The effects of punching treatment on mycelial culture and fruiting body productivity were investigated in a new Lentinula edodes cultivar, “Jadam”, in sawdust medium for the stable production of oak mushroom. As the punching volume and number increased, the weight loss rate and color difference increased and the L value decreased. After spawn inoculation, the sawdust medium temperature and CO2 concentration reached their highest values at 33 and 19 days of incubation, respectively. The O2 concentration showed the lowest value on the 14th day of incubation, which was the opposite pattern to the CO2 concentration. As the punching volume and the number increased, the medium temperature and O2 concentration increased, and the CO2 concentration decreased. Higher punching volumes and numbers resulted in higher temperatures and lower CO2 concentrations. The best fruiting body yield was 5 × 70 mm - 30 (punching diameter × depth - number), and the total yield after three cycles was 644.7 g.

A new spore-less cultivar Lentinula edodes ‘Daedam’ was bred from monokaryotic strains of ‘LE15401-24’ and ‘LE192118-10’. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth of ‘Daedam’ on potato dextrose agar was 22~25oC. Total cultivation period of the new cultivar, from inoculation to its first harvest, was 134 days, similar to that of the control cultivar ‘Hwadam’. Total yield of ‘Daedam’ was 222g per 3kg substrate, and was lower than that of control cultivar(266.0g). The fruiting body of ‘Daedam’ had a thick and small pileus and a longer stem compare to control cultivar. As a result of a analyzing the productivity of ‘Daedam’ on the different substrate types, the biological efficiency was 26.7% in the 1.2kg cylindrical substrate(CS), which was higher than that of the 3kg rod-type substrate(RS). 'Daedam' had a similar yield compared to 'Hanacham' in first fruiting body production, but the cultivation period was 40 days shorter. Therefore, 'Daedam' can only harvest fruiting bodies once, it is thought that it can be used as spore-less oak mushroom cultivar for short-term cultivation instead of 'Hanacham' in mushroom farms.

This study was conducted to reduce the phenomenon of the biased cultivation of certain mushroom varieties and to develop a competitive variety of Pleurotus nebrodensis. We have collected and tested characteristics of genetic resources from domestic and overseas varieties since 2015. We bred the domestic variety ‘Boram’. The optimal temperature was 26~29oC for mycelial growth and 15~18oC for fruit body growth temperature. This variety was similar to the control variety (Uram) in terms of the number of cultivation days and yield per bottle. The shape of the new cultivar was round, whereas that of the control group was spatula-like. The yield was 181.1 g/bottle, which was statistically similar to that of the control variety. When incubating the parent and control varieties, the replacement line was clear. Moreover, polymerase chain reaction analysis of mycelial DNA resulted in different band patterns between the parent and control varieties, confirming the hybrid species.

The oyster mushroom is a widely cultivated edible mushroom in Korea. It is a regionally specialized crop in Gyeonggi-do, where 68% of the national production is produced. The present study was conducted to develop a new, highquality cultivar with stable cultivation. ‘Manseon’ is a new variety of oyster mushroom suitable for bottle culture. It was produced by mating monokaryons isolated from ‘HB-18’ and ‘P15159-16’. The optimal temperature for ‘Manseon’ mycelial growth was 26–29 °C on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium and for primordia formation and the growth of fruit bodies the optimal temperature was 18–19 °C on sawdust medium. Spawn running required 30 d, primordia formation required 4 d, and fruit body growth in the bottle culture required 4 d. Regarding the characteristics of the fruit bodies, the pilei were round and dark grayish brown, stipe color was white, and stipe shape was short and thick. The yield per bottle was 192.7 g/1,100 cc, which was 9% higher than that of the control strain (Suhan-1ho). The physical properties of springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and brittleness of stipe tissue were 87.9%, 77.4%, 445.1 kgf, and 389.6 kgf, respectively.

The present study investigated the optimum additive ratio of wheat straw pellet as a substitute for beet pulp during oyster mushroom cultivation. The chemical properties across treatments were pH of 4.8–5.5, total carbon content of 45.9–46.5%, total nitrogen content of 1.5–1.7%, and carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of 27.8–31.0. Mycelial growth was the fastest in a medium containing 20% wheat straw pellet (at 88.2 mm in ‘Heuktari’ and 70.3–79.6 mm in ‘Suhan-1Ho’); however, there were no significant differences in mycelial density among the treatments. The characteristics of fruiting bodies by variety were as follows. In ‘Heuktari’, the valid stipe number per bottle (1,100 cc) was 22.5 and yield was 177.1 g/1,100 cc in the mixed medium containing 10% wheat straw pellet, with the values being comparable to those of controls. In ‘Suhan-1Ho’, the valid stipe number per bottle (1,100 cc) was 14.0 and yield was 151.2 g/1,100 cc in the mixed medium containing 10% wheat straw pellet, with the values being comparable to those of controls.

