This study was conducted to investigate the effect of shoot twist on fruitfulness and fruit quality of ‘Campbell Early’ grapevine. Proper pruning and training are essential to produce a good yield of high-quality fruit and to maintain the balance between vegetative growth and fruiting. The most common problem in spur-pruned ‘Campbell Early’ cultivar is that vigorous buds has low fruitfulness and thereby the shoot become more vigorous the following spring because of lower crop load. Therefore, shoot twists in very vigorous ‘Campbell Early’ canes (above 10.0 ㎜) were performed on the third nodes and the 7 th nodes of each shoot at 7 days before bloom and full bloom, respectively. Sprouting date, blooming date were not significantly different among the treatments while, harvesting date was delayed approximately 3 days. However, number of berries per cluster, cluster weight and fruitfulness were significantly higher in the shoot twist treatment on the third nodes than the control that was topping alone. Combination treatments of shoot twist and topping had an additive effect on increasing cluster weight resulting in higher increase of yield by 12.1 ㎏ per vine. These results indicated that the shoot twist on very vigorous canes of ‘Campbell Early’ grapevine for well fruitfulness seemed to be very effective.

This study was carried out to investigate the damage patterns, the occurrence and migration time of Pseudococcus comstocki and in order to improve the control effect of organic agricultural materials (OAMs). The experiment was carried out at Okcheon’s organic vineyard (2,500 ㎡, sandy loam, manure) where planted 8~9 year old ‘Muscat of Alexandria’ vines. The comstock mealybug’s migration to grape clusters occurred from the middle of July, and produced eggs in the grape clusters from the end of July, and the density of the comstock mealybug was highest at 0.6/㎠ in late August. The number and fruit damage of comstock mealybug in eco-friendly vineyards were higher than in conventional culture vineyard. And the marketability of green variety grape was more damaged from comstock mealybug than the black variety grape. Toxicities of 8 OAMs were evaluated to comstock mealybug at the recommended concentration. As a results, Lightyellow sophora and Derris extracts exhibited strong insecticidal activity with 100% mortality. When the Lightyellow sophora extract was uniformly distributed on the vine from early-July to mid-July, fruit damage reduction rate was 96.2% and 84.6%, respectively. So commercial grapes could be harvested. Therefore, it was considered to be effective to reduce fruit damage by controlling in early - late July (the green stage) when the comstock mealybug migrated to grape clusters in the vine greenhouse. In the future, it will be necessary to study the effect of external exposure time and momentum on the control of OAMs.

화력발전의 부산물인 플라이 애쉬는 포졸란 반응을 통하여 조직구조를 개선하고 장기 강도 및 염화물 저항성에 매우 효과적이다. 본 연구에서는 28일 및 180일 재령의 보통 포틀랜트 시멘트 및 FA를 혼입한 콘크리트에 대하여 압축강도 및 염화물 저항성을 평가하였으며, 재 령의 증가에 따른 상관성을 평가하였다. 이를 위해, 물-결합재비(W/B)를 37%, 42%, 47%의 3가지 수준, Fly Ash를 시멘트 중량의 0%, 30%, 50%의 3가지 수준으로 나누어 총 9가지 배합을 설정하였으며, 28일 및 180일 재령 시, 압축강도, Tang‘s method에 의한 촉진확산계수, 그리고 ASTM C 1202, KS F 2711을 통한 통과전하량을 측정하였다. Fly Ash 혼입율이 클수록, W/B가 낮을수록 염화물 저항성(확산계수 및 통과전하 량)이 개선되었는데, 모든 FA 50 배합에서 염화물 저항성은 재령 28일 대비 재령 180일에서 약 15% 수준으로 감소하였다. 이는 FA의 포졸란 반응으로 인해 공극구조가 더 치밀해져 나타난 결과이며, 염해 저항성이 강도보다 시간에 더욱 의존적임을 알 수 있다. 재령 180일 이후, FA를 혼입한 배합에서 강도와 염해저항성의 뚜렷한 선형관계가 관측되었다.

