In this study, the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in meat process food and for cooking methods (pan-frying and charcoal fire). The methodology involved liquid-liquid extraction, silica gel cartridge clean-up and determination by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The recovery of 17 PAHs spiked into these samples ranged from 66.6 % to 98.0% and the coefficient of variation was less than 10%, but that of dibenz(a,h)anthracene was 16.39%. The mean concentration of total PAHs in processed samples was ND∼7.2 ng/g, whereas that pan-fried and charcoal-fired samples were ND∼22.1 ng/g and, 12.7∼367.8 ng/g, respectively. Therefore, the concentrations of total PAHs in cooked samples were higher than in original samples and charcoal-fired samples had the highest total PAH levels.

The purpose of this study was to investigate how young children recognize the image of robots, and how they understand the relationship between themselves and robots based on school experience. 20 children from kindergarten A had no direct experience with educational robots, whereas 20 children from kindergarten B had experience in using educational robots in their classroom. Total 40 children from age group 5 class participated in this study. We collected data using interview and drawing test. The findings of the study are as follows: First, participating children recognized robots as having both the character of a machine and a human. But children with previous robot experience provided description of robots as a machine-tool. Both groups were not able to explain the structure of robots in details. Second, participating children understood that they can develop a range of social relationships with robots, including simple help to family replacement. There were mixed views on robots among the children with previous experience, but children with no experience described robots as taking the role of peers or family members. These findings could contribute to the development of robots and related programs in the field of early childhood education.

Large scale of loess has been applied on the south sea shore of the Korean peninsula to treat red tides, due to many fishery's devastation by red tides every year. However, coastal ecosystem is ruined by the huge amount of loess applied every year. Almost all creatures, living under water such as sea weeds, clams, and fishes, where loess was applied, are disappearing. In this paper, alternative methods of the loess application are investigated. The amount of loess could be reduced by the alternative methods. Especially, loess mixed with calcium oxide has excellent effects to reduce Cochlodinium polykrikoides numbers. It was found that when loess is used with calcium oxide(CaO), removal efficiency of red tides is highly increased. Moreover, the amount of loess could be reduced dramatically.

This study was conducted to study the effect of horticultural therapy on the self-esteem of geriatric patients. This study was divided into two experiment. The first experiment is the effect of horticultural therapy on self-esteem depression and of the long term in geriatric patients. The subject participated in this program were 15 geriatric patients attending to Bando hospital located in Jinju. They took part in 20 horticultural therapy programs by twice a week. To investigate the effect of horticultural therapy on self-esteem scale, GDS(Geriatric depression scale), MBI(Modified barthel index), EHA(Evaluation of horticultural activity). Horticultural terapy self-esteem enhanced MBI, EHA increased and the GDS decreased gradually. The second experiment is the effect of horticultural therapy doing together with music therapy on the changes of depression and self-esteem in geriatric patients. The subjects participated in this program were 20 geriatric patients attending to Bando hospital located in Jinju. The treatments were applied on four group, group A : horticultural therapy doing together with music therapy, group B : horticultural therapy, group C : music therapy, group D : non-treatment. They took part in 20 horticultural therapy programs by twice a week and music therapy programs one time per a week. To investigate the effect of horticultural therapy on Self-esteem scale, GDS, EHA. According to the results, treatments was effectiness on group A, B and C in self-esteem scale, GDS and EHA, but not on group D.

Large scale of fish kills by red tides has been occurred every year in coastal water fisheries of Korea. To suppress red tide spreading out over the south coastal water of the Korean Peninsula large amount of loess has been applied every year because loess is known to be effective in removing red tide organisms. Effects of loess application in ecosystem of underwater near sea shore were investigated with some physical characteristics of loess. Loess used for the red tide reduction consisted of very fine particles, of which size was mostly less than 0.1㎜. Particles of loess blocked light penetration, which is essential for the underwater ecosystem. Loess also pushed pH down by the hydrolysis activities of aluminium and iron. It was found that underwater ecosystems where loess was applied near sea shore were devastated. Sea plants such as sea weeds were gone leaving only their roots. Clams and snails were dead under the loess dust blanket. And fishes were not found at all where loess has been sprayed for long time. It was found that even if loess has some capacity to reduce red tide temporarily, loess application should be stopped to protect underwater ecosystems.

This study was carried out to investigate the correlation between toluene in air and hippuric acid in human urine, which is based in the results of the health check-in and measure of working environment, was investigated for five years. Toluene in air and hippuric acid in urine were checked 116 workers who exposed to toluene in five type of industry. The Mean concentration of toluene in air by type of industry and every year and sex distinction, had positive correlation.(p<0.01) The Mean concentration of hippuric acid in urine by type of industry, every year, sex distinction, disparity of age and term of duty had positive correlation.(p<0.01)

도시하천 하류부에서의 하상퇴적토 준설에 따른 수직개선효과를 검토하기 위해 유한차분법을 사용하여 목표년도 하수의 차집율에 따라 목표수질 달성에 대한 기여정도를 분석하였다. 도시를 관류하고 있는 11.2km의 하천구간내에 21개 지점을 선정하여 시추를 실시하였으며, 용출시험을 통한 하상퇴적토의 오염정도을 조사하였다. 하상퇴적토 준석에 따른 주요지점별 COD 변화를 갈수량, 저수량 및 평수량에 대해서 검토하였고, 그 결과 오염된 하상퇴적토의 준설이 수질개선에

