We measured indoor, outdoor, and personal exposure concentrations of ozone (O₃) at 54 households in Gwangyang from June to September, 2009. The results are as follows. The concentration of ozone in outdoor, 16.53±5.72 ppb, was observed two times higher than the concentration of ozone in indoor, 8.22 ± 4.60 ppb. The similar arithmetic average ozone were obtained in exposed and controlled areas, 15.16 ± 1.45 ppb and 15.25 ± 1.94 ppb, respectively. The ozone concentration of an individual smoker was 24.89 ± 7.11 ppb, which was higher than that of a non-smoker, 21.01 ± 11.79 ppb. The indoor occupant density elevated ozone concentrations. The relatively low concentration of ozone was observed in a house with air conditioner (8.59 ± 4.04 ppb) than a house without the unit(10.07 ± 6.43 ppb).

In this study, we estimated nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) concentrations in microenvironments where residential indoor, residential outdoor, other indoors, and transportation using measured personal exposure and multiple linear regression analysis of time-weighted average model, and compared with measured NO₂ concentration in microenvironments. Measured residential indoor, outdoor and other indoor NO₂ concentration was 22.22±9.59 ppb, 23.64±9.62 ppb, and 22.07±13.90 ppb, respectively. NO₂ concentrations in residential indoor and outdoor, total outdoor, other indoor, and transportation by multiple regression analysis were significantly estimated as 20.48 ppb, 32.79 ppb, 24.35 ppb, and 28.82 ppb, respectively (p= 0.000). Measured and estimated NO₂ concentration were similar with each other, therefore NO₂ concentrations in each microenvironment were able to be estimated using time-weighted average model and personal exposure with multiple regression analysis.

인도네시아의 기후는 적도 바로 밑의 열대우림기후와 그 남북의 열대계절풍기후로 크게 나누어진다. 기온은 전역이 항상고온으로 연평균 25~27oC이며 연교차도 매우 적다. 농지면적은 전체 국토면적중 약 19%인 3,039만 ha이다. 전체 농지 중 관개수리 면적은 16% 정도로 농업기반 시설이 미흡한 실정이다. 농가의 영농규모도 영세하여 1ha 미만의 농가가 전체 농가의 약 75% 정도 차지하고 있다. 2003~2005년의 곡물생산량이 47,202천 톤, 구근 류가22,387천 톤, 채소가 14,695천 톤, 설탕 2,335천 톤, 육류가2,238천 톤이고, 식용으로 공급되는 양은 곡물이 38,282천 톤,구근 류가 12,002천 톤, 채소가 1,525천 톤, 설탕 3,584천 톤,육류가 2,259천 톤으로, 곡물은 자급을 하고 있으며, 채소와구근 류는 수출을 주도하고 있으며, 설탕, 우유 등은 수입을하고 있다. 농산물 가공식품 량은, 팜 오일 생산량이 2008년도에 16,900천 톤으로 매년 증가하는 경향이며, 코코넛오일과 대두오일도생산량이 점점 늘어나는 추세이다. 1인당 곡물 소비량은 연간 약 170 kg 수준인데, 쌀이 124 kg,카사바가 약 40 kg 정도, 옥수수 27 kg 정도이다. 오일작물의 소비가 약 30 kg 정도로 연차 간 변이가 적다. 농기계 보급 동향을 보면 트랙터, 콤바인 및 탈곡기도 매년 늘어나는 경향을 보이고 있다. 농기계의 수출입 현황은 수출량보다 수입량이 6~10여배 많은 상황이다. 농업분야 연구개발 및 기술보급은 농업연구개발국(IAARD : Indonesia Agency for Agricultural Research and Development)에서 담당하는데, 농업의 새로운 기술을 개발하고 농업기술을평가함으로써 농업부의 정책을 지원한다. 우리나라의 해외농장 개발 또는 식량자원 확보차원에서 기관단체 또는 민간기업의 입장에서 인도네시아 농산업 투자진출의 유망분야로는 작물생산 농장개발 및 농산가공 분야, 농기계 및 농자재 분야, 관개시설과 수자원 절약기술 분야, 농업과학기술 및 인력개발 분야 등이 있다. 인도네시아에 우리 농업관련 기관이나 민간기업 등이 진출하려면, 무엇보다도 인도네시아의 투자환경과 여건을 사전에 숙지하고, 또한 외국기업과 외국인과 관련된 법규 및 사례를 충분히 검토하여야 하며, 특히 인도네시아 농업의 강점과 약점을 적절히 활용해야 투자의 성과를 기대할 수 있을 것이다.

The purpose of this study was to assess an alternative method to characterize indoor environmental factors by multiple indoor and outdoor measurements. Using a mass balance model and regression analysis, penetration factor and source strength factor were calculated using multiple indoor and outdoor measurements. This study was performed in 30 selected apartments in Seoul, Asan, and Daegu area which were constructed within 4 years and over 4 years, to measure the concentration of NO₂ from July, 2004 to September. The results of this study are as follows. The average concentration of NO₂ in Seoul, Asan, and Daegu area in the apartment constructed within 4 years are nitrogen dioxide 48.01㎍/m³ and in the apartment over 4 years are nitrogen dioxide 46.54㎍/m³. Mean ratios of indoor to outdoor NO₂ concentrations are Seoul 0.99, Asan 0.83, Daegu 1.18. The deposition constant and the source strength of NO₂ were 0.97±0.55 hr-1 and 16.33±12.30 ppb/h, respectively. In conclusion, indoor environmental factors were effectively characterized by this method using multiple indoor and outdoor measurements.

This study presents residential indoor and outdoor exposure concentrations distributions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs, benzene, toluene, xylene) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) in industrial area (case) and agricultural area (control) during 5 days. Concentrations of VOCs and NO₂ were measured with passive samplers in residential indoor and outdoor. Most of benzene, toluene and NO₂ mean concentrations in case area were higher than those in control area. Considering the indoor and outdoor ratios (I/O) were higher than 1, the residence might be have the sources of indoor air pollutants such as smoking and using of gas range. Residential indoor concentrations of benzene, toluene, and NO₂ with indoor smokers were higher than those and without indoor smokers. In conclusion, it is suggested that personal exposures to air pollutants might be affected by indoor sources as well as outdoor pollutants emitted from industrial complex, and indoor air quality and outdoor air quality should be simultaneously considered to reduce the personal exposure to air pollutants.

최근 국가지리정보유통망을 통한 공간정보 통합에 대한 논의처럼, 속성데이터 중심의 인문지리정보 데이터베이스도 시작 단계에서부터 향후의 통합을 고려한 프로토콜을 필요로 한다. 본 연구에서는 효율적인 인문지리정보 DB 구축을 위해 DB 모델의 원칙과 절차, 즉 데이터 모델, DB 정규화, 데이터 무결성에 대해 인문지리정보 사례를 통해 방향을 제시하였고, 인문지리정보의 변화를 수용할 수 있는 시간성 확보 방안과 온톨로지와 통합DB를 효과적으로 연계하는 방안을 제시하였다. 특히 시간에 따른 정보의 변화를 저장하기 위해 TimeStamp 객체와 TimeSPAN 객체를 DB에 임베드하였고 시간관계 함수를 이용해 검색할 수 있도록 하였다. 또한 수시 갱신이 필요한 인문지리정보 DB를 온톨로지와 연계하기 위해서는 DBMS 내의 RDF 객체를 활용하는 효율적인 방법을 제시하였다. 이러한 방안은 인문지리정보 DB 뿐만 아니라 수시갱신이 요구되는 대용량의 DB 구축시 가장 근본적으로 검토하여야 할 내용을 제시해 줄 것이다.