Mushroom production in Korea is concentrated on five major mushroom types. To create a new source of income for farmers, it is necessary to establish new mushroom production and marketing systems. This study was conducted to evaluate the marketability of and establish a marketing strategy for Pleurotus nebrodensis variety 'Uram'. The evaluation of distributors showed that it was necessary to cultivate mushrooms of uniform shape and size, to compensate for their low storability, and to sell them in small packages. The consumer evaluation showed that the texture of P. nebrodensis had the highest level of satisfaction for quality, but the levels of satisfaction for size and shape were low. In the consumer evaluation, as in the distributor evaluation, improvements in cultivation were found to be necessary, as the storage time is short due to a high moisture content. An evaluation of the market gave the following results regarding the marketing strategy. It was found to be necessary to consider the production of mushrooms of a uniform shape and size and sell them in small packages in the range of 150 to 300 g. The price of the mushrooms should be set using a high-end strategy for high-end sales. The mushrooms should be introduced to local food and eco-friendly stores in the early stages of production. Subsequently, if farmhouse production increases, shipments should be made to wholesale markets through a regular contract. Finally, considering that P. nebrodensis is an unfamiliar mushroom to consumers, it is necessary to promote it by increasing the accessibility of consumers through tasting events and experience groups.

This study was conducted to investigate the optimum supplementation ratio when replacing cotton seed meal with rapeseed meal for cultivating oyster mushrooms. The chemical properties among the treatments were pH 4.5~4.7, total carbon content was 46.3~46.5%, total nitrogen content was 1.6~1.7%, and carbon-nitrogen ratio was 27.0~27.8. These did not differ significantly from the control. Mycelial growth was 85.1 mm (Heuktari), and 72.8 mm (Suhan-1Ho) in medium containing 5% rapeseed meal, with no significant difference in mycelial density between cultivars. Fruiting body characteristics are as follows: In 'Heuktari', the color of the pileus was darker than control with an L value of 32.5, and pileus thickness and diameter were 3.2 mm and 27.6 mm, respectively. Stipe length and diameter were 86.0 mm and 9.1 mm, respectively. Valid stipe number per bottle (1,100 cc) was 25.9, and a yield of 189.7 g/1,100 cc was recorded in mixed medium containing 5% rapeseed meal (higher than control). In mixed medium containing 10% rapeseed meal, the yield was 184.5 g/1,100 cc (comparable to control). In 'Suhan-1Ho', supplemented with 5% rapeseed meal, pileus color was darker than control color, with an L value of 28.8. Pileus thickness was 4.5 mm. Stipe diameter was 12.3 mm (higher than control), and yield was 145.5 g/1,100 cc (comparable to control).

In this study, the effects of kaolin addition on the properties of reticulated porous diatomite-kaolin composites are investigated. A reticulated porous diatomite-kaolin composite is prepared using the replica template method. The microstructure and pore characteristics of the reticulated porous diatomite-kaolin composites are analyzed by controlling the PPI value (45, 60, and 80 PPI) of the polyurethane foam (which are used as the polymer template), the ball-milling time (8 and 24 h), and the amount of kaolin (0–50 wt. %). The average pore size decreases as the amount of kaolin increases in the reticulated porous diatomite-kaolin composite. As the amount of kaolin increases, it can be determined that the amount of inter-connected pore channels is reduced because the plate-shaped kaolin particles connect the gaps between irregular diatomite particles. Consequently, a higher kaolin percentage affects the overall mechanical properties by improving the pore channel connectivity. The effect of kaolin addition on the basic properties of the reticulated porous diatomite-kaolin composite is further discussed with characterization data such as pore size distribution, scanning electron microscopy images, and compressive strength.

Response surface methodology (RSM) based on a Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was applied to optimize the thermal-alkaline pre-treatment operating conditions for anaerobic digestion of flotation scum in food waste leachate. Three independent variables such as thermal temperature, NaOH concentration and reaction time were evaluated. The maximum methane production of 369.2 mL CH4/g VS was estimated under the optimum conditions at 62.0°C, 10.1% NaOH and 35.4 min reaction time. A confirmation test of the predicted optimum conditions verified the validity of the BBD with RSM. The analysis of variance indicated that methane production was more sensitive to both NaOH concentration and thermal temperature than reaction time. Thermal-alkaline pretreatment enhanced the improvement of 40% in methane production compared to the control experiment due to the effective hydrolysis and/or solubilization of organic matters. The fractions with molecular weight cut-off of scum in food waste leachate were conducted before and after pre-treatment to estimate the behaviors of organic matters. The experiment results found that thermal-alkaline pre-treatment could reduce the organic matters more than 10kD with increase the organic matters less than 1kD.

