This research was conducted to investigate the influence of various organic substrates on growth and yield of ginseng seedling grown organically in the closed plastic house. The pH and EC of substrates used for organically ginseng cultivation ranged 5.93~6.78 and 0.03~0.15 dS/m respectively. The concentrations NH4-N and NO3-N respectively was 14.01~68.63 mg/L, 5.60~58.83 mg/L. The average quantum of the closed plastic house was range from 10 to 16% of natural light. In July and August, the maximum temperature of the closed plastic house did not exceed 30 and the average temperature was maintained within 25 lower than the field because air conditioning ran. The PPV-1 and PPV-2 bed soil substrates produced higher stem length, stem diameter, shoot fresh weight and leaf area than those of conventional culture. In PPV-2 bed soil substrates, root fresh weight and root diameter was the highest. The root fresh weight of PPV-2 bed soil substrates in closed plastic house was maximum 25% heavier than the conventional cultivation. The results of this experiment will be utilized for making new substrate application for organic ginseng culture in the plastic house.

This study was conducted to investigate changes in composition of ginsenosides and color of processed ginsengs prepared by different steaming-drying times. Processed ginsengs were prepared from white ginseng with skin by 9-time repeated steaming at 96℃ for 3 hours and followed by hot air-drying at 50℃ for 24 hours. As the times of steaming processes increased, lightness (L value) decreased and redness (a value) increased in color of ginseng powders. Crude saponin contents and ginsenosides compositions in processed ginsengs prepared by different steaming-drying times were investigated using the HPLC method, respecively. Crude saponin contents according to increasing steaming-drying times decreased in some degree. In the case of major ginsenosides, the contents of Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Rf, Re, RG1, Re were decreased with increase in steamimg times, but those of Rh1, Rg3, Rk1 were increased after especially 3 times of steaming processes. Interestingly, in black ginseng were prepared by 9 times steaming processes, the content of ginsenoside Rg3 was 8.20 mg/g, approximately 18 times higher than that (0.46 mg/g) in red ginseng. In addition, the ratio of the protopanaxadiol group and protopanaxatiol group (PD/PT) were increased from 1.9 to 8.4 due to increasing times of steamming process.

This research was conducted to investigate the influence of variouis organic substrates on growth and yield of organically grown ginseng seedlings in a shaded plastic house. In the investigation of optimal substrate, the eight substrate were formulated by adjusting blending rate of peatmoss, perlite, coir dust(coco peat), and vermiculite. Then, the changes in physico chemical properties of root substrates as well as their influences on the growth characteristics and yield were determined at six months after sowing. The elevation of the blending rate of peatmoss from 50% to 70% with decrease in the rate of inorganic component (mixture of perlite and vermiculite) from 50 to 30% resulted in the increase in container capacities and decrease in total porosities and air-filled capacities. The concentrations of NH4-N, P2O5 and K increased as the incorporation rate of castor seed meal, phosphate ore, and langbenite, respectively, were elevated during the root medium formulations. The PPV-1 and PPV-4 substrates produced high stem length, stem diameter, shoot fresh weight, leaf area and root length among eight substrate. Root fresh weight was heaviest in PPV-4 compound nursery media. The results of this experiment will be utilized in the new substrate application for ginseng organic culture in shaded vinyl house.

Pharmacological effects of Panax ginseng have been demonstrated in cardiovascular system, endocrine secretion and immune system, together with antitumor, anti-stress and anti-oxidant activities. Modern scientific data show protective effect of ginseng against bone marrow cell death, increased survival rate of experimental animals, recovery of hematopoietic injury, immunopotentiation, reduction of damaged intestinal epithelial cells, inhibition of mutagenesis and effective protection against testicular damages, caused by radiation exposure. And also, ginseng acts in indirect fashion to protect radical processes by inhibition of initiation of free radical processes and thus reduces the radiation damages. The research has made much progress, but still insufficient to fully uncover the action mechanism of ginseng components on the molecule level. This review provides the usefulness of natural product, showing no toxic effects, as an radioprotective agent. Furthermore, the further clinical trials on radioprotection of ginseng need to be highly done to clarify its scientific application. The effective components of ginseng has been known as ginsenosides. Considering that each of these ginsenosides has pharmacological effect, it seems likely that non-saponin components might have radioprotective effects superior to those of ginsenosides, suggesting its active ingredients to be non-saponin series. These results also show that the combined effects of saponin and non-saponin components play an important role in the radioprotective effects of ginseng.