지리정보 및 시공간정보의 활용은 사용자 중심의 모바일 애플리케이션 발전에 있어 매우 중요한 역할을 담당한다. 현재 지도서비스와 연계된 스마트폰 애플리케이션은 다수 제공되고 있으나, 지리정보를 활용하는 연구는 관광정보, 버스정보 등 소수의 사례만이 보고되었다. 이러한 연구들에 부가하여, 모바일이라는 개인화된 환경을 고려할 때 사용자 자신과 관련된 정보와 지도서비스를 결합하는 지리정보 애플리케이션의 개발이 매우 필요하다고 하겠다. 이에 본 연구에서는 스마트폰의 네이티브 애플리케이션인 캘린더와의 동기화를 통해 개인스케줄을 지도서비스와 결합하는 애플리케이션을 구현함으로써 위치, 시각, 일정 등 개인화된 상황문맥을 스마트 폰에서 활용하는 방안을 제시하고자 한다. 본 애플리케이션은 개방형 운영체제로서의 잠재력을 가진 안드로이드 탑재 스마트폰을 타겟으로 하여 자바 언어로 개발되었으며, GPS 위치정보와 구글맵스 지도서비스를 활용하여 개인스케줄을 지도화하고, 사용자 주변 도로교통상황의 표시, 지오코딩에 의한 장소검색 등의 기능을 제공한다. 이 애플리케이션 구현에 사용된 코드들은 라이브러리 형태로 패키징되어 다른 애플리케이션 개발에 재사용 및 확장 가능하다.

The mask-face interface design should consider the face shape to improve the half mask respirator's fit ratio. This study tried to design the mask-face interface using recent Korean face data. By using the data of 1536 men's 3D face scanning (Size Korea data), head clay mock-up was made and mask-face interface line was extracted from this head mock-up. Using this interface line, the half-mask prototype was made. According to the quantitative fitting test, the proposed mask was found to be well fitted (average fit-ratio > 100). The proposed method had two advantages. 1) The method could use massive head-related anthropometric data like Size Korea data. 2) The qualitative fit test (observation) could be conducted very quickly by fitting the prototype to the head mock-up. However, this method also had several limitations. 1) The head clay mock-up could be different according to the mock-up maker. 2) The average values of the head-related anthropometric data were used to make the head mock-up. Small and large size head mock-ups should be made and tested.

Indoor, outdoor, and personal nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) exposures were studied in a population of housewives. Daily Indoor and outdoor NO₂ concentrations were measured and compared with simultaneously personal exposures of 17 housewives for 7 consecutive days in 17 houses. In this study, indoor and outdoor NO₂ samples at home were collected only while the housewives were at home samples. Time activity patterns and house characteristics were used to determine the effects of these factors on personal exposure. Since housewives spent their times in indoor houses with mean of 78.3%, their NO₂ exposures were associated with indoor houses NO₂ levels (r= 0.89) rather than outdoor NO₂ level (r= 0.85). Contribution of indoor NO₂ concentration on personal exposure was estimated by 70.77% by using of mass balance model. The close association between measured indoor NO₂ concentrations and measured personal exposure and contribution of indoor NO₂ concentration suggests that measuring indoor concentrations of NO₂ in the home is sufficient to estimate personal exposure accurately.

The information about time spent in microenvironments plays a critical role for an exposure assessment of the person concerned, considering the personal exposure relies on the characterization of activity patterns of the population at risk and human activities impact the timing, location, and level of personal pollutant exposure. The purposes of this paper were to present indoor time activity patterns of Korean from a population-based study and to determine individual factors of time spent in microenvironments. The population based study collected time activity pattern of about 32,000 Korean for two consecutive days. The mean times spent at home, other indoors, outdoors, and transportation in related to the whole sample of 19.025 people are 14.23hrs(59.3%), 6.80hrs(28.3%), 1.26hrs(5.2%), and 1.75hrs(7.3%) in weekday, respectively. Database provides information on how the proportion of persons in different locations changes by time of day in weekday. Here, we see that over 90% of respondents were in a residence from about 11 PM to 5 AM, and the largest proportions of respondents in offices, factories, schools and public buildings occur between 8 AM and 5 PM.