향후 쌀 생산량 조정과 조사료 자급률 향상을 위해 사료용 벼 재배면적이 확대될 시기에 국내 총체사료용 벼 종자생산체계 확립에 기술적 기초자료를 확보하기 위해 총체사료용 벼 주요품종의 채종적지 선정에 관해 검토한 결과는 아래와 같다. 1. 벼 재배 지대별 10개소 중 ‘녹양’은 I-2지대 남부해안지인 고성, II-1지대 호남평야지인 익산, II-2지대 영남평야지인 밀양 지역이 충실한 종자를 채종하기에 적합한 지역으로 조사되었다. 그 중에서도 고성지역에서 4월 30일에 파종하여 5월 30일에 이앙했을 때 생육, 수량 및 발아특성이 가장 좋아 채종적지로 가장 적합할 것으로 판단된다. 2. ‘목우’는 I-2지대 남부해안지인 고성, II-1지대 호남평야지인 익산지역이 우량 종자를 채종하기에 적합한 지역으로 보인다. 특히 남부해안지인 고성에서 파종시기를 앞당겨 4월 1일에 파종하여 4월 30일에 이앙했을 때 가장 건전한 종자를 채종할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 3. ‘목양’은 지대별로 공시한 다른 3품종과 비교했을 때 등 숙비율, 발아율 등이 대체로 낮아 다른 3품종보다는 채종적지로서의 조건이 다소 미흡하지만 I-2지대 남부해안지인 고성, II-1지대 호남평야지인 나주지역이 채종하기에 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 남부해안지인 고성에서는 ‘목우’와 마찬가지로 4월 1일 에 파종하여 4월 30일에 이앙했을 때 가장 건전한 종자를 얻을 수 있으나 평균발아율이 85%미만으로 건전한 발아를 위해서는 채종한 종자를 최소한 반드시 수선하여 사용해야 하며 수선 시에는 채종량에 비해 종자량의 손실이 많을 것으로 판단된다. 4. ‘중모1029’의 경우에는 지대별로 시험한 10개소 중에서 II-2지대 영남평야지에 속하는 대구지역이 생육, 수량 및 발아 특성을 고려해 볼 때 채종적지로 판단된다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate and analyze continuous operation of food waste resources at Dongdaemun Environmental Resources Center and to improve the overall operation of the dry anaerobic digester facility. Korean domestic food wastes consist of 18% total solid (TS) content but food waste is difficult to utilize for dry anaerobic digestion. Other operational trouble-shooting resulted from the inherent design, construction and operation of such a biomass generation facility based on 100% utilization of dewatered cake with 35% TS concentration as feedstock, causing the accumulation of unwanted solid residues. A materials flow analysis obtained from actual operation of the anaerobic digestion facility revealed that the organic material loading rate (OLR) and its residence time were 8.3 kg-VS/m3·day and 18.3 days, which adversely affected stable operation. The OLR was occasionally > 15,000 mg/L organic acid concentration and the facility shut down. Such anomalies drastically reduced biogas production and increased organic matter loading in the wastewater, which exceeded the legally allowed concentration limit. Operation of this facility has been normalized to the targeted facility capacity of 98 m3/day based on the results of this study.

Pollutants generated by the biodegradation of livestock carcasses have the potential for contamination of the environment. Hence, livestock mortalities burial has been banned in the EU. In spite of the hazard, research on the biodegradation of livestock carcasses is lacking. In this study, five lysimeters were used to evaluate the enhanced biodegradation of organic materials in livestock mortalities burial. Lysimeter 1(control), lysimeter 2(grinding of livestock carcass), lysimeter 3(anaerobic microorganisms), lysimeter 4(Corynebacterium glutamicum in anaerobic condition) and lysimeter 5(Corynebacterium glutamicum in aerobic condition) were operated with temperature control. The degradation efficiencies of livestock carcass in the lysimeters were evaluated based on total organic carbon balance. The degradation efficiencies of ground livestock carcass were 1.9 times more than those of livestock carcass without grinding. In anaerobic condition, anaerobic microorganisms were more effective compared with Corynebacterium glutamicum on the biodegradation of livestock carcasses. However, the degradation efficiencies with Corynebacterium glutamicum in aerobic condition were significantly influenced on the biodegradation of livestock carcasses. Even if it would be helpful to degrade the livestock carcass in aerobic condition in terms of stabilization, potential risks on the environment by odor and bioaerosol must be solved.

‘청풍흑찰’은 충북농업기술원에서 2009년도에 육성한 다수성 흑색 찰벼 품종이다. 잎은 녹색이고, ‘흑선찰’보다 길이는 짧고, 너비는 비슷하다. 초형은 반직립형이며, 줄기의 강도가 강한 편이다. 이삭 추출은 양호하고 착립밀도는 조밀하다.까락은 벼알 선단부분에 약간 발생되며, 탈립이 잘 안되고 부선은 황색, 영색은 담자색이다. 출수기는 8월 23일인 중만생종이다. 간장은 65 cm로 작은 편이고, 주당수수와 천립중은‘흑선찰’과 비슷하였으나. 수당립수는 16개 더 많았다. 성숙기 하엽노화는 느린 편이며, 줄기의 강도가 강하여 도복에 강하다. 도열병에는 저항성을 나타냈지만, 해충에 저항성이 없다. 단백질 함량은 ‘흑선찰’보다 낮고, 도정수율 및 강하점도가 높아 가공적성이 뛰어나며, 기능성 성분 함량이 높고, 항산화 활성이 뛰어났다. 수량성은 ‘06～‘08년 3개년 간 실시한지역적응시험 보통기 보비재배 3개소에서 평균 현미수량이5.80 MT/ha로 ‘흑선찰’ 대비 53% 증수되었다.