콘크리트는 다공성 건설재료이며, 매립된 철근의 부식은 내구성 및 안전성에 큰 영향을 미친다. 본 연구는 비파괴 검사인 반전위측 정값과 생성된 부식량과의 상관성을 피복두께, 물-시멘트비를 고려하여 도출하는 것이다. 이를 위해, 3가지 수준의 물-시멘트비와 4가지 수준 의 피복두께를 가진 시멘트 모르타르 시편이 제조되었으며, 3가지 수준의 촉진부식기간을 고려하여 부식량 및 반전위를 측정하였다. 습윤상태 에서는 반전위가 크게 증가하였으며, 부식량과 촉진기간은 선형적인 관계를 가지고 있었다. 부식량이 증가할수록, 피복두께가 감소할수록, 물-시멘트비가 증가할수록 반전위는 증가하였다. 전체의 반전위 측정값을 부식량과 비교할 경우 0.67의 낮은 결정계수를 가지고 있었으나 부식 량(촉진기간)을 고려하여 3가지 수준을 고려할 경우 0.90이상의 높은 결정계수를 가지고 있었다. 실내조건과 같이 온도가 일정하고 포화상태 일 경우, 측정된 반전위는 부식량과 선형적인 상관성을 가지고 있었으며, 피복두께, 물-시멘트비, 철근직경, HCP의 측정범위를 알 수 있다면, 매립된 철근의 부식량을 예측할 수 있다고 판단된다.

This paper presents evaluation of diffusion coefficient, passed charge, and compressive strength considering 3 substitution ratios of fly ash(0%, 30%, and 50%) and 3 different W/B ratios(37%, 42%, and 47%). Also, the relationships among diffusion coefficient, passed charge, and compressive strength are investigated focusing on the results at 28 days and 180 days. With increasing replacement ratio of FA and decreasing W/B, the resistances to chlorides(diffusion coefficient and passed charge) are improved. At 28 days and 180 days, linear relationship are observed between strength and resistance to chloride on the whole.

In the work, HPC (High Performance Concrete) samples are prepared with 3 levels of W/B (water to binder) ratios of 0.37, 0.42, and 0.27 and 3 levels of replacement ratios of 0%, 30% and 50%. Several tests containing chloride diffusion coefficient, passed charge, and compressive strength are performed considering age effect of 28 days and 180 days. Chloride diffusion is more reduced in OPC concrete with lower W/B ratio, and GGBFS concrete with 50% replacement ratio shows significant reduction of chloride diffusion in higher W/B ratio. At the age of 28 days, GGBFS concrete with 50% replacement ratio shows more rapid reduction of chloride diffusion than strength development, which reveals that abundant GGBFS replacement has effective resistance to chloride penetration even in the early-aged condition.

This paper presents evaluation of diffusion coefficient, passed charge, and compressive strength considering 3 substitution ratios of fly ash(0%, 30%, and 50%) and 3 different W/B ratios(37%, 42%, and 47%). Also, the relationships among diffusion coefficient, passed charge, and compressive strength are investigated focusing on the results at 28 days and 180 days. With increasing replacement ratio of FA and decreasing W/B, the resistances to chlorides(diffusion coefficient and passed charge) are improved. At 28 days and 180 days, linear relationship are observed between strength and resistance to chloride on the whole.

In the work, HPC (High Performance Concrete) samples are prepared with 3 levels of W/B (water to binder) ratios of 0.37, 0.42, and 0.27 and 3 levels of replacement ratios of 0%, 30% and 50%. Several tests containing chloride diffusion coefficient, passed charge, and compressive strength are performed considering age effect of 28 days and 180 days. Chloride diffusion is more reduced in OPC concrete with lower W/B ratio, and GGBFS concrete with 50% replacement ratio shows significant reduction of chloride diffusion in higher W/B ratio. At the age of 28 days, GGBFS concrete with 50% replacement ratio shows more rapid reduction of chloride diffusion than strength development, which reveals that abundant GGBFS replacement has effective resistance to chloride penetration even in the early-aged condition.

본 연구는 일반철근과 FRPH Bar를 주철근으로 한 철근 콘크리트 보부재를 대상으로 정적실험 및 반복하중 재하실험을 수행하여 에너지 소산성능 및 반복하중 저항성능을 분석하였다. 실험을 위하여 24MPa의 설계강도를 가진 콘크리트 보부재(200×200×2175mm)를 제작 하였으며, 4점 휨 시험을 수행하여 초기균열하중, 항복하중, 파괴하중을 측정하였다. 정적하중 재하실험을 통해 각 시험체에 대한 항복하중과 파괴강도를 측정하였는데, 항복하중은 RC보에서는 48.9kN, FRPH 보에서는 36kN으로 평가되었으며, 파괴하중은 두 시험체 모두 50kN의 강 도를 보였다. 정적하중-처짐 결과에서는 FRPH 보는 RC보에 비하여 인장경화특성을 나타내는데, 이는 FRPH bar의 인장경화 특성에 기인한다. 반복하중하에서 FRPH bar를 가진 보에서는 일반 RC보와는 다르게 작은 폭의 균열이 넓게 발생하였으며, 우수한 처짐 복원력을 나타내었다. 정적·동적 에너지 비율을 이용한 에너지 소산능력에서는 RC보에서는 0.62, FRPH 보에서는 0.83으로 평가되었으며, 이를 통해 FRPH를 가진 보부재에서 효과적으로 반복하중에 대하여 저항함을 알 수 있다.

