참딱부리긴노린재의 약충과 성충 모두 5℃ 조건에서 30일 이상 50%의 누적생존율을 나타내며 저장이 가능하였다. 생존율이 가장 높았던 저장 온도인 5℃에서의 저장기간별 참딱부리긴노린재의 산란수는 저장기간이 길어질수록 감소하였으나, 4주까지의 저장은 산란수에 영향을 주지 않았다. 3주간의 저온저장된 참딱부리긴노린재 성충은 담배가루이 4~5령 약충을 포식하는데 포식량에 영향을 받지 않았다. 따라서 참딱부리 긴노린재 약충과 성충은 5℃ 조건에서 3주간의 저장이 가능한 것으로 판단되었다. 갈고리뱀잠자리붙이 성충은 꿀물을 제공하며 5℃에서 저장하 였을 때 20주(140일)까지 50%의 누적생존율을 나타내며 저장이 가능하였지만, 2주 이상의 저온저장은 산란력에 부정적인 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 저온저장기간이 길어질수록 갈고리뱀잠자리붙이의 진딧물 포식량은 감소하였으나. 5주까지의 저온저장은 진딧물 포식량에 영향을 주지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 참딱부리긴노린재와 갈고리뱀잠자리붙이 두 종 천적의 단일 저온저장이 가능할 것으로 보여 생물학적 방제의 유용한 도구로 활용 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

Untargeted metabolomic fingerprinting is a discovery tool for the identification of metabolites associated with the response to dietary and environmental perturbations. Direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry (DART MS) promises to be a powerful analytical technique for high-throughput metablome analysis of insect. In this study, we used the DART MS technique to find tracers related to the origin of small brown planthopper (Laodelphax striatellus), and conducted a untargeted metabolomic fingerprinting on the wings and exoskeleton in Chinese and domestic collectives. This paper showed that DART MS metabolomic fingerprinting represents a rapid and powerful analytical strategy enabling distinguish of two different origin’s small brown planthoppers by recording metabolomic fingerprints.

The bean bug, Riptortus pedestris, is one of major hemipteran pests against the soybean, Glycine max in Korea. In previous study, it was suggested that water-taking in the first instar nymphal stage of R. pedestris is certainly necessary for successful ecdysis and their survival. To investigate water-taking behavior of the first instar nymphs of R. pedestris on plant, electrical penetration graphic patterns were analysed while R. pedestris fed on the napa cabbage leaf, Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis by using EPG system. In the result, a X-waveform was dominantly observed for average 42.0 min out of total recording time (120 min). There was significant positive correlation (r = 0.457, P = 0.000452, n = 55) between body weight increase and cumulative durations of X-waveform. In addition, histological observation of cross-sections indicated that stylet tip in the plant tissue during X-waveform period is located nearby xylem cells, suggesting that X-waveform is closely related to xylem sap feeding behavior of R. pedestris in plant.

토마토 온실에서 담배가루이 (Bemisia tabaci) 유인을 위한 작물에 따른 선호도를 조사하였다. 피망, 토마토, 오이, 가지의 4 종류의 작물을 아크릴케이지에 같이 넣어두고 담배가루이 성충 30쌍을 방사하여 선호도 및 산란수를 조사하였다. 담배가루이 성충은 오이(약 40%)와 가지(약 40%)에서 가장 선호하였으며, 토마토(10%)와 피망(10%)의 선호도는 낮았다. 기주에 따른 담배가루이의 성충 30쌍의 산란수는 오이에서 485개로 가장 높았으며 가지(250), 토마토(131), 피망(126)의 순으로 조사되었다. 토마토 온실에 가지묘를 정식하였을 경우에는 토마토에서는 주당 약 20마리의 담배가루이가 조사되었으나 가지에서는 주당 400∼500마리의 담배가루이가 조사되어 토마토 온실에서 가지를 이용한 담배가루이 유인이 가능함을 알 수 있었다.