In this study, ginseng flower water extracts were analyzed to set up the ginsenoside content and quality optimization condition. The highest total ginsenoside content among the ginseng flower water extracts was 67.44mg/g which was extracted at 85℃ for 3 hours. In addition, the ginsenoside content decreased according to the increased extraction temperature and time. The highest total content of Rb2 and Re was 37.42mg/g at 75℃ for 6 hours. Total content of Rb2 and Re decreased according to the increased extraction temperature and time. The highest prosapogenin (Rg2 + Rg3 + Rh1) content among the total of ginseng flower water extracts was 18.58mg/g which was extracted at 95℃ for 12 hours. The sweetness, absorbance were increased according to the increased extraction temperature and time. But pH was decreased according to the increased extraction time.

저항성원이 다른 7개이 근동질 저항성 계통과 감수성 품종인 Toyonishiki에서 X. oryzae pv. oryzae의 증식과 이동에 관한 시험을 실시하였다. 접종 10일 후, NIL의 접종부위 잎의 세균밀도는 약 105~106cfu/cm2 이었으나 감수성 품종인 Toyonishiki에서는 약 107cfu/cm2 로 높게 나타났다. 이와 같이 감수성 품종에서의 세균 수는 급속히 증가하였으나 NIL에서는 점차적으로 증식하였다. IRBB 103과 Toyonishiki는 접종 25일 후에 접종부위로부터 20cm 위쪽에서 세균이 검출되었으나 다른 NIL에서는 검출되지 않았다. 이와같이 Xa1, Xa4, xa5, Xa7 저항성 유전자는 세균의 이동을 크게 억제하였다.

본 연구는 홍삼의 가능성 식품개발을 위한 기초 자료로 활용하기 위하여 추출 시간에 따른 홍삼 부위별 ginsenoside의 함량 변화를 비교하였다. 동체, 지근 및 세근의 총 ginsenoside 최고 함량은 동제 21시간, 지근 18시간, 세근 12시간 추출하였을 때 각각 23.04, 65.68 295.92 mg/100 ml이었고, 추출시간이 증가할수록 ginsenoside의 총량은 감소하였다. Ginsenoside Rg1 과 Rb1 의 최고 함량은 동제 21시간, 지근 15시간, 세근 12시간 추출하였을 때 각각 5.76, 28.39, 117.83 mg/100 ml 이었고, Rb2 와 Re의 함량은 동체 21시간, 지근 18시간, 세근 9시간 추출하였을 때 각각 5.76, 28.39, 117.83 mg/100 ml이었다. 홍삼으로부터의 총 ginsenoside의 추출비율은 동체 21.3%, 지근 21.1%, 세근 67.1%이었다.

This study was carried out to determine changes in general chemical composition, free sugars, physicochemical properties of extract, and ginsenoside contents depending upon processing methods. Ginseng roots harvested from the same field were employed for the processing into white ginseng (WG), taegeuk ginseng (TG), red ginseng A (RGA, steamed one time), and red ginseng B (RGB, steamed three times). The fat content decreased by increasing duration of treatment and number of steaming treatment. On the other hand, there was no significant variation in contents of ash and carbohydrate depending on processing methods. Contents of sucrose and maltose was higher in Taegeuk and red ginseng than those of white ginseng. Steamed ginseng root (taegeuk and red ginseng root) showed higher amount of water extractable solid than the unsteamed white ginseng, but the variation of crude saponin content was not distinctive depending on processing methods. The contents of total ginsenosides increased by the order of white, taegeuk, red A, and red B root. In summary, chemical composition and total ginsenoside content were different according to part of root and processing methods, thus implies the importance of quality control as well as pharmacological activity of ginseng root.

