The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effect of drip irrigation volume on tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) grown in a greenhouse using perlite medium. Plants were treated by three different irrigation treatment I0, I25, and I50 (where irrigation volume of I25 and I50 was 25% and 50% higher than I0, having limited or no leaching). Growth characteristics of plants, yield and water use efficiency were measured. The result showed that plant height, leaf length and leaf width were lowest in the I0 treated plants. However, these parameters were not statistically significant differences between the plants that were grown in the I25 and I50 treatment. Soluble solids content, acidity and dry matter of 111th, 132nd, and 143rd days harvested tomato were higher in the plants irrigated with lowest volume (I0) than the higher volume (I25 or I50). In addition, water content was lower in the 111th and 132nd days of harvested tomatoes from the I0 treatment. The number of big-size tomatoes (>180 g) was significantly higher in the I25 irrigated plants. There was no significant difference in the total number of harvested fruits among the treatments. The average fruit weight and total yield of harvested tomatoes were lowest in the I0 treated plants. The water consumption of tomato was not significantly different amongst the treatments but water use efficiency was lowest in the I0 treatment. Principal component analysis revealed that total soluble solid and acidity of tomato showed a positive correlation between each other. These results suggest that I25 was the optimum irrigation treatment for tomato based on its measured growth characteristics, yield and water use efficiency.

This investigation aimed to assess the appetite response changes of olive flounder to starving and re-feeding conditions. Three different feeding groups (2 weeks feeding, fed; 2 weeks starving, starved; and 1 week starving and 1 week feeding, re-fed) were established to examine the changes in appetite-related genes for each group. The weight gain of the fish was highest for the fed group and lowest for the starving group. Based on the daily feed intake (DFI) and cumulative feed intake (CFI), overall food intake was found to increase in the re-fed group more than in the fed group from week 1 to week 2 of the experiment. Hypocretin neuropeptide precursor (HCRT) and galanin receptor 1 (GAL-R1) mRNA expression in the brain of olive flounder were decreased in the starved group. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) was decreased in all experimental groups, except for the fed group. However, overall leptin concentrations in the plasma did not change across groups. Considering the differences between this study and previous studies on starving and feeding, various factors (except the production and expression mechanisms of appetite-related factors in response to starving) are likely acting on the appetite responses of the fish. In this study, a 1-week re-feeding period induced substantial effects on appetite response when compared to a 2-week feeding period. These findings show that even if re-feeding is performed after starving, the unbalance caused by the re-feeding can affect various physiological changes in fish by feed intake efficiency.

Recently, a lots of studies have been conducted to imitate real meat with the factors including texture, aroma, taste, and color of meat analogues. Since the color component of meat is diverse and complex, as well as large of degree of change according to cooking, the color imitating has been still challenging. In this study, we selected up a representative meat analogue (tteok-galbi), tracked the color change at three making points as steps of batter, steaming, and cooking. In order to realize the color at these points, three plant-based natural pigments including prickly pear cactus, sweet pumpkin, and mugwort were selected, and the color with optimized ratio was applied to the tteok-galbi. As a result, it was found that 1:3:1 in the batter, 2:1:2 in steaming, and 2:1:2 in cooking were optimal ratios. The results in this study were significant in that it could apply the colors to meat analogues according to the combination of natural pigments derived from plants.

창선충목에 속하는 4 신종 및 2 미기록종을 기술, 도시하였다. Discolaimium gyeongiens n. sp. (경기짤룩창선충)은 체장인 1.6~1.7mm이고, c=37~41, 창침은 19~21이고, 구순부는 넓고, 전직장은 매우 짧은 것이 특징이다. Aporcelaimellus donghwaens n. sp. (동화육각창선충)은 체장이 2.8~2.9mm이고, c=4.0~4.5, 창침은 19~20이고, 창침확장부는 짧고, 식도장간변 판이 있고, 꼬리는 원추형인 것이 특징이다. Labronema korandus n. sp. (코란두수창선충)은 체장이 2.2~2.3mm이고, c=68~81, 창침은 27~28이고, 교접자는 61이고, 구순부는 연속되었고, 음문은 원형이고, 꼬리는 원통형이다. Zalophidera longus n. sp. (둥근순검선충)은 체장이 4.1~4.4mm으로 길고, c=107~130, 구침은 80~93으로 길고, 구침확장부가 큰 것이 특징이다. Discolaimoides bulbiferous (다산넓은창선충)과 Diphtherophora communis(칠곡둥근창선충)은 우리 나라에서는 처음으로 기록되었다.

Background : The advancement of next-generation sequencing technology dramatically reduces the cost for sequencing and it contributes to create a new research environment that utilizes large amount of genome sequences to answer many biological questions. With this new research trend, reference genome sequences of several major crops have been released to the research community and utilized in various researches in agriculture. Coupled with molecular breeding technology, NGS based genome research will possibly allow selecting a new plant material possessing useful traits in early stage and efficiently developing a superior cultivar. Methods and Results : The objectives of this research are to collecting various genetic variations (SNPs, indels and TE mediated variations) in major and minor crops, to develop molecular markers using NGS based genomic data (resequencing, GBS, transcriptome), and to develop a visualization tools to enhance the utility of the NGS data. Currently major analysis pipelines have been developed to detect SNPs, indel and polymophic SSRs using whole genome and transcriptome data, and a pipeline for identification of MITE insertion polymorphism is under development. In addition to that, for orphan crop, we also implemented an efficient and robust method to assemble a complete chloroplast, mitochondria and 45S rDNA using low coverage whole genome data in order to develop an inter- and intra-specific molecular barcode markers. Conclusion : NGS provide a new level of researches in many crop plants. Large amount of genomic information provides an opportunity to understand domestication and genetic variations, and to develop a better crop for future.

Primary oocytes that are arrested in first meiotic prophase for years enter maturation process to meet a critical precondition for successful fertilization. During maturation, oocyte finishes meiosis I and progresses to the metaphase II stage, achieving meiotic maturity. Although importance of oocyte maturation for oocyte quality has been recognized, it is not fully understood for molecular mechanisms underlying oocyte maturation. Here, we found that dexamethasone-induced Ras-related protein 1 (RASD1), a member of RAS superfamily of small GTPases, was expressed in the mouse ovary. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that Rasd1 expression was dominant in oocyte cytoplasm. Real-time PCR and RT-PCR analyses showed that Rasd1 mRNA was steadily expressed in germinal vesicle (GV), germinal vesicle break down (GVBD), metaphase I (MI) oocytes, but decreased in metaphase II(MII) oocytes during oocyte maturation. Konckdown of Rasd1 using RNAi system in the GV oocytes suppressed oocyte maturation through disruption of meiotic spindle and formation of misarranged chromosomes. Taken together, Rasd1 is a critical factor for MI-MII transition of oocyte and is involved in the regulation of spindle formation during oocyte maturation. Further study is needed to examine relationship between Rasd1 and spindle formation in MI-MII transition.

We investigated the effect of light spectra on circadian rhythm by exogenous prolactin (PRL) by using light emitting diodes (LEDs): red, green, and purple. We injected PRL into live fish or treated cultured brain cells with PRL. We measured changes in the expressions of period 2 (Per2), cryptochrome 1 (Cry1), melatonin receptor 1 (MT1) mRNAs, and MT1 proteins, and in the plasma PRL, serotonin, and melatonin levels. After PRL injection and exposure to green LED light, MT1 expression and plasma melatonin levels were significantly lower, but the expressions of Per2 and Cry1 were significantly higher than others. Plasma serotonin after PRL injection and exposure to red LED light was significantly lower than others. These results indicate that injection of high concentration PRL inhibits melatonin, and inhibited melatonin regulates circadian rhythm via clock genes and serotonin. Thus, exogenous PRL regulates the circadian rhythm and light spectra influence the effect of PRL in goldfish.