The experiment of grape leafroller (Herpetogramma luctuosalis) was carried out at Okcheon area from 2007 to 2009 and 2015. The grape leafroller had been occurred at a campbell early’ organic vineyard in Okcheon. It’s larva was rolling the leaf of grape and ate the leaf. So the leaf of grape decreased. In organic vineyards, adult grape leafroller’ generation rate per year showed the first peak in mid-June, the second peak in early –August and the third in mid-September. The larva showed the first peak in early July and the second peak in late August-early September. The grape leaf roller had three generations per year. And it took 60.9±1.09 days from egg to adult in growth chamber (VS-91G09M-1300) which the relative humidity conditions was 60±10%, temperature 25±2℃ and photoperiod 16L:8D (The egg : 12±0 days, larvae : 22.2±0.22 days, pupa : 10.6±0.75 days and adult : 16.1±0.45 days). It was conducted to find out the effect of microbial pesticide treatments to control H. luctuosalis. The 4 microbial pesticides (Bacillus thurigiensis) were treated twice on the grape leaves in June 11 and 21 at an organic vineyard in Okcheon. On 10 days after last treatment, the control value of all microbial pesticides were more than 95%. When the dates of spraying to the grape leaves were on May 22, June 12 and July 2 each, the effects of microbial pesticide were 73.9%, 93.5% and 43.6% respectively. As a result, it was effective that Bt was sprayed to grape leaves on mid and late June for controling the H. luctuosalis in organic vineyard. And microbial pesticide Bt was thought to be useful to control the grape leafroller in organic vineyard.

Background: Leonurine is a the aerial part of Leonurus japonicus Houttuyn, which has been used as a traditional medicines and is registered in the Korean Pharmacopoeia.Methods and Results:In the present study we performed a heavy metals and thin layer chromatography and measured loss on drying, as well as the contents of total ash, acid-insoluble ash, ethanol soluble compounds, and leonurine, using 15 domestically collected L. japonicus samples. The methods were performed according to the ‘crude drugs test of the general test, processes and apparatus’, published by MFDS, Korea (2014). The purity test (heavy metals) indicated that levels of Pb and Hg were 0.35 - 3.64, and 0.001 ppm, respectively, whereas the levels of As and Cd were undetectable, and stachydrine was identified by thin layer chromatography (Rf : 0.15). We found that 5.93 - 10.62% (average: 8.58 ± 1.8%) of the sample mass was lost during drying, and the contents of total ash, acid-insoluble ash, ethanol soluble compounds, and leonurine were 7.87 - 10.84% (average: 9.62 ± 0.82%), 0.99 - 1.76% (average: 1.38 ± 0.24%), 16.70 - 23.11% (average: 19.49 ± 2.14%) and 0.04 - 0.17% (average: 0.11 ± 0.04%) respectively. In addition, HPLC profiling detected leonurine (5.94 min), rutin (16.43 min) and myricetin (26.78 min).Conclusions:We hope that this the rusult of the present study will contribute to the standardization and quality control of Korean herbal medicines.

'Cheongpungheukhyangchal' New aromatic, black pericarp and glutinous rice variety was developed by the rice breeding team of Chungbuk Agricultural Research and Extension Services, in 2012. This cultivar was derived from a cross between 'Shindongjin' as a grain quality source and 'Heugseonchal' as a black glutinous and aromatic source. The donor parent, 'Sindongjin' has been backcrossed one time with recurrent parent 'Heugseonchal' and selected by the pedigree breeding method, until F6 generation. As a result, a promising line, CBR11-2-4-3, was advanced and designated as the name of ‘CBR L3’ in 2009. The maturity period of this cultivar took approximately 168 days from seedling to heading. This cultivar has about 15 tillers per hill and 115 spikelet numbers per panicle. Ripening ratio is about 76.5% and 1000 grain weight is 27.2 g in brown rice. Milled rice of 'Cheongpungheukhyangchal' has trait of glutinous and aromatic endosperm. It has higher anthocyanin content compared to that of black pigmented check cultivar ‘Heugseonchal’. The yield performance of brown rice was 5.39 MT/ha in local adaptability test for three years. ‘Cheongpungheukhyangchal’ is adaptable to central plain and southern mid-mountainous area of Korea.