This study was carried out to clarify the difference of growth characteristics and ginsenoside content in 5-year-old ginseng root grown by direct seeding and transplanting cultivation. Root weight per plant of direct seeding cultivation was lower than that of transplanting cultivation. Fresh and dry matter partitioning ratio of direct seeding cultivation was high in main root and low in lateral because direct seeding cultivation root elongated the length of main root, while it suppressed the growth of lateral root. Total amount of ginsenoside contents by direct seeding and transplanting cultivation were 362.8 and 320.3 mg in main root, 188.6 and 548.8 mg in lateral root, 170.7 and 273.8 mg in fine root. Its contents of whole root per plant were 722.1 and 1142.9 mg by direct seeding and transplanting, respectively.

최근 홍삼을 이용한 물추출물의 추출조건에 따른 ginsenoside 함량 및 기타 성분 함량 변화에 대한 연구가 많이 이루어지고 있다. 홍삼을 이용하여 물로 75℃, 85℃, 95℃ 조건으로 추출하였을 때 최고 ginsenoside 함량 은 75℃ 12시간에서 18시간 사이로 연구된바 있다. 홍삼의 ginsenoside 함량은 주근, 지근, 세근 부위별로 다르 지만 대부분의 연구는 홍삼원형을 그대로 분쇄하여 추출하거나 홍미삼을 첨가 추출하여 분석되어지고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 75℃ 조건에서 홍삼의 주근, 지근, 세근 부위별 물추출 시간에 따른 사포닌 함량 변화를 조사 하였다. 홍삼의 주근과 지근은 0.5∼1cm, 세근은 2cm 내외로 잘라 주근, 지근, 세근을 각각 1kg을 정량하 여 면 주머니에 넣은 다음 20ℓ의 생수가 들어있는 인삼 추출기(용남산업 50ℓ용)에 넣고 75℃로 가열하면서 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21시간 별로 500ml의 추출액을 채취하였다. Total ginsenoside 함량은 점차 증가하여 21시간 에서 23.04mg/100ml로 최고 함량을 나타내었으며 그 이후에는 감소하였다. 지근은 18시간에서 65.68mg/100ml, 세근은 12시간에서 295.92mg/ml로 최고 함량을 나타내었으며, 그 이후에는 감소하였다. 인삼류 제품의 기능성 분 기준이 되는 ginsenoside Rb1과 Rg1 함량의 합은 주근, 세근은 18시간 5.76mg/100ml, 120.90mg/100ml, 지근 15시간 28.39mg/100ml으로 최고 함량을 나타내었다. 홍삼의 주근, 지근, 세근 부위별 물추출액의 ginsenosdie 함량은 세근, 지근, 주근 순으로 높게 나타났으며, 각각 ginsenoside 최고 함량을 나타내는 추출 시간이 다르므 로 주근, 지근, 세근의 함량과 부위별 첨가 시간을 달리하면 Total ginsenoside 함량이 높은 추출물을 얻을 수 있을 것이다.