Developmental characteristics of immature stages of Ostrinia scapulalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), which is a main insect pest against legume crops, were investigated at constant temperatures to prepare fundamental data for integrated pest management. Egg, larva and pupa could survive at temperatures from 16oC to 36oC. Developmental periods of those stages became shorter with increasing temperature between 16 and 31oC, 16 and 36oC, and 16 and 34oC, respectively. The lower developmental thresholds and degree-days(DD) were determined as 13.0oC and 56.9DD, 13.8oC and 277.5DD, and 14.2oC and 90.8DD using a linear regression model between temperature and development rate. Other parameters for explaining development of this species were estimated using a few non-linear models for developmental rate, distribution, and survivorship.

The pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum is a polyphagous, sap-sucking insect pest with a worldwide distribution. We investigated the developmental time and survivorship in nymphs and longevity and fecundity in adults of A. pisum at five different temperatures applying with following two programs, TWOSEX-MSChart and TIMING-MSChart. Regarding to thermal effect on A. pisum, in this presentation, we will discuss about a population projection and following population parameters calculated in this study: adult preoviposition period (APOP), total preoviposition period (TPOP), oviposition days, eggs per reproductive female, first age of survival rate <50%, proportion of male and female individuals, and life table parameters (net reproductive rate, intrinsic rate of increase, finite rate of increase, and mean generation time).

It was available to store both nymphs and adults of Geocoris pallidipennis at 5℃ for 3 weeks without negative effects on their survival, fecundity, and Bamisia tabaci nymph predation. Up to 140 days, it was also possible to store Micromus angulatus adults at low temperature, showing approximately 50% cumulative survival rate, but over 2 week cold storage was not suitable for their fecundity. With the increase of cold storage duration, the aphid predation by M. angulatus decreased, but it could be possible to cold store until 5 weeks without a significant effect on their aphid predation. Thus, short term cold storage of G. pallidipennis and M. angulatus could be useful for inundative biological control.

Three ambrosia beetle species, Xyleborus glabratus, Monarthrum mali, and Euwallacea fornicatus belong to subfamily, Scolytinae, showing similar morphology and body size, but their flight capability and patterns showed species-specific. Body length of Xyleborus glabratus and Monarthrum mali was negatively correlated with flight capabilities; shorter beetles performed longer average flights, longer single flights, total flight distance, and total flight time. Elytral length also was negatively correlated with flight distance in X. glabratus and M. mali. Conversely, only average flight time of E. fornicatus was positively correlated with body length, pronotal width, and elytral length. Body length had no effect on the flight velocity of any of the three beetle species examined. Therefore, our results indicate that body size characteristics of ambrosia beetles differentially influence on their dispersal by species.

Ostrinia scapulalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) overwinters as a final instar larva. In order to elucidate phenology of the insect, we studied several factors related to its overwintering. Neonate larvae from early August to early October entered overwintering through outdoor rearing. Pupation and adult emergence were observed during the periods from May to June, next year, and from May to July, respectively. Heat addition by 25oC to overwintering larvae induced shorter prepupal periods with progressing season. Supercooling points of overwintering larvae during the period from October to April were below -20oC, and those temperatures were significantly lower than those of a laboratory colony. It was estimated that higher content of glycerol in hemolymph is responsible for cold-hardiness as a cryoprotectant during overwintering.

The beet armywom, Spodoptera exigua Hübner, originated from Southeast Asia is one of important agricultural pests worldwide. The moth having no diapause mechanism has highly migratory capacity which contributes to population outbreaks and geographic expansion. Although the moth was first reported in 1926 from Korea, it has been important since the late 1980s. In July 2018, the species outbreaked in Gimje, Jeonbuk Province causing serious damage to soybean in several paddy fields. In this study, we investigate the genetic diversity of the outbreaking populations using a partial sequence of mitochondrial DNA COI gene. 37 COI sequences obtained from specimens collected at the fields of Gimje, Korea were compared with 249 COI sequences from GenBank. In total, 25 haplotypes were detected from 18 countries. Three haplotypes (H1, H2, and H5) found in Korea were all shared with those in China. Haplotypes H1 and H2 were prominent in Korea as well as in invasive regions worldwide. This suggest that outbreaking populations in Korea were invaded from China. The migration source was estimated using backward trajectory analysis, and found to be Zhejiang Province, China.

The Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), produces final instar larvae of overwintering stage in response to decreasing day-length and temperature, and then those larvae pupate after about 6-8 month. In this study, we investigated a few properties related to cold hardiness during overwintering of the insect. Overwintering larvae collected in December could survive at least for 16 days at -20oC, while all larvae of a laboratory colony, which was reared at 25oC, 15L/9D, died within 2 hours. Supercooling points of overwintering larvae were below -20oC, and the temperatures were significantly lower than those (ca. -10oC) of the laboratory colony. It was estimated that higher content of hemolymph glycerol is responsible for cold-hardiness as a cryoprotectant during overwintering of O. furnacalis.

고리매개등온증폭법(LAMP)으로 흰등멸구를 특이적으로 구별해낼 수 있는 프라이머 세트(WBPH-65)가 핵내 ITS2영역의 전체염기서 열(KC417469.1)을 바탕으로 설계 제작되었다. WBPH-65는 총 6개의 프라이머, F3 (18 bp), B3 (18 bp), FIP (43 bp), BIP (40 bp), LF (21 bp), LB (25 bp)로 구성되는데, 전체 합한 길이가 165 bp이다. WBPH-65를 흰등멸구, 벼멸구 및 애멸구의 게놈 DNA와 65℃에서 60분간 고리 매개등온증폭 반응시켰을 때, 흰등멸구 시료에서만 증폭 산물들이 관찰되었다. 65℃에서 WBPH-65와 흰등멸구 게놈 DNA의 양과 반응시간을 달리하여 형광반응을 관찰하였을 때 40분 반응에서는 10과 100 ng DNA에서, 60분 반응에서는 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100 ng DNA에서 발광여부 가 명확히 구별되었다. 그러나 20분과 30분 반응에서는 준비된 모든 DNA 양에서 발광여부 구별이 어려웠다. 한편, WBPH-65에서 LF와 BF 프라이머를 뺀 경우 60분 반응에서는 벼멸구, 애멸구 뿐만 아니라 흰등멸구의 게놈 DNA에서도 발광되지 않았다. 본 연구 결과로부터 WBPH-65가 60분 이내 반응에서 흰등멸구를 특이적으로 구별하기 위해서는 6개의 프라이머가 모두 필요하며 최소한 벼멸구와 애멸구를 구별 해낼 수 있음을 확인하였다.

풀무치[Locusta migratoria (메뚜기목: 메뚜기과)]를 사육할 때 보조먹이로서 전지분유, 밀기울, 옥수수잎 가루, 설탕을 주성분으로 한 혼합 인공사료를 제조하였다. 갓부화 약충에 인공사료만을 제공하여 성충 사망 때까지 사육하였을 때, 다음 세대 집단을 얻지 못했다. 인공사료를 매일 제공하면서 옥수수 잎을 하루걸러 제공하였을 때도 다음 세대 개체를 얻지 못했다. 그러나 인공사료와 옥수수 잎을 하루걸러 번갈아 제공하였을 때는 이후 4세대까지 사육이 가능하였다. 성충의 생식력도 옥수수 잎과 인공사료를 매일 같이 제공한 경우보다, 두 먹이를 하루걸러 번갈아 제공 한 경우가 더 높았다. 이상의 결과로 본 연구에서 개발된 인공사료를 주먹이인 식물체의 보조먹이로 삼아 일정기간 풀무치 집단 유지에 이용할 수 있을 것으로 추정되었다.

꽃매미벼룩좀벌(Anastatus orientalis)을 실내에서 대량사육 할 수 있는 대체기주를 선발하기 위하여 꽃매미와 썩덩나무노린재(Halyomopha halys), 톱다리개미허리노린재(Riptortus pedestris), 매미나방(Lymantria dispar), 참나무산누에나방(Antheraea yamamai), 귀뚜라미(Verlarifictorus spp.), 집파리(Musca domestica), 산누에나방(Antheraea pernyi) 총 8 종의 알 또는 번데기를 이용하여 검토하였다. 그 결과 꽃매미 알과 산누에나방의 미성숙 알에서는 꽃매미벼룩좀벌의 산란과 우화가 확인되었으나 그 밖에 종의 알과 번데기에서는 산란을 확인할 수 없었다. 대체기주로 선발된 산누에나방은 참나무 잎으로 사육하였으며, 7월과10월 상순에 번데기를 수확하여 우화 후 4~5일경에 복부가 불룩한 산란 직전의 암컷 성충만을 선발하여 1~5℃ 냉장고에 보관하였으며, 저온에 보관했던 암컷의 복부를 절개하여, 암컷 한 마리당 150~200개의 알을 얻었다. 꽃매미 알과 산누에나방의 미성숙 알에서 꽃매미벼룩좀벌의 발육기간은 각각 평균 36.8일과 36.1일이었으며, 24시간동안 암컷 한 마리가 산란한 알의 수는 각각 평균 4.2개와 3.4개로 통계적으로는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 한편, 꽃매미벼룩좀벌 암컷 성충의 수명은 벌꿀을 먹이로 제공 하였을 때, 평균 64.3일까지 생존하는 것으로 확인되었다. 산누에나방의 미성숙 알을 대량으로 확보하고 벌꿀을 먹이로 제공하면 꽃매미벼룩좀벌을 실내에서 대량사육 하는 것이 가능하고 야외방사를 통해 꽃매미의 생물적 방제에 활용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

오이총채벌레(Thrips palmi Karny)는 동남아시아지역이 원산으로 국내 침입 외래해충이다. 주로 노지와 하우스에서 재배되는 박과(Cucurbitaceae)와 가지과(Solanaceae) 작물에 직접 섭식과 바이러스 매개에 의한 피해가 크다. 본 연구에서는 차세대염기서열분석기술(NGS)을 통해 오이총채벌레의 미토콘드리아 전장 게놈을 해독하였으며 염기서열 신규 조립(de novo assembly) 결과 전체 길이가 16,414bp인 원형의 유전체로 추정되었다. 미토콘드리아 게놈 전체에서 뉴클레오티드는 A와 T가 78.5%를 차지는 특징을 보였다. 동물의 미토콘드리아 게놈에서 일반적으로 발견되는 37개 유전자 영역에 대해 BLAST 검색을 한 결과 trnV는 탐색되지 않았다. 본 발표에서는 신규 조립된 오이총채벌레 미토콘드리아 게놈 유전체에 포함된 유전자의 종류와 배열 등에 대한 기초 통계자료를 정리하였다.

Trails of the convergence ladybird negatively affected the brown citrus aphid population. On 3 days after treatment of ladybird trails, the population growth rate of the brown citrus aphid on treatment and control swingle flushes in the test tube were –0.1848 and –0.0385, respectively. In pot experiments, there were no significant differences in population growth rates between treatment and control swingle plants on 3 and 7 days after treatment of ladybird trails. But, on 10 days after treatment, each population growth rate was -0.0415 and 0.1125, respectively so there was significantly different statistically. Thus, our result support the potential practical application of ladybird trails as an effective control agent for managing of herbivorous insect pests in citrus groves.