Golden hamsters are seasonal breeders whose reproductive activities are active during summer. Their sexual function is completely suppressed in winter. In oriental society, traditional medicines have been utilized in treating various complaints. One of them is Cynomorium songaricum (CS) whose extract has been used in treating male impotence and sexual dysfunction. We investigated the effects of aqueous CS extract on the process of spermatogenesis in golden hamsters. The animals were divided into 4 groups: long photoperiod (LP) control, short photoperiod (SP) control, and SP animals treated with low or high concentrations of CS. The animals were daily intubated with low (1.25 g/kg) or high (2.50 g/kg) concentrations of the CS aqueous extracts for 8 weeks. The control animals received the vehicle. The volume of testis was measured consecutively from the same animal at 4 week intervals. As results, the LP control animals showed large testes that indicate reproductively active function, but SP control animals displayed remarkably reduced testes that reflect inactive function. The outcomes of the reproductive activity from low concentrations of CS were not conspicuous. And the integral consequences of the reproductive activity from high concentrations of CS treatments were not significant either. But in tracing the individual animals treated with high CS extract, the effects were evidently splitted into dichotomy. In one subgroup small testes were displayed as in SP control animals, but in the other subgroup large testes were demonstrated as in LP control animals, which implies the absolute prevention of regressing activity by SP. These results suggest that the CS extract has a potency to prevent the regressing effects of SP and promotes the male fertility by strengthening the spermatogenesis in the golden hamsters.

This study was conducted to analysis the ecological characteristics of "Wando Holly"(Ilex × wandoensis) which is expecting as a possible ornamental tree with its beautiful leaves, flowers and fruits, and to find special breeding material which have particular characteristics and also provide correct environmental information which are required for commercial cultivation. The hill of Galmoon-Ri, Gunoei-Myon, Jeonnam Province, Korea, were reported as a original habitat of native Ilex × wandoensis. The investigation shows that soil pH of native habitat was 6.18, hardness was 2.39, humidity was 38.6%, direction of slope is SSW, and average inclination was 15°. The vegetation around I. × wandoensis is occupied by trees like an Quercus variabilis, Q. serrata, Q. acuta and so on. These are mixed forest of deciduous trees. Tree height reached up to about 12m and its coverage is about 30%. Q. salicina, Camellia japonica, I. integra, Cryptomeria japonica account for sub-tree layer. Tree height is around 8m and coverage is about 20%. Shrub layer was taken by Viburnum furcatum, Callicarpa japonica, Styrax japonica, Eurya japonica, Lindera obtusiloba, Ligustrum japonicum, Smilax china, Cornus walteri etc. Tree height reaches around 1.2m and coverage is around 20%. Herb layer includes Trachelospermum asiaticum var. intermedium, Cymbidium goeringii, Dryopteris bissetiana, Disporum viridescens, Disporum smilacinum, Sasa borealis var. gracilis etc. Trachelospermum asiaticum var. intermedium, which are observed in southern evergreen zone, are dominant and its coverage is around 20%. The native habitat was in spoiled condition because of artificial thin out.

‘Seohong’ was bred within the potato breeding program of National Institute of Highland Agriculture (NIHA). It was originated from a cross made in 1997 between ‘Jashim’ as a female and 93K65-1 as a male parent. Seohong was evaluated as a seedling number 97S05-1 for tuber characteristics, growth and yielding ability from 2001 to 2002, and than this clone was renamed as Daegwan 1-82. This clone was evaluated in the regional yield trial and the disease resistance in the five locations for three years. Finally, this clone was named as ‘Seohong’ and registered a new recommended potato cultivar in 2006. This cultivar has a round, shallow eye depth, light red-skinned tuber characteristics and low to medium dry matter content. It showed high resistance to common scab (Streptomyces scabies) and potato leaf roll virus (PLRV), however it was susceptible to potato virus Y (PVY) and late blight (Phytophthora infestans). Its mean tuber yields from the regional yield trial and winter cropping trial were 12 and 49 percent higher than that of ‘Superior’, respectively.

“Haryeong” was bred through the potato breeding program at the National Institute of Highland Agriculture (NIHA). Itin1996. It has a round, smooth, light yelow-skined tuber characteristics and high dry mater content. It showed high resistance tolate bligh