The present study investigated the effects of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) on the nuclear maturation of canine oocytes. Oocytes were recovered from mongrel female ovaries in various reproductive states; follicular, luteal or anestrous stage. Oocytes were cultured in serum-free tissue culture medium (TCM)-199 supplemented with various concentrations of FSH (Exp. 1: 0, 0.5, 1.0 or 10 IU) or hCG (Exp. 2: 0, 0.5, 1.0 or 10 IU) or both (Exp. 3: 1 IU FSH + 1 IU hCG) for 72 hr to determine the effective concentration of these hormones, and to examine their combined effect. After maturation culture, oocytes were denuded in PBS containing 0.1% (w/v) hyaluronidase by gentle pipetting. The denuded oocytes were stained with 1.9 μM. Hoechst 33342 in glycerol and the nuclear state of oocytes was evaluated under UV light. More (p<0.05) oocytes matured to MII stage when follicular stage oocytes were supplemented with 1 IU FSH (6.2%) compared with the control, 0.1 or 10.0 IU FSH (0 to 1.2%). Significantly higher (p<0.05) maturation rate to MII stage was observed in follicular stage oocytes supplemented with 1.0 IU hCG (7.2%) compared with the control or other hCG supplemented groups (0 to 1.5%). However, the combination of FSH and hCG did not improve the nuclear maturation rate of canine oocyte (2.4 %) compared with FSH (6.2%) and hCG alone (7.2%). In conclusion, FSH or hCG alone significantly increased the maturation of canine oocytes to MII stage.

This paper studies the structure and reliability of homogeneous s-coherent multistate system. We describe efficiency of inclusion-exclusion algorithm and pivotal decomposition algorithm for reliability calculation of 2-states system which developed in (Lee 1999) ［10］. We extend our method, applied in ［10］, to the case when components of the system are given multi-states. As an application, the high pressure injection system of a pressurized water reactor is modeled as a multistate system composed of homogeneous s-coherent multistate subsystems. And Several examples are illustrated.

본 시험은 파종량과 파종상 처리방법이 겉뿌림한 목초 유식물의 정착과 목초의 수량에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 경기도 화성군의 구릉산지에서 2년간에 걸쳐 수행되었다. 얻어진 결과에 따르면 orchardgrass의 정착은 ha 당 30-40kg 파종시보다 20kg 파종시에 유의적으로 높았으나, ladino clover의 정착은 파종량간에 차이가 없었다. 파종상 처리방법으로서 레이키질과 화인은 무처리구에 비하여 목초의 정착률을 유의적으로 향상시켰다. Or

본 연구는 갑상샘 초음파에서 K-TIRADS 분류와 K-TIRADS 분류에 따른 Different risk group의 조합을 이용한 방법이 양성과 악성 결절의 감별진단에 유용한지를 평가하였다. 갑상샘 초음파를 시행한 210명을 대상으로 하였으며, 세침흡인세포검사 결과를 바탕으로 후향적인 분석을 하였다. 갑상샘 결절의 양성과 악성에 따른 K-TIRADS와 Different risