To investigate the usefulness of Kenaf(Hibiscus cannabinus L.) as mushroom culture media source, we analyzephysical condition and contents of nutritional components. The water absorption rate of Kenaf bast was 578% and it was 95%higher than that of poplar sawdust’s. This was caused by Kenaf’s porous cellular structure. so it could give more moisture andoxygen to cultured mushroom. Total carbon contents of Kenaf was 91.4%, it was quite higher than that of poplar sawdust, wheatbran and rice bran. Total nitrogen content was 1.76% and C/N ratio was 51.9. The content of NFE(Nitrogen free extract) was46.6% and it was similar with rice bran. Cellulose content was higher than poplar but lignin content was lower. speciallyhemicellulose and pectin complex which more digestible carbon source to mushroom was 3.7% higher than poplar. Mineralcomponent and amino acid contents were also maintained high compared with poplar. Fe was 4.2 times, P 3.2 times, K 2.2times more and Ca was higher 16 mg/kg than poplar. The content of amino acid was quite more higher than poplar sawdust butlower than chaff. Consequently Kenaf had a good trait for basic support material in mushroom culture media and also had agood character as nutritional source.

본 연구는 국내 재배면적이 확대되고 있는 목이버섯의 부가가치 향상과 소비량 확대를 위해 팽화기술을 접목한 목이버섯 즉석죽을 제조하고, 품질특성을 조사하여 실버층에 쉽게 적용할 수 있는 제품을 개발하고자 하였다. 백미와 흑미를 75~100%와 25~0%로 혼합한 후 비타민 D2와 식이섬유 함량이 높은 건목이버섯을 0~4%로 첨가하여 호화도, 영양성분, 항산화성 및 관능 등을 조사하였다. 즉석죽 분말의 호화도는 건목이버섯 첨가량이 증가할수록, 흑미 첨가량이 감소할수록 최고점도와 유지강도, 강하점도, 최종점도, 노화점도가 증가하는 경향이었다. 백미 80%와 흑미 20%를 혼합한 후 건목이버섯 3%를 첨가한 즉석죽은 비타민 D2 18.53 μg/100 g, 식이섬유 3.73 g/100 g이 함유되어 있어 뼈의 형성과 유지와 배변활동 촉진 효과가 기대되었다. 또한 DPPH free radical 소거능도 56.79%로 나타나, 항산화성이 높아 실버층의 건강에 기여할 것으로 기대되었다. 본 실험 결과, 목이버섯은 기능성 가공제품 개발의 소재로서 사용가치가 매우 높아 실버층뿐 아니라, 다양한 연령층에 적합한 가공제품 생산에 응용가능하리라 생각된다.

잎브로콜리에 심각한 피해를 주는 배추좀나방의 적절한 방제시기 설정을 위한 기초자료로 이용하기 위하여 유충접종밀도와 잎브로콜리 피 해량의 관계를 분석하여 경제적피해허용수준과 요방제 수준을 설정한 결과는 다음과 같다. 배추좀나방 3~4령 유충을 주당 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 마리를 5월 24일에 접종하고, 6월 1일, 6월 9일, 6월 18일에 발생밀도와 엽수량을 조사한 결과, 초기 접종밀도가 증가할수록 배추좀나방의 발생 밀도는 증가하였고 시간이 경과할수록 엽수량은 감소하였다. 이를 토대로 배추좀나방의 접종밀도와 수량감소율을 회귀식을 이용하여 분석한 결 과 y=1636-394x (R 2 =0.79***)로 추정되었다. 잎브로콜리에서 5% 피해율을 경제적 피해한도로 볼 때 배추좀나방의 경제적피해허용수준은 10 주당 2~3마리이고, 요방제 수준은 10주당 1-2마리 수준으로 추정된다.

목이버섯 봉지재배의 배지 선발은 톱밥85%를 참나무 80%+포플러20%의 중량비로 혼합하였고 이 때 필요한 부재료는 면실박10%와 밀기울5%를 혼합한 배지였다. 개발한 배지자실체 수량검정을 한 결과 버섯생육기간은 대조에 비해 33일 단축되고 수량도 25%증수되었다.

목이버섯의 톱밥종균을 제조하는데 참나무톱밥은영양원으로 미강을 20%첨가하고, 포플러톱밥은 밀기울을 10%첨가하였을 때 목이버섯의 균사와 밀도가 양호하였다. 이때 봉지재배에 적합한 종균 접종양은 참나무톱밥종균은 15g, 포플러톱밥종균은 25g를접종할 때 오염발생률이 줄고 배양완성률이 높아 적합한 접종양 이었다.