본 연구에서는 산업부산물인 TDFA를 혼입한 콘크리트에 대하여 초기재령의 공학적 특성을 분석하였다. 물-결합재비 0.5, FA 치환 율 20%인 콘크리트를 대상으로 TDFA를 3~12%치환하여 경화 전 및 경화 후의 특성을 분석하였다. TDFA 혼입율 6% 이후의 배합에서는 작업 성이 현저하게 감소하였고 공기량 확보가 어려웠으며, 이로 인해 감수제 및 공기연행제를 추가하여 작업성을 개선시켰다. TDFA 혼입율 6~12% 까지는 콘크리트의 강도에 큰 영향은 없었으며, 탄산화저항성 및 염해저항성에서는 FA 20% 치환 배합보다 우수한 성능을 나타내었다. 그러나 공기량이 부족한 TDFA 혼입율 6%배합에서는 동결융해 저항성이 크게 감소하였다. 공기량 및 작업성이 확보된다면 FA를 12%수준까지 TDFA로 치환해도 공학적인 성능을 확보할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

Recently many research and investment have been made for waste biomass to bio solid fuel development in Korea. In this study, monte-carlo simulation is applied to estimate the bio solid fuel product quality made from various biomass as raw materials. Commercial biomass and waste biomass raw material samples were collected to investigate the basic properties and to predict mixed effect to solid bio-fuel product. The results show that predicted subject properties about applying a single quality items was reasonable, but for mixed biomass raw material, correlations and logical relevance of several items will be need to assume that require additional consideration for it. The stochastic techniques established through this study will be applicable to bio-solid fuel product development with a variety of waste biomass.

우리나라는 생활수준 향상과 에너지 소비의 증가로 인해 범세계적으로 에너지 수요가 급격히 증가 되었으며 과거 국내에 설치된 폐기물처리시설의 경우 폐기물의 성상 불균형 현상과 낮은 발열량으로 인해 에너지 생산 및 활용 부분을 고려할 수 없었으나 현재 폐기물에 대한 인식변화와 체계적인 분리수거체계로 인하여 고발열량의 연료 확보가 가능하다. 폐기물처리 기술 중 하나인 소각처리 기술은 쓰레기 발전 등의 여열 이용을 충실히 하는 것에 의해 화석연료 사용량 감소를 실현 가능하며 2013년 ‘자원순환사회촉진법에 관한 법률’ 의 개정으로 폐기물은 바이오매스 연료발전으로 자리매김 되고 있다. 신재생에너지의 중요성이 대두되면서 폐자원에너지화를 위한 가연성 폐기물 고형연료화, 소각폐열 회수로 인하여 지역난방이나 전력생산 등에 많은 투자가 이루어지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 국내 소각시설의 효율적 폐열회수를 위한 조건을 도출하고자 국내･외 소각시설의 폐열회수 및 전력생산에 대한 사례 조사를 토대로 국내에서 현재 설치되어 있는 공공자원회수시설 및 민간 고형연료 시설 중 모범적으로 운영 중인 사례를 찾아 온도 및 압력 범위를 조사하여 이를 기초로 소각폐열 발전량에 따른 실제 스팀생산 가능성을 확인할 수 있었으며 온도 및 압력 변화에 따른 모델링을 통하여 효율 향상을 위한 최적 설계의 근거치를 산출 제시할 수 있었다. 본 연구결과는 향후 국내 소각처리 시설 운영 비용절감 및 에너지 회수율 향상을 위한 최적 설계에 필요한 방법론 도출과 데이터 산출의 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

Recently, it is a critical issue for Korea that Metropolitan Landfill site life extension was in crisis contrast for localresidents and local governments. In Europe and Japan, the generation of waste and landfills were suppressed and theyintroduced the MBT facility in order to increase the recycling and energy recovery. In this study, the process of domesticMBT facilities were evaluated by the physical and chemical composition, calorific value and biomass content, the aerobicbiodegradation of biodegradable waste by comparing and analyzing each step through the evaluation. Both organic residuesand inorganic residues carbon content discharged from the MBT analysis, moisture content, calorific value of residues didnot meet solid refuse fuels quality standards. While the biomass content and aerobic biodegradation higher than standardbiodegradable waste landfill in Europe. Biodegradable organic residue selected from domestic solid fuel manufacturingfacility is expected to be able to manage through the biomass content and biological stability analysis. Based on the resultsof future research it is needed to review the criteria and additional landfill energy recovery by incineration residues.

