, was also highest in Cheonggukjang. The amino nitrogen content of twenty-four hours fermented Cheonggukjang was highest in Saeol and Sunyu while forty-eight hours fermented Cheonggukjang was highest in Singi, Daol, and Milyang 231. In the protease activity, Saedanbaek had the highest and total aerobic bacteria count that were either increased or held as time went on ; twenty-four hours fermented Cheonggukjang was highest in Milyang 231 and Keunol while forty-eight hours fermented Cheonggukjang was highest in Chunsang.

본 연구 는 뮤지컬 관객의 SNS 사용에 있어 자기 결정성 이론의 중요한 세 가지 변수인 자 율성, 유능성, 관계성이 관객 만족과 SNS 재이용에 미치는 영향에 대한 인과관계를 설 명하기 위한 것이다. 이를 위해 SNS를 이용하는 뮤지컬 관객을 대상으로 설문조사를 진행하 였으며, 정보 검색 및 공유 역량(자율성)과 정보 전달 역량 및 타인에 대한 영향력(유능성), 커 뮤니티 보유와 지속적 관계(관계성)를 물어 이러한 요인들이 관객 만족과 SNS 재이용에 영향 을 미치는지를 살펴보았다. 연구 결과 자기결정성의 세 가지 요인인 자율성과 유능성, 관계성 은 모두 관객 만족에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 그 가운데 관계성이 더 큰 영 향력을 보이고 있음을 밝혀냈다. 또한 관객 만족은 SNS 재이용에 매우 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 결과적으로 본 연구는 뮤지컬 관객의 지속적인 동기 부여를 위한 SNS 활용 마케팅 전략을 모색하는 데 근거자료로 활용될 수 있으리라 본다.

This study was performed to increase the yield and to reduce the processing times for the preparation to improve the productivity and quality of rice jochung, a traditional food in Korea. In order to evaluate the quality characteristics and yield of jochung, the viscosity, color value, mineral contents and the sensory evaluation were measured. Jochung is prepared from steamed rice (STR), wet-milled rice flour (WRF) and dry-milled rice flour (DRF) by processing methods of rice and reacting times (6 hours or 13 hours) of liquefaction and saccharification. There is commonly added liquefying enzyme for rice liquefaction (0.4%/10 kg rice, at 85~90℃ for 1 hour or 4 hours) and saccharogenic enzyme with malt (2.5% or 4.5%/10 kg rice, at 56~60℃ for 5 hours or 9 hours). The inner structural properties of WRF showed the more distinct shape regular structure of uncombined starch particles but the DRF closely maintained particles of rice flour observed by SEM. If processing times for liquefation and saccharification were reduced from 13 hours to 6 hours, the yield of jochungs prepared with WRF increased 8%, the DRF 7%, and the STR 3% respectively and the sensory evaluation as well as color values and overall desirability received high scores. The viscosity, color a and b values of jochung processed with WRF for 6 hours were lower than that processed for 13 hours. The viscosity and color a, b value and Ca content were decreased in the jochung processed with WRF or DRF for 6 hours, but Mg, P and K were increased than that of STR. Jochung processed by 0.4% liquefying enzyme and 2.5% malt with WRF for 6 hours will increase the yield, save manufacturing times and costs and will thereby enable cost-effective techniques.

It has been more than twenty years since the application of GFRP bridge decks in construction fields. Recently, a few studies by governments and individual researchers have investigated in-use GFRP bridge decks. Areas of trouble include the problems of cracking, spalling and the de-bonding of the pavement or the wearing surface on GFRP bridge decks, all of which affect the long-term durability and serviceability of these new construction materials. Related to these problems, reflective cracks on asphalt pavement are directly related to pultruded GFRP bridge decks. This study investigates the behavior of an adhesive joint under weak-axis bending by tests and FE analyses to identify the causes of pavement cracks in in-use pultruded GFRP bridge decks. In detail, the flexural stiffness and the load-carrying capacities in strong and weak axes are measured during bending tests on pultruded GFRP decks. Next, tensile local failures of an epoxy adhesive due to the concentration of deformations at adhesive joints are identified via a weak-axis bending test. Finally, the tensile failure of an epoxy adhesive due to the local concentration of deformation at an adhesive joint under weak-axis bending is verified through a finite element analysis.