목이의 균사생육에 일반적인 특성을 조사한 결과 최적온도는 25℃, pH는 6~7범위에서 균사생육이 양호하였다. 배지원 선발로 무기염류종류와 농도는 MgSO4·7H2Os 0.05%, KH2PO4 0.1%에서 균사생육이 양호하였고, 탄소원은 흑설탕 2%첨가에서 균사생육이 양호하였으며, 질소원은 콩가루를 0.3~0.5%로 첨가하였을 때 목이버섯의 균사생육이 제일 양호하였다.

본 연구는 버들송이버섯의 균사 생육 최적조건을 구명하여 액체종균을 제조하고 또한 톱밥종균의 영양원을 선발하기 위하여 시험을 수행하였고, 선발된 종균에 대한 종균 접종량을 설정하여 병재배에 적합한 조건을 구명하고자 하였다. 버들송이버섯의 톱밥종균은 미송톱밥(70%)+밀기울(30%)의 비율, 포플러톱밥(80%)+옥수수가루(20%) 조건으로 배합할 때 균사 생육이 양호하였다. 액체종균에 대한 영양원 선발 및 첨가량은 백설탕 1.0~1.5%, yeast extract 0.7g/ℓ, 콩가루0.1.7g/ℓ, 무기물은 MgSO4·7H2O 0.3g/ℓ, KH2PO4 0.5g/ℓ, K2HPO 1.2g/ℓ가 최적 조건이었다. 이때 선발된 배지의 접종량은 액체 및 톱밥종균을 25㎖/850㎖과 20~25g/850㎖로 접종 할 때 자실체 발생이 양호하였다.

Economic injury levels (EILs) and economic control threshold (ET) were estimated for the Tea red spider mite, Tetranychus kanzawai Kishida(Acari, Tetranychidae) in Rubus coreanus Miquel. T. kanzawai density increased until the early-July and thereafter decreased in all plots except the non-innoculation plot where initial density of the mite were different each 0，5, 10, 20 and 40 adults per plant branch on May 7 in 2008. And the occurrence of the densities were increased higher innoculated density than different innoculation density. The yield was decreased with increasing initial mite density and thereby the rates of yield loss was increased with increasing initial mite density. And T. kanzawai occurrence density, yields and the rates of yield loss, where initial density of the mite were different each 0,2, 5, 10 and 20 adults per plant branch on May 8 in 2009 were similar tendency to 2008 year results. The relationship between initial T. kanzawai densities and the yield losses was well described by a linear regression, Y = 0.6545X + 3.0425 (R<SUP>2</SUP> = 0.93) in 2008, Y = 0.9031X + 2.0899(R<SUP>2</SUP> = 0.96) in 2009. Based on the relationship, the number of adults per plant branch(EILs) which can cause 5% loss of yield was estimated to be approximately 3.0 in 2008 and 3.2 in 2009. And the ET was estimated to be approximately 2.4 in 2008 and 2.6 in 2009. The relationship between initial T. kanzawai densities and occurrence density of mid-May considering the best spray timing against T. kanzawai was well described by a linear regression, Y = 0.471X + 2.495(R<SUP>2</SUP> = 0.95) in 2008, Y = 0.9938X + 3.1858(R<SUP>2</SUP> 二 0.96) in 2009. Based on the relationship, the number of adults per Ieaf(ET) in mid-May which can cause 5% loss of yield was estimated to be approximately 3.6 in 2008 and 5.8 in 2009.

In this study, 5 species (Tetranychus kanzawai Kishida, Endoclyta excrescens (Butler), leaf roller caterpillar (Adoxophyes orana Fisher), Anomis mesogona (Walker), and Aulacaspis rosae (Bouche)) were found in Rubus coreanus Miquel in Jeonbuk province, from 2006 to 2008. T. kanzawai appeared in mid-May and showed three peaks in late June, mid-July, and late August. Its density was over 10 adults per leaf. A. mesogona appeared in mid-June and showed two peaks in late July, and early October. Of the 28 insect pests in pre-harvesting, the 7 main species were T. kanzawai, T. urticae, A. orana, Lygocoris lucorum Meyer, Frankliniella intonsa (Trybom), Psylliodespunctifrons Baly and Motschulskyia serrata (Matsumura). Of the 19 insect pests in after-harvesting, the 6 main species were T. kanzawai, E. excrescens, A. mesogona, A. orana, P. punctifrons and A. rosae. Growth of R. coreanus decreased when insect pests were not managed and yields decreased approx. 7% a year. Management of insect pests in field using pesticide was not different.