Indoor air quality can be affected by indoor sources, ventilation, decay and outdoor levels. Although technologies exist to measure these factors, direct measurements are often difficult. Toluene and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) concentrations of residential indoor and outdoor were simultaneously measured and compared in 16 houses, using passive samplers during every 3 days for 60 days. Concentrations of toluene and NO₂ were analyzed by gas chromatography and spectrophotometer, respectively. Using a mass balance model, penetration factor (ventilation rate divided by sum of ventilation rate and deposition constant) and source generation factor (source generation rate divided by sum of ventilation rate and deposition constant) were calculated by multiple indoor and outdoor measurements. The mean contributions of toluene of indoor and outdoor sources on residential indoor air quality were estimated to be 31.01% and 67.00%, respectively. On the other hand, mean contributions of NO₂ were 58.93% and 41.06%, respectively. These results could be explained that contributions of indoor and outdoor air pollutants sources are different to residential indoor air concentrations. In conclusion, contributions of outdoor air and indoor sources affecting indoor air quality were effectively characterized using multiple indoor and outdoor measurements.

선박을 운항하는 항해사의 피로도(Fatigue)는 안전항해와 매우 밀접한 관계를 가지고 있다. 또한, 당직항해사의 피로는 중대한 해양사고를 초래할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 항해사의 근무환경, 피로유발요인 및 피로증세 등에 대하여 문헌조사를 실시하였다. 그리고 실습항해사를 대상으로 졸음, 정신적 육체적 작업부하도에 대한 피로도 관련 설문조사를 실시하고 그 결과를 분석하였다. 마지막으로 이와 같은 피로도 조사 및 설문조사 분석결과를 바탕으로 항해사의 피로도 분석항목을 선정하고 이를 기반으로 향후 항해사의 업무수행능력을 평가하기 위한 피로도 분석모델을 제안하였다.

The purpose of this study was to determine conditions of dining behaviors, sleep patterns, rates of obesity and intake of snacks and self-purchased snacks deriving from the lack of sleep in academic high school students. The anthropometric characteristics, height and weight (p<0.05), and the distribution of obesity index (p<0.001) showed significant differences between males and females. Dining scores for both male and female students decreased as the frequency of day time napping increased. Although, there was no significant difference in obesity-related "lack of sleep" between males and females, the rate of "being overweight" was slightly higher in female students who indicated that they experienced a "lack of sleep" than female students that indicated "no lack of sleep". While, whether intake of snacks and self-purchased snacks or not, day time napping frequency affected not to male students. However, the frequency of day time napping among females who ate snacks one or more times a day was higher (p<0.05), and a greater frequency of eating self-purchased snacks correlated with a greater frequency of day napping (p<0.01). Consequently, lack of sleep was identified as one of the factors increasing the frequency of intake of snacks and self-purchased snacks in females. Thus, this study suggests that dining behavior guidance should be given along with systematic and continual nutrition education so that the intake of snacks and self-purchased snacks can be moderated to optimize the physical and mental growth and development of adolescents.

The numbers of deaths attributed by tobacco smoking have remarkably increased, reflecting the smoking patterns of previous decades. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke increases the prevalence of both upper and lower respiratory tract illnesses. Self-reports of direct and indirect smoking may not always be reliable in questionnaire method used epidemiology. A number of biochemical makers have been used to validate claims of indirect smoking among which the most widely used specific markers has been the nicotine metabolite cotinine. This study was conducted to evaluate the cotinine levels to determine smoking status. Biomoitoring to assess the validity of questionnaire method found that sensitivity and specificity coefficients of around 100% and 100% in direct smokers. On the other hand, sensitivity and specificity coefficients were 56.74% and 47.26%, respectively. This results suggest that indirect smoking status should be assessed by biomonitoring such as cotinine levels.

Exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) can produce adverse health effects. Various indoor and outdoor combustion sources make NO₂ the most ubiquitous pollutant in the indoor environment. Indoor air quality can be affected by indoor sources, ventilation, decay and outdoor levels. Although technologies exist to measure these factors, direct measurements are often difficult. In the present paper, we used a mass balance model and regression analysis, penetration factor (ventilation rate divided by the sum of ventilation rate and deposition constant) and source strength factor (source strength divided by the sum of ventilation rate and deposition constant) were calculated using multiple indoor and outdoor measurements with 10 houses. Subsequently, mean contributions of indoor and outdoor sources were 28.86% and 81.09%, respectively, suggesting that both indoor and outdoor sources had contributions to indoor concentrations of NO₂.