The Asian corn borer, O. furnacalis (Crambidae) and the old world bollworm, H. armigera (Noctuidae) simultaneously cause ear damage in corn in Suwon area. It has been assumed that the second generation of larvae of both insects is responsible for the damage. We, therefore, studied proper spray timing of insecticide in order to reduce the damage. A waxy corn hybrid cultivar, Ilmichal, was sown directly on four plots of a field at April 10, April 20, May 4, and May 18, 2018, respectively. A sodium channel blocker, indoxacarb, was sprayed eight times at 3- or 4-day intervals around the silking stage of corn in each sowing plot. At ear harvest time of each plot, we investigated damaged ratio and length of ear, and the numbers of both insect species. The significantly effective spray timings on reduction of ear damage were the sprays at June 29 and July 2 in the plot sown at April 10, the sprays from July 2 to 13 in the April 20-sown plot, the sprays from July 2 to 19 in the May 4-sown plot, and the sprays at July 19 in the May 18-sown plot, respectively. The damage level was positively related to the insect number. The result indicated that the spray at the silking stage of corn was effective on reduction of ear damage. It was assumed that occurrence time of neonate larvae of the insects at silking stage cause the damage, based on the experimental results using screened pots inoculated with the two species.

We investigated densities of the bean bug, R. pedestris (Alydidae) and three Pentatomidae stinkbug species, Dolycoris baccarum, Nezera antennata and Halyomorpha halys in an experimental field in Suwon, 2018. Three pheromone traps for R. pedestris adults were installed at distances of more than 50 meters from soybean fields. The adults began to be caught from late March. Its mean number increased from early August, and reached a maximum at early September. The fluctuation aspects of adult number caught, however, were different among trapping sites. Soybean and mungbean were sowed at June 21, and all stages of stinkbugs were scouted from July 18 to late September through direct observation. Adults and eggs of R. pedestris were not observed during the vegetative stage of soybean, but observed first at the flowering stage, mainly early August, of reproductive stage. The results indicated that R. pedestris adults invaded into soybean fields at the flowering stage, despite of inhabitation in the surrounding area during the pre-reproductive stage of soybean. Adults of only D. baccarum in Pentatomid stinkbugs were found at the vegetative stage of soybean. Densities of R. pedestris were compared between two mungbean cultivars, which those seeds have been known to be resistant and susceptible to feeding of the bean bug, respectively. The densities of the third and fifth instar nymphs were higher on the susceptible cultivar than on the resistant cultivar, but densities of egg, adult, and the first and second instar nymphs were not significantly different between the two cultivars.

1분 간격 자동 잎면적 분석을 통해 온도에 따른 담배거세미나방 유충의 섭식과 발육을 조사하였다. 20, 25, 30℃의 세 온도에서 피망 잎을 배지에 부착하여 담배거세미나방 유충에 제공하였고 하루에 한번내지 두번 새로운 잎을 갈아주었다. 30℃에서 담배거세미나방 유충은 탈피 직후 섭식을 즉시 시작하여 1회 섭식은 10~15분 지속하고, 60~90분 간격으로 섭식을 하였다. 이러한 섭식 행동은 약 30~50시간 지속되며 탈피 직전 10~16시간 동안은 섭식이 중단되었다. 탈피 후 앞서의 섭식 패턴은 다음 영기에서 동일하게 반복되었다. 25℃에서 담배거세미나방 유충의 영기 내 섭식 기간은 약 32~53시간 지속되며 탈피 전 비섭식 기간은 16~22시간 지속되었다. 20℃에서는 영기 내섭식 기간은 60~133시간으로 크게 증가하고 비섭식 기간도 11~38시간으로 다른 온도에 비해 길어졌으며 다른 온도와 달리 7령충까지 발육하였다. 2령충에서 고치 형성 전까지의 발육 시간은 20℃에서는 39046분(27.1일)이 소요되었고 25℃에서는 17626분(12.2일), 30℃에서는 14168분(9.8일)으로 조사되었다. 각 온도별 유충의 섭식량은 영기에 따라 지수적으로 증가하였다.