버들송이버섯(Agrocybe cylindracea)는 주름버섯목(A-garicales) 소똥버섯과(Bolibitiaceae)에 속하는 담자균 류로, 봄에서 가을까지 활엽수의 마른 줄기의 썩은 부분에서 자라며 갓은 둥근 모양으로 직경이 2~5㎝정도이 고, 황갈색의 표면에 섬유상의 백색 줄무늬를 지니고 주름이 있으며, 포자는 암갈색 줄무늬를 지니고 있고 포 자는 암갈색의 전형적인 버섯의 형태를 갖추고 있다. 이 버섯은 다른 버섯에 비하여 섬유질이 많아 씹으면 단 맛이 있고, 아삭아삭하여 독특한 촉감과 향이 있어 대중의 기호에 맞아, 연중생산이 가능한 병재배 시설을 이 용하여 확대재배하기에 유망한 버섯이다. 그러나 이 버섯은 균배양기간이 길고 종균 저장력이 약하며, 배양중 에 잡균 오염이 높아 농가에서 널리 재배되지 못하고 있는 실정이다. 그러나 최근에는 연구자들(Esser 등 1974, 1977; Labarere 등, 1987)들 간에 유전 및 생산적인 측면에서 버들송이버섯에 관한 연구가 있었지만 인 공재배에 관한 연구는 미흡한 상태이다. 본 연구는 버들송이벗서의 안정적 생산을 위해 톱밥종균을 제조하는 데 적합한 톱밥종류와 톱밥종류별 적합한 부재료인 영양원을 선발하여, 우량종균을 생산으로 배양기간을 단 축하고, 또한 선발된 톱밥종균으로부터 적정 톱밥접종량을 제시하여 버들송이버섯의 최적 톱밥종균제조로 병 재배의 안정성을 높이고자 한다.

Economic injury levels (EILs) and economic threshold (ET) were estimated for the two spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari, Tetranychidae) on greenhouse eggplants. T. urticae density increased until the mid-July and thereafter decreased in all plots where initial density of the mite were different each 0, 2, 5, 10 and 20 adults per plant was innoculated on June 7. Growth variables of were not different among experimental plots but fruit weights were lower in plots with higher initial mite density than in plots with lower initial mite density. Total number of fruits and the number of marketable fruits decreased in plots with higher initial mite density. The rates of yield loss increased with increasing initial mite density, resulting in 0, 3.9, 11.3, 14.5, 22.8% reduction in each of the above plots, respectively. The relationship between initial T. urticae densities and yield losses was well described by a linear regression, Y = 1.085X + 2.474, R² = 0.9659. Based on the relationship, the number of adults per plant which can cause 5% loss of yield was estimated to be approximately 1.8.

전북 익산시 비닐하우스 엽채류 근대에서 발생하는 흰띠명나방을 채집하여 사육실(25±2℃, 16L:8D, RH 60~70)에서 누대 사육하면서 성충 수명, 산란수 등을 조사하고, 15℃, 20℃, 25℃, 30℃ 항온기에서 알과 유충의 발육상태를 조사하였다. 사육실에서 성충의 수명은 암컷이 17.5일, 수컷이 15.6일이었고, 암컷 한 마리당 산란수는 85.9개, 일일산란수는 10.6개, 산란전기간은 6.9일, 산란기간은 8.1일, 산란후기간은 2.5일, 번데기기간은 9.8일, 우화율은 57.9%, 유충기간은 16.0일이었다. 온도별 난 및 유충 발육기간은 15℃에서 난기간 6.8일, 1령 4.6일, 2령 4.8일, 20℃에서 난기간 6.8일, 1령 4.5일, 2령 4.7일, 3령 4.0일, 4령 4.2일, 25℃에서 난기간 4.1일, 1령 3.4일, 2령 4.1일, 3령 3.9일, 4령 3.9일, 30℃에서 난기간 3.4일, 1령 3.9일, 2령 3.3일, 3령 2.7일, 4령 3.0일이었다. 온도별 부화율은 15℃에서 12.1%, 20℃에서 21.3%, 25℃에서 71.8%, 30℃에서 62.5%였다.

