Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD1) gene plays important role in fatty acid composition. In order to find marker-assisted selection (MAS) for improving the economic trait, this study was performed to identify the 878T>C single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) on SCD1 gene. Three genotypes (CC, CT, and TT) were detected in 878T>C SNP of SCD1 gene from 103 Hanwoo population by polymorphism chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and economic traits were analyzed by general linear model. The frequency of allele C and T was 0.534 and 0.466, also the genotype frequency of CC, CT and TT was 0.252, 0.563, and 0.184, respectively in the Hanwoo population. The TT genotype of SCD1 gene showed a significantly higher measures (p<0.05) of carcass weight (CW) than CT, CC genotype. No significant association was detected between genotype and other economic trait (marbling, backfat thickness, and longissimus muscle area) in this study. The results revealed that SCD1 gene 878T>C SNP could be useful for effective MAS to increase the economic quality in Hanwoo population.

This study was carried out to investigate artificial insemination (AI) failure status and frozen semen characteristics in Korean proven bulls‘ number (KPN) semen used for AI of Hanwoo cows in Gangwon East region (Gangneung, Donghae, Taebaek, Samcheok, Sokcho, Yangyang, Goseong). Among semen used for AI, AI failure rate showed lowest at KPN506 (27.6%), whereas highest at KPN593 (77.2%). Correlations of AI failure in between Korean proven bulls semen and cows was 0.2941, which means that AI failure rate of Korean proven bulls semen may have respectable effect on reproduction of Hanwoo cow. In addition, present study was conducted to investigate spermatozoal viability rate, ruptured acrosome rate and active mitochondria in frozen Korean proven bulls semen with flow cytometry. The semen of KPN593 showed significantly (p<0.05) higher viability rate in KPN593 (30.49%) than that in KPN637 (37.34%). Furthermore, percentage of ruptured acrosome was lower in KPN637 as 21.37% than in KPN637 (21.37%), but it was not statistically significant. In conclusion, these results indicate that choice of Korean proven bulls semen may correlate positively with conception rate in Hanwoo cow. Therefore, KPN with high AI failure rate might be avoid to increase conception rate and characteristics of frozen semen might be evaluated before its use for AI.

Myopalladin (MYPN) is an important expression gene associated with regulation of Z-line structure in muscle and maintains sarcomeric integrity. In this study, we investigated the association between MYPN A1795G SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) and carcass traits (LMA, longissimus muscle area; CW, carcass weight; BF, backfat thickness; MS, marbling score) in Korean cattle. The MYPN A1795G SNP was genotyped in 212 steers and analyzed the associations with carcass traits by PCR-RFLP (Restriction fragment length polymorphism) method. The allele frequencies were 0.566 for G allele and 0.434 for A allele. And the genotype frequencies of GG, GA, and AA genotype were 32.1%, 49%, and 18.9%, respectively. Association analysis indicated that the A1795G SNP of MYPN gene showed a significant association with LMA (p<0.05). The steers with GG genotype had higher LMA than those with the genotypes AA. But no significant associations were observed in other carcass traits (CW, BF, MS). The steers with the GG genotype showed higher CW and BF than those with the genotypes AA and GA. These results suggest that the A1795G SNP of the MYPN gene is associated with LMA and may be useful for candidate marker-assisted selection to increase the levels of LMA in Korean cattle.

Enforcement of the beef traceability system can block the sale of imported beef disguised Hanwoo and help customers to know detailed information of the Hanwoo beef while purchase. This study was carried out to investigate the possibilities of identifying DNA upon various ripening and roasting methods (soy sauce, gochujang sauce, 10% vinegar, 10% coke, 10% Cheongha, 10% Soju, completely burned out, raw, normal roasted, dried, and boiled) employed for beef traceability system. Completely burned out meat could not yied useful DNA in the sample, hence wa not analysed. The amplified peaks in most of the samples appeared equally barring completely burned out meat. However, roasted beef after ripened in soy sauce showed new peaks or deletion of a peaks with two markers. The DNA allele height and the amount of extracted DNA in roasted beef after ripening in 10% Cheongha was found to be higher than those in the raw beef. No significant correlations between DNA allele height and the amount of extracted DNA within the samples was noticed. Also, these results suggest that beef traceability using microsatellite (MS) markers is possible in various roasting beef because of bovine specific MS markers. Therefore, beef traceability system by DNA identify test would give the confidence in food safety and beef distribution system to customers.

The aim of this study was to analyze the reproduction and breeding status of 1655 Hanwoo (Korean cattle) cows raised in Gangwon East area (Gangneung, Taebaek, Donghae, Yangyang, Samcheok, Sokcho, and Goseong). The average age in months and the parity of Hanwoo was 43.6 and 1.7 respectively. Registration status of the cows were 42.0% (pedigree), 30.2% advanced), 20.0% (fundamental), and 4.0% (non-registry). Korean proven bull's number (KPN) 517 and KPN 588 were preferred 25.8%, 16.2% respectively for artificial insemination (AI) of the cows. Appearance rate of over 1st meat quality grade in the offsprings obtained from AI of top 6 KPNs was 90% which was above national average (slaughters only 77.81%, total 63.12). Results indicated genetic influence the KPN for meat quality grade of their offspring. Strong correleation between AI failure rate of mother cows and their offspring cows has been observed. KPN information, meat quality grade, and AI failure percentage would be quite useful factors to understand their relationship in further improvement of Hanwoo in Gangwon East area.