This study was carried out to investigate the correlation between toluene in air and hippuric acid in human urine, which is based on the results of the health check-in and the measure of working environment, was investigated for two years. The concentration of toluene in air for the five working places in Yang-San area were ranged from 39.05±10.31 ppm to 4.04±3.38ppm and the mean value of those was 16.89±14.76ppm. The mean value was 16.89±14.76ppm which is below the permissible limit of toluene. The concentration of hippuric acid(HA) in the worker's urine were between 0.47g/ℓ and 0.76g/ℓ. There was mutual correlation (r=0.94) between the concentration of toluene in air and that of hippuric acid in urine. In case of male workers, the mean value of hippuric acid in urine was 0.56g/ℓ and the female workers was 0.57g/ℓ that showed higher than the male's. However, there was no relationship between the workshop and the distinction of sex. From the mean value of toluene in air(T) and that of hippuric acid(H), we obtained the formula, H= 0.3log T+0.235

For the remediation of the contaminated soil with heavy metals, Cd, Cr, Cu, and Pb, the reaction parameters were optimized. Tartaric acid (TA) and oxalic acid(OA) as a washing agent were evaluated as a function of concentration, reaction time, mixing ratio of washing agent and recovery of metals. The optimum washing conditions of TA and OA were in the ratio of 1 : 20 between soil and acid solution during 2 hr reaction under unbuffered pH solutions. At the optimized reaction conditions, the removal efficiencies were compared with that of 0.1 M HC1 and ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid(EDTA). TA showed higher efficiency on the removal of Pb than that of EDTA, which established for the remediation of contaminated soil with Pb and Cd metals. The recovery of metal ions from washing solution was achieved by adding calcium hydroxide and sodium sulfide by forming the precipitation of metal hydroxide and metal sulfide. Optimum amounts of sodium sulfide and calcium hydroxide were Cd = 25g/ℓ, Cu = 5∼10g/ℓ and Pb = 5∼10g/ℓ for the washing solution of OA and 2∼5g/ℓ for the washing solution of TA, respectively. The amounts of Na2S and Ca(OH)2 for the tartaric acid was less than that of oxalic acid.

The well-mixed room model has been traditionally used to predict the concentrations of contaminants in indoor environments. However, this is inappropriate because the flow fields in many indoor environments distribute contaminants non-uniformly, due to imperfect air mixing. Thus, some means used to describe an imperfectly mixed room are needed. The simplest model that accounts for imperfect air mixing is a two-zone model. Therefore, this study on development of computer program for the two-zone model is carried out to propose techniques of estimating the concentration of contaminants in the room. To do this, an important consideration is to divide a room into two-zone, i.e. the lower and upper zone assuming that the air and contaminants are well mixed within each zone. And between the zones the air recirculation is characterized through the air exchange parameter. By this basic assumption, the equations for the conservation of mass are derived for each zone. These equations are solved by using the computational technique. The language used to develope the program is a VISUAL BASIC. The value of air exchange coefficient(f_12) is the most difficult to forecast when the concentrations of contaminants in an imperfectly mixed room are estimated by the two-zone model. But, as the value of f_12 increases, the air exchange between each zone increases. When the value of f_l2, is approximately 15, the concentrations in both zone approach each other, and the entire room may be approximately treated as a single well-mixed room. Therefore, this study is available for designing of the ventilation to improve the air quality of indoor environments. Also, the two-zone model produces the theoretical base which may be extended to the theory for the multi-zone model, that will be contributed to estimate the air pollution in large enclosures, such as shopping malls, atria buildings, airport terminals, and covered sports stadia.

We tried to develope a desulfurization sorbent using eggshell for recycling, practicability, and economic development. The calcination character of the eggshell was examined by thermal gravimetric analysis and qualitative-quantitative character by X-ray diffractometer(XRD) and scanning electron microscope(SEM). The calcination was occurred easily in the case of eggshell and its form was changed from calcite(CaCO_3) to lime(CaO). The grain and pore sizes of the calcined sample after base-treatment were larger and more crystallic. The adsorption ability of the eggshell was two- to six-times in the calcination temperature more than in the grain size. Therefore, the eggshell was thought to be usable as the desulfurization sorbent.

Pollution characteristics of leachate and underground soil of the two landfill sites were investigated. Domestic wastes were dumped in the two adjacent landfill sites. Only small portion of S landfill site was filled with domestic wastes at the first stage of dumping, and most portion of the site was filled with construction wastes. However Y landfill site was filled with mostly domestic wastes. Higher concentrations of organic pollutants including VOCs were measured in Y landfill site leachate than in S landfill site. Underground soils of the two landfill sites were analyzed by the two kinds of leaching methods, KEP (Korean Extraction process) and Acid Digestion. Underground soils of the both landfill sites were not polluted by leachates. Underground soils of the two were composed of fine silty material. Thus it is found that fine silty soil layer of the sea shore may be used as a landfill site.