본 연구는 백삼 추출액의 사포닌 함량을 높이고 품질과 관련된 특성을 증진 시킬수 있는 최적 추출 시간 및 온도를 밝히기 위하여 실시되었다. 백삼의 물 추출액의 총 ginsenosides 함량은 75℃ 에서 18시간 추출액 8.32 mg/10ml, 85℃ 에서 6시간 추출액 5.93 mg/10 ml, 95℃ 에서 6시간 추출액 4.92 mg/10 ml으로 최고의 함량을 나타냈다. 항당뇨 작용을 나타내는 ginsenoside Rb2 와 Re을 합한 최고 함량은 75℃ 에서 18시간 추출액 1.76 mg/10 ml, 85℃ 6시간 추출액 1.34 mg/10 ml, 95℃ 6시간 추출액 0.56 mg/10 ml이었으며, 항암 작용을 나타내는 Rg3 의 함량은 75℃ 에서 36시간 추출액 1.67 mg/10 ml, 85℃ 에서 36시간 추출액 3.13 mg/10 ml, 95℃ 에서 24시간 추출액이 3.56 mg/10 ml이었다. 추출온도와 시간에 따른 이화학성의 변화는 추출온도가 높을수록, 추출시간이 길어질수록 pH는 낮아 졌으나 환원당, 탁도, 당도는 증가하였다. 따라서 백삼추출액을 제조할때 1차 추출에서는 사포닌 최고 함량 추출 온도와 시간으로 추출한 다음 다시 온도를 높게 2차 추출 하여 맛을 증진시켜 혼합하는 방법이 좋을 것으로 생각된다.

This study was carried out to investigate the correlation between root diameter and ginsenoside compositionof Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer cultivar Yunpoong. Dry matter ratio of main root was a little higher than that of lateral rootand fine root, and that was higher by the increase of root diameter in the same root parts. Total ginsenosides composition ofmain and lateral roots increased by the decrease of root diameter, especially in lateral root. Similar resulted in fine root, butthere was no significant difference where root diameter was below 2.5㎜. Except for ginsenoside-Rg1, other ginsenosidescomponent, PDs, PTs and total ginsenosides had highly negative correlation with the root diameter within whole root, mainroot+lateral root and lateral root+fine root, while Rg1 had positive correlation with the root diameter.

In this study, raw ginseng water extract solutions were analyzed to set up the functional saponin content and quality optimization condition. The highest saponin content among the total raw ginseng water extracts was 74.6 mg/100 ml which was extracted at 75℃ for 24 hours. In addition, the saponin content decreased according to the increased extraction temperature and time. The highest total content of Rb2 and Re was 19.9 mg/100 ml at 75℃ for 12 hours which decreased according to the increased extracted temperature and time. The highest prosapogenin (Rg2 + Rg3 + Rh1) content among the total raw ginseng water extracts was 28.6 mg/100 ml which was extracted at 85℃ for 36 hours. The reducing sugar content, sweetness and turbidity were increased according to the increased extraction temperature and time. But pH were decreased according to the increased extracted time.

본 연구는 홍삼 추출기를 이용하여 기능별 사포닌의 함량 및 품질의 최적화 조건을 설정하기 위하여 실시하였다. 홍삼 추출액의 총 사포닌 함량은 75℃ 에서 18시간 추출한 용액이 64.6 mg / 100 ml로 최고 함량을 나타냈고 추출 온도와 시간이 증가할수록 감소하였다. Rb2 와 Re 함량은 75℃ 에서는 12시간 추출한 홍삼액이 11.8 mg / 100 ml로 가장 많았고 추출시간과 추출온도가 증가할수록 급격히 감소하였다. Prosapogenin 함량은 85℃ 에서 24시간 추출한 홍삼액이 34.9 mg / 100 ml로 가장 많았고, 75℃ 와 85℃ 에서는 추출 시간이 길어짐에 따라 증가하는 경향이었으나 95℃ 에서는 감소하는 경향이었다. 홍삼 추출액의 총 당은 95℃ 에서 추출시간을 길게 할수록 함량이 증가하였고, 당도는 95℃ 에서 24시간 추출한 용액이 4.0%로 가장 높았다. 탁도는 95℃ 에서 추출시간이 길수록 증가하였으며, pH 및 Hue 값은 추출시간이 길어질수록 낮아졌다. 따라서 홍삼추출액을 제조할 때 1차 추출에서는 온도를 낮게하여 사포닌의 함량을 높이고, 2차 추출에서는 온도를 높게하여 맛을 증진시켜 혼합하는 방법이 좋을 것으로 생각된다.