Analysis of meat quality grade based on the DNA identity test samples were done on 320 Hanwoo (Korean cattle) raised in Gyeonggi region of Korea. 62.29% of cows and 91.35% of steers showed high quality which was above 1st beef grade. However, differences were observed between Gyeonggi Hanwoo and total slaughtered Hanwoo in Gyeonggi in the year 2009, though the sampling was entirely based high quality meat. Meat samples of pedigree registered cattle showed high rate of above 1st meat grade compared to advanced and fundamentally registered cattle. Pedigree registry is associated with quality grade of beef like the sex of cattle. Appearance rate of above 1st beef grade in offsprings of the top 9 Korean Proven Bulls produced through mating to Gyeonggi Hanwoo was 43.27% which was found to be higher than the average grade in cows (47.3%) and was 13.08% higher than the average grade in steers (77.49%). Our results showed superior genetic characters of Korean Proven Bulls which favors and influence the meat quality grade of their offsprings. Furthermore, our results claim that sex of Hanwoo irrespective of pedigreed or Korean Proven Bulls affects and/or influence the meat quality. Conclusively, the results could therefore be used as a basic data for the improvement of beef quality. However, paternity test by DNA typing and huge sample needs to be analysed to authenticate the findings.

There are four (yellow, brindle, black, black in Jeju) kinds of native cattle in Korea. But only twelve hundred Korean brindle cattle (KBC) are remaining in limited areas of Korea and the genetic lineage, diversity, polymorphisms of KBC has not been identified. To analysis genetic polymorphism of KBC, 33 KBC were characterized using 11 microsatellite markers. Size of microsatellite marker was decided using Gene Mapper software after analysis ABI 3130XL. The average of allele numbers of KBC was 6.7 in this study, but that of Hanwoo was 10.0 in our previous report. The observed and expected heterozygosities of KBC were 0.719 and 0.738 but those of Hanwoo were 0.751 and 0.760 in our previous report. Also polymorphism information content (PIC) values were average 0.690 in KBC but 0.725 in Hanwoo. These results demonstrate that genetic polymorphism of KBC have decreased because the population was limited.

Beef traceability, a system that provides all the records of beef production, helps customers purchase that they get to know detailed information of the Hanwoo beef. This study was carried out to investigate the DNA identity possibility in various cooking methods to ripen meat (soy sauce, gochujang sauce, 10% vinegar, 10% coke, 10% Cheongha, 10% Soju, raw, dried, and decayed) for beef traceability. The DNA content of decayed beef was higher than those of other cooking methods. It is thought that result of mixed pollutant, it did not affect amplified DNA allele height because of bovine specific microsatellite (MS) markers. The ripened sample in 10% vinegar 3 days was lowest a mount of extracted DNA (156 ng) and amplified DNA allele height (based on the raw samples to 38%) by MS markers compared with the other cooking methods. There are no significant correlation between amplified DNA allele height and the amount of extracted DNA. Therefore, beef DNA identity test in various cooking methods to ripen meat can used by bovine specific MS markers. Beef traceability system by DNA identify test will give more confidence in food safety to customers

In this study, the analysis of meat quality grade was carried out on the DNA identity test samples of 452 Hanwoo (Korean cattle) raised in Gyeongnam region in the year 2009. Appearance rate of above 1st grade from cow (70%) and steer (93.16%) showed high quality grade. On the other hand, there were the difference between this study and slaughtered Hanwoo in Gyeongnam in the year 2009 - appearance rate of above 1st grade from cow (58.77%) and steer (82.99%). It expect considered influence of the samples for beef DNA identity test that collected mainly high quality meat. Quality grade by registry classification about collected samples showed correlation between pedigree classification and quality grade that appearance rate of above 1st grade highly observed pedigree registry more than advanced registry, advanced registry than fundamental registry. Although limited to DNA identity test samples, KPN (Korean Proven Bull's Number) 452 and KPN 407 was preferred for breeding in Gyeongnam. Also average appearance rate of above 1st grade in offsprings of the top 10 Korean Proven Bulls used mating is 95.35%. It means that Korean Proven Bulls influence meat quality of offsprings positively. Thus, this analysis is expected to be a base data for the improvement of meat quality of Hanwoo raised in Gyeongnam region.