전라북도 복분자 주산지인 익산, 정읍, 고창을 대상으로 복분자에 발생하는 해충 종류 및 발생양상에 대하여 조사하였다. 복분자에 발생하는 주요 해충은 차응애, 잎말이나방 등 총 37종이 조사되었고, 문제해충은 잎말이나방, 차응애, 톱니무늬애매미충, 박쥐나방, 무궁화잎밤나방, 검정배줄벼룩잎벌레, 대만총채벌레, 장미흰깍지벌레 등 8종이었다. 수확전 해충으로는 차응애 등 35종이 발생하였고, 차응애, 잎말이나방, 대만총채벌레, 톱니무늬애매미충, 검정배줄벼룩잎벌레 5종이 주요해충으로 차응애 피해가 컸으며, 수확후에는 무궁화잎밤나방 등 13종이 발생하였고, 차응애, 무궁화잎밤나방, 박쥐나방, 톱니무늬애매미충, 장미흰깍지벌레 5종이 주요 해충으로 무궁화잎밤나방과 박쥐나방 피해가 심하였다. 8종의 주요해충 중 차응애는 수확전·후 모두 심하게 발생하였으며, 6월하순, 8월하순, 10월중순 3회 발생피크를 보였고, 박쥐나방은 10월상순 1회, 무궁화잎밤나방은 7월하순과 10월상순 2회 발생피크를 보였으며, 박쥐나방과 무궁화잎밤나방은 수확후에 심하게 발생하였다.

Economic injury levels and economic thresholds were estimated for the american serpentine leafminer (Liriomyza trifolii) on greenhouse eggplant. Liriomyza trifolii density was increased until the late June and decreased after the July in innoculation on may 17. Growth of an aerial plants and fruits were not different in treatment respectively. But total number of fruits and yields were decreased on higher inoculation density. Whereas the rate of yield loss was increased. The rates of damaged leaf by L. trifolii were increased on higher inoculation density and the peak was 65%. The number of commodity fruits and the rates of commodity fruit were become lower than non-treatment (72.2%). The rates of damaged leaf area were 5.3, 11.7, 19.7, 25.7% on inoculation densities and the rates of yield loss were 0.6, 4.8, 9.8, 14.7%, respectively. There existed close correlation between rate of yield loss and inoculation density (Y = 0.76779X + 0.298354, R² = 0.9599). Considerated of the results, the economic injury levels of L. trifolii on eggplant greenhouse was 6.1 adults per 4 plant and the economic thresholds was 4.9 adults per 4 plant

수박재배 하우스에서 목화바둑명나방은 유충이 10월 10일까지 높은 밀도로 유지하다가 10월 15일부터 급격히 밀도가 낮아지기 시작하고 번데기는 10월 15일 이전에는 수박잎이나 과실이 땅과 접촉하는 부위에 있으나 그 이후부터는 지하부로 이동하여 토양속에서 월동하였다. 월동 번데기는 토양의 습도가 pF 2.4정도인 토양에서 대부분이 발견되었으며, 건조한 토양이나 과습한 토양에서는 거의 발견되지 않았다. 하우스 내 월동번데기의 분포는 수박덩굴의 상위엽이 위치해 있었던 부분의 토양내에서 가장 많은 번데기가 발견되었다. 또한 토양 내 수직분포는 지중 5cm 이하에서 대부분이 발견되었으며, 지하 10cm이상에서는 전혀 발견되지 않았다 전체 월동번데기의 암수 성비는 1.09 : 1.00으로 성간에 큰 차이가 없었다. 목화바둑명나방 발생예찰을 위한 성페로몬은 (E)-11-hexadecenal과 (E, E)-10, 12-hexadecadienal을 7 : 3으로 혼합했을 때 가장 유인량이 많았다. 가장 유인효과가 좋았던 (E)-11-hexadecenal : (E, E)-10, 12-hexadecadienal 7 : 3의 페로몬을 이용한 시기별 발생소장 조사에서는 4회의 발생성기를 보였는데 7월 중하순에 처음으로 유인되었고 9월 하순에 가장 유인량이 많았다.

Background: The present study assessed the response of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L., Jangdae) seed to NaCl and the effects of polyethylene glycol (PEG) on kenaf seed germination and vigor. Methods and Results: Seed germination ranged from 11.3% to 58.8% after 24 hours of immersion in NaCl concentrations from 0% to 0.5%. The priming treatments had lower electrical conductivity (EC) values for the seeds than for the control and a deteriorated palisade layer. Priming in 10% PEG for 48 hours increased the germination upto 96.3% in H2O solution and 98.8% in 0.3% NaCl solution compared to that of the control (78.8%). Germination synchronization, and shoot and root growth of the primed seeds were greater than those of the control. The T50 of the control in H2O and 0.3% NaCl solution was 22 and 28 times, respectively. After priming, nine times was sufficient to reach T50 in both solution. The mean number of days to germination (MDG) decreased from 1.43 days for the control to 0.55 days for 0% PEG in H2O solution and from 1.57 days for the control to 0.56 days for 0% PEG in 0.3% NaCl solution. The dry weight after the 10% PEG treatment was higher than that of the control. Conclusions: Taken together, 10% PEG treatment for 24 hours is recommended for kenaf seed invigoration before planting.