본 연구는 최근 정부 및 지자체에서 다양하게 추진하고 있는 각종 지역개발사업의 효율적 추진을 위해서 농산촌지역의 지대구분 및 사업추진을 위해 농산어촌지역 지대구분을 위한 구분기준과 지표를 개발하고 지대구분 안을 도출하는 것이 목적이다. 연구결과, 도시화지역 6개 읍․면, 준도시화 지역 13개 읍․면, 농촌지역 14개 읍․면, 중산간지역 18개 읍․면, 산간지역 11개 읍․면으로 구분되어 전체적으로 균등한 분포를 나타냈다. 세부적으로 보면, 각 군의 읍지역과 중심기능을 담당하고 있는 일부 거점면이 도시화지역으로 분류되었으며, 반대로 지형적으로 다소 산간지역의 특성이 강한 지역일지라도 수려한 자연경관 및 우수한 관광자원을 보유한 지역의 경우에 평가량이 다소 높게 나타난 것이 특징이다. 결과적으로 같은 군에 위치하거나 인접한 읍․면일지라도 각 읍․면별 지역적 특성은 서로 다른 특성을 내포하고 있기에 당해지역의 발전 잠재력을 극대화 할 수 있도록 지역적 특성을 고려한 사업추진이 절실하게 요구되고 있다.

지금까지 실습선의 선교가 운항의 안전성과 효율적인 항해실습교육을 동시에 담보할 수 있도록 설계되었는지 검토하였던 연구는 전무한 상태이다. 본 연구는 국내 실습선의 선교를 주항해선교와 실습선교의 배치형태에 따라 전후형 선교배치, 상하형 선교배치, 단일형 선교배치의 3가지 배치형태로 분류하였다. 또한 설문조사를 통하여 실습선 선교 배치형태에 따라 항해실습교육의 운영형태가 서로 어떻게 달라지는지 검토하였고, 운항과 항해실습교육을 병행하는 데 있어 야기되는 장 단점을 도출하였다. 이를 바탕으로 운항의 안전성을 확보하고 효율적인 항해실습교육을 위해 새로운 형태의 실습선 선교 개선 모델을 제시하였다.

최근 선박충돌사고 또는 좌초사고와 같은 중대한 해양사고를 조사할 때, 사고 관련자의 피로도(Fatigue)가 선박의 안전운항에 부정적인 영향을 미치는 인간과실(Human error) 유발요인으로 작용하여 항해사의 인지능력 및 업무수행능력을 저하시키는 중요한 요인으로 인식되고 있고, 이에 대한 많은 연구가 수행되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 국내 해양사고관련자에 대한 피로도를 체계적으로 조사 분석하기 위한 일환으로 미국연안경비대의 피로도 조사프로그램을 분석하여 국내 해양안전심판원 웹사이트에 조사프로그램을 구현하였으며, 그 결과를 고찰하여 효율적인 피로도조사가 수행 가능하도록 몇 가지 방안을 검토하였다.

Indoor air quality can be affected by indoor sources, ventilation, outdoor levels, and removal. Various indoor and outdoor combustion sources make nitrogen dioxide(NO2), which is a by-product of high temperature fossil fuel combustion. Especially, the presence of gas ranges and smoking have been identified as two of the major factors contributing to indoor NO2 exposures. In this study, the relative efficiencies for NO2 removal by a large number of materials are presented. This work has demonstrated that reactions with indoor surfaces represents a significant sink for NO2, and that these reactions currently are effecting a considerable degree of control over indoor NO2 levels. It seems that this control could be enhanced by judicious selection of furnishings and construction materials. Improved understanding of that rates and mechanisms of the removal process will permit optimization of the process for indoor air quality improvement.