In this study, genotyping was executed by using 11 microsatellite markers (BM1824, BM2113, ETH10, ETH225, ETH3, INRA23, SPS115, TGLA122, TGLA227, TGLA53, and TGLA126) for diversity of 214 Hanwoo cows in Hoengseong area. Each marker's size and number of allele, observed heterozygosity, expected total heterozygosity, and polymorphism information content were analyzed by 11 Microsatellite marker. The average of size range was detected from 150.9 to 174.9 in Hanwoo cows of Hoengseong. The number of average allele was 10.0 that is similar to the average of Kangwon Hanwoo, which is known as 10.5 in the previous report. The average were 0.751 for observed heterozygosity, 0.760 for expected total heterozygosity, 0.725 for polymorphism information content, respectively. These results were similar to previous studies in Kangwon Hanwoo, National Hanwoo and Korean Proven Bulls. This study is expected to contribute for genetic improvement of Hanwoo cows in Hoengseong as a popular brand.

고랭지에서 재배되는 주요 양채류의 기능성 향상을 위한 적정 셀레늄처리 방법을 구명하고자, sodium selenate처리 농도, 처리시기 및 처리 횟수에 따른 작물생육과 작물체내 무기성분, ascorbic acid, nitrate 및 셀레늄 함량에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. Sodium selenate 1, 2, 5 및 20mg·L-1처리구에서 공시작물 모두 초기생육은 큰 차이가 없었으나, 처리 60일 후부터 5mg·L-1 이상의 고농도에서는 생육이 크게 억제되어, 무처리구에 비해 5mg·L-1처리구에서도 결구상추는 33%, 브로콜리는 47%, 파슬리는 74% 생체중이 감소한대 비해 비트와 셀러리는 고농도에서도 생육억제 현상이 크지 않아 20mg·L-1농도에서 생체중이 20%와 15% 감소하였다. sodium selenate 처리에 따른 작물체내 ascorbic acid 함량은 결구상추의 경우 셀레늄처리 농도가 높아질수록 증가하는 경향을 보여 20mg·L-1처리구는 무처리구에 비해 약 1.2배 높았고, 셀러리와 비트도 같은 농도에서 약 10% 정도 함량 증가를 보였으나, 브로콜리와 파슬리는 셀레늄처리에 따른 통계적 유의차는 없었다. 식물체내 nitrate함량은 무처리구에 비해 모든 작물에서 감소하였으며, 처리농도가 증가할수록 감소의 폭은 큰 경향을 나타내었다. 작물별 질산염의 함량 저하는 결구상추에서 가장 현저하였으며, 그 다음이 비트, 셀러리 순이었다. 무기성분 K, Ca, Mg의 함량은 공시작물 모두 처리농도가 높아질수록 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 성분별로는 K성분이 모든 작물에서 고도의 부(負) 상관관계를 나타냈으나, Mg와 Ca함량이 감소는 농도간의 차이에 유의성이 없었다. Sodium selenate 처리에 따른 식물체내 셀레늄함량은 처리 농도가 증가함에 따라 모든 공시작물에서 비례적으로 증가하여, 고농도인 20mg·L-1 처리구에서 브로콜리는 무처리구 보다 24.4배, 셀러리는 76.4배, 파슬리는 560배의 높은 함량을 보였으며, 결구상추, 비트도 같은 경향을 보였다. 작물의 생육단계별 처리에서는 생육초기에 후기보다 결구상추는 1.3배, 브로콜리는 1.4배 높았으나, 파슬리와 셀러리는 생육중기에 처리한 것이 가장 높은 함량을 보였다. 처리 횟수별 Se 함량은 파슬리, 셀러리 및 결구상추는 처리 횟수에 비례하여 증가하다가 10회 이상이 되면 셀레늄의 축적량이 둔감해지는 경향을 나타냈으나, 브로콜리는 처리횟수가 많으면 많아질수록 셀레늄의 축적량도 지속적으로 증가하는 경향을 나타냈다.

강원도 고랭지 지역의 재배토양과 주요 양채류의 셀레늄 함량을 조사하고 관비재배시 sodium selenate첨가가 작물생육과 셀레늄함량 증가에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 고랭지 지역의 토양의 셀레늄 함량은 0.024~0.038mg·kg-1의 분포를 보여 전반적으로 낮은 함량을 나타냈다. 각 지역에서 재배된 브로콜리의 셀레늄 함량은 적게는 10.5mg에서 많게는 17.9 mg·kg-1DW로 나타났으며, 토양내 셀레늄 함량이 높을수록 재배 작물체내의 함량도 높아지는 경향을 보였다. 셀러리의 셀리늄 함량은 6.02 mg·kg-11이었고, 비트, 결구상추 및 파슬리는 1mg 전후로 매우 낮은 함량을 나타내었다. 관비재배시 sodium selenate 2mg·L-1처리구는 무처리구(대조구)에 비해 생육및 작물체내 셀레늄함량을 증진시켰다. 2mg·L-1농도 60일간 관비재배한 결과 양채류의 Se 함량은 브로콜리 76.2mg·L-1, 파슬리 69.1mg·L-1, 셀러리 63.2mg·L-1, 비트 54.2mg·L-1, 결구상추 8.3mg·L-1순이었으며 브로콜리는 대조구보다 4.2배, 셀러리는 10.5배, 파슬리는 62.5배가 증가하였다.