Recently, an interest has developed in the use of whole green grains as functional food materials. The present study was conducted to provide the baseline data for the stable production of whole green grains in 20 cultivars of wheat by investigating the greenness of grain with maturation (from 20 th to 41 st day after heading, at an interval of 3 days). On the 20 th day after heading, the grains were dark green with a wrinkled long-oval shape. After the 35 th day of heading, the grains turned almost yellow with an oval shape. Their redness (‘a’ value of chromaticity) increased from the 20 th to 41 st days after heading, indicating a negative value up to the 32 nd day after heading. A significant decrease in their chlorophyll content was observed with maturation. The yield of whole green wheat grain (including greenish yellow grain) was the highest from the 32 nd to 35 th after heading. Therefore, we concluded that the optimal harvesting period for whole green wheat grain was from the 32 nd to 35 th day after heading. The heading time of various cultivars ranged from April 28 to May 5, the time of Jopummil cultivar grew the fastest among them, such as Gurumil, Alchanmil, but Dahongmil got the latest in heading time. The greenness of seven cultivars (Jeokjungmil, Keumkangmil, Jogyeongmil, Jopummil, Baekjungmil, Yeonbaekmil, and Milseongmil) was relatively higher than that of the others. The yield of greenish whole grain was relatively high in six cultivars (Alchanmil, Baekjungmil, Eunpamil, Yeonbaekmil, Dahongmil, and Urimil). Based on their greenness and yield, the Baekjungmil and Yeonbaekmil cultivars have been considered to be optimal for the production of whole green wheat grain.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different sowing times (May 25, June 10, June 25, July 10, and July 25) on growth and yield of four proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) cultivars (Hwanggeumkijang, Manghongchal, Ibaekchal, and Hwangsilchal) at a cultivation area in Iksan, Jeonbuk Province. Heading and ripening times were delayed, with later sowing times in all cultivars, and the periods for heading and ripening were shortened. For sowing from May 25 to July 25, the growth stage was shorter by 40 days in Manghongchal, 38 days in Hwanggeumkijang, 36 days in Hwangsilchal, and 30 days in Ibaekchal. The culm length, ear length, ear width, and culm diameter differed significantly between the cultivars and sowing times. In particular, the culm and ear lengths were considerably reduced when the sowing time was delayed. The grain yield (kg/10a) of Hwanggeumkijang and Ibaekchal was 312 and 359 kg, respectively, for sowing on June 10; and that of Manhongchal and Hwangsilchal was 286 and 404 kg, respectively, for sowing on June 25. Thus, the optimum sowing time was June 25 for Hwanggeumkijang and Ibaekchal, and June 10 for Manhongchal and Hwangsilchal.

The late-maturing black rice cultivar Shinnongheugchal from Jeollabuk-do Agricultural Research and Extension Service was used as the plant material for estimating growth characters, quality and yield from the vegetation period to harvest age. This study was performed to select an optimum combination of nitrogen level and planting density for the maximum yield of Shinnongheugchal. The plant height, number of tillers, and SPAD index were higher when the combination of 70 hills per 3.3 m 2 and 13 kg/10 a nitrogen level was used at 30 days after transplanting. The heading date for the combination of 70 hills per 3.3 m 2 and 15 kg/10 a nitrogen level, and 80 hills per 3.3 m 2 and 15 kg/10 a nitrogen level was August 22. The heading date for the other combinations was August 21. The combination of 70 hills per 3.3 m 2 and 13 kg/10 a nitrogen level yielded the highest number of tillers at 40 days after flowering. Even though the lodging index was increased with increasing nitrogen levels, field lodging did not occur until harvest time. Seed nitrogen concentration in the combination of 70 hills per 3.3 m 2 and 13 kg/10 a nitrogen level showed a significant difference when compared with the other combinations. The black rice yield varied significantly, and the highest yield was observed in the combination of 70 hills per 3.3 m 2 and 13 kg/10 a nitrogen level. The yield was significantly correlated with seed nitrogen concentration. The maximum yield was estimated to be 14.67 kg/10 a nitrogen level by using the regression equation. On average, the coloring degree of the black rice was higher at planting density of 70 hills per 3.3 m 2 than at 80 hills per 3.3 m 2 . The highest yield of perfect black rice was obtained using the combination of 70 hills per 3.3 m 2 and 13 kg/10 a nitrogen level. Our findings demonstrate that a nitrogen level of 13-14 kg/10 a can be used to obtain the maximum yield from Shinnongheugchal with yield, cyanidin 3-glucoside content, and perfect black rice yield as the standard.