국내 폐자원 에너지분야에서 큰 비중을 차지하는 가연성 폐기물 에너지화는 주로 소각 여열회수와 고형연료생산을 통해서 이루어지고 있다. 고형연료화시설은 가연성 폐기물을 적정 가공하여 장기간에 걸쳐 보관이 쉽고, 운송이 용이, 매립량을 줄이는 점 등에서 많은 장점을 가지고 있다. 그러나 고형연료화시설에서 최종 공정을 거친 잔재물이 발생, 매립되고 있어 이를 개선하기 위한 연구가 필요한 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구에서는 고형연료화시설의 설계, 운영시 효율적인 바이오매스 관리를 위하여 국내 고형연료화시설 2곳을 선정, 각 공정에서 처리되는 가연물과 유기물 그리고 잔재물을 대상으로 물리･화학적 성상분석을 통하여 가연물 및 유기물의 흐름을 파악하였다. 또한, 발열량과 유럽표준시험방법인 SDM의 상관관계를 비교･분석함으로써 각 공정별 시료의 바이오매스 특성을 분석하였다. 연구 결과 육안 선별과 SDM의 상관관계는 높은 것으로 나타났으나 발열량과 SDM을 비교하였을 때에는 상관관계의 경향이 일정하지 않았다. 이는 각 공정별로 처리되어 혼합되는 가연물 및 유기물이 바이오매스 조건에 충족될지라도 성상이 상이함에 따라 차이가 나타나는 것으로 사료된다. 향후 국내와 해외 고형연료화시설간의 프로세스를 분석한 고찰을 통하여 공정에 따른 바이오매스 관리 기준을 모색할 필요성이 있다. 본 연구 자료는 바이오매스 특성을 고려한 고형연료화 시설의 설계, 운영에 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

지구온난화 및 에너지 자원고갈 등으로 신재생에너지의 중요성이 대두되면서 폐자원에너지화를 위한 가연성 폐기물 고형연료화, 소각열 회수를 통한 지역난방이나 전력생산 등에 전세계적으로 많은 투자가 이루어지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 국내 소각시설의 효율적 폐열회수를 통한 최적 전력생산 조건을 도출하고자 일부 소각처리시설의 보일러 운전 조건에 따른 에너지회수 효율을 비교 분석하였다. 연구결과, 국내･외 소각시설의 폐열회수 및 전력생산에 대한 사례 조사를 통해 온도, 압력, 발전량에 따른 실제 스팀생산 가능량을 확인할 수 있었으며, 낮은 소각 이용 효율에 대한 경제적 손실 방지조건을 도출할 수 있었다. 또한 모델링을 통하여 효율 향상을 위한 최적 설계의 근거치를 산출 제시할 수 있었다. 본 연구결과는 향후 국내 소각처리 시설 운영 비용절감 및 에너지 회수율 향상을 위한 최적 설계에 필요한 방법론 도출과 데이터 산출의 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

In order to cope with resource depletion and global warming, many countries around the world are seeking the technicaland political alternatives and are focusing on production of refuse derived fuel (SRF) as a viable approach. SRF isclassified into pellet SRF and fluff SRF based on the shape. In domestic trend, Pellet RDF has been mainly produceduntil now, but as the quality standard of fluff SRF was set up lately, it is expected to raise supply and demand on FluffSRF after this. Fluff SRF is a solid fuel not to be processed pelletizing step, and has advantages that manufacturing processis simple and economical. In this paper, we selected 3 MBT plants to produce Pellet SRF in Korea and examined reductioneffects of energy and CO2 emission by conversion of pellet SRF to fluff SRF. As a result, the saving energy by theconversion of SRF type is 2,509 Gcal/yr (A), 1,716 Gcal/yr (B) and 1,210 Gcal/yr (C) respectively, and the reductionrate of energy consumption in full process is about 23%~26% by comparison with pellet SRF. Also, the average ofreduction of CO2 emission per unit of MSW is 0.0272 tCO2/ton. After estimating the reduction of CO2 emission of 9MBT plants in Korea, based on the results of a survey of target plants, we concluded that the reduction effect of CO2emission is created 11,374 tCO2/yr.