The parts of leaves, flowers and stems in ginseng were obtained for analyzing the component of saponin on 15th April, 25th April, 5th May, 25th May, which were considered as ginseng foliation stage. The total saponin content of the leaves were 97.29, 66.42, 67.61, 36.24 mg/g, respectively, in which the content of Re, Rb1 and Rd were more than 2/3 amount of total saponin. Especially, the saponin content of leaves decreased according to the sequential collection days, in which the similar results were observed from the flowers and stems of ginseng. The total saponin content of the flowers and stems were 141.09,143.84,139.25,133.47 and 13.32, 9.85, 8.00, 4.65 mg/g, respectively. Among them, the content of Re, Rd and Rb2 in flowers were more than 2/3 while the content of Re, Rg1 and Rd in stems showed more than 9/10 amount of total saponin. The total saponin content of individual leaf were 19.46, 28.56, 58.82 and 169.24 mg/plant, 2.53, 2.76, 5.20 and 12.32 mg/plant in stems, and 14.11, 30.21, 37.60 and 73.41 mg/plant in flowers. Therefore, the total saponin content of aboveground parts in ginseng were leaves 〉 flowers 〉 stems.

This study was conducted to assess the response of LED (Light-emitting diode) irradiation on the growth characteristics and saponin contents of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. LED irradiation showed a positive effect for most of the parameters studied. The content of chlorophyll a in leaves was increased by 4.9~36.5%, under LED and fluorescent light conditions compared to the control. The content of chlorophyll b was also increased by 44.4~55.6% under blue and red LED compared to the control except under the red plus blue LED condition. The shoot and root weight were increased by 20~60% and 14.8~59.3%, respectively under LED and fluorescent light conditions compared to the control. The total saponin content was increased by 1.8% under blue LED compared to the control, while total saponin content was decreased by 8.8~11.5% under red LED, red plus blue LED and fluorescent light conditions.

본 연구는 5 년근의 인삼에서 차광시설의 재배위치에 따른 사포닌의 함량 차이를 검정하였다. 재식 위치별 전행 (1~2행) 에서 연풍과 재래종 주근의 총 사포닌 단위함량은 각각 15.01 mg/g, 21.79 mg/g, 지근은 각각 35.93 mg/g, 43.32 mg/g, 세근은 각각 87.85 mg/g, 105.51 mg/g이었다. 중행 (3~5행) 에서 연풍과 재래종 주근의 총 사포닌 단위함량은 각각 18.73 mg/g, 23.19 mg/g, 지근은 각각 44.92 mg/g, 43.50 mg/g, 세근은 각각 92.97 mg/g, 110.70 mg/g이었다. 후행 (6~7행) 에서 연풍과 재래종 주근의 총 사포닌 단위함량은 각각 21.88 mg/g, 26.68 mg/g, 지근은 각각 38.41 mg/g, 44.89 mg/g, 세근은 각각 101.03 mg/g, 107.06 mg/g이었다. 재배위치에 따른 연풍과 재래종의 주근, 지근 및 세근의 총 사포닌과 주요 사포닌 함량의 차이는 연풍의 주근을 제외하고 모든 부위에서 크지 않았다. PD/PT 비율은 전행 인삼은 중행과 후행에 비하여 낮았으며 뿌리의 부위별로도 차이가 컸다.

본 연구는 박피시간에 따른 백삼의 색택과 일반성분 및 사포닌 함량의 변화에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 백삼 표피의 색택은 박피시간이 길어질수록 양호하였다. 일반성분인 조지방, 조단백질, 지방산 및 아미노산은 박피에 따라 약간 증가하였으나 탄수화물 및 유리당은 감소하였다. 조사포닌과 ginsenosides 함량은 박피에 따라 크게 감소하였다. 박피 인삼의 ginsenosides는 무박피에 비하여 약 20-30% 감소 하였다. 이러한 결과는 백삼의 박피가 색택을 좋게 하지만 인삼의 주요 유효성분인 사포닌 함량의 현저한 감소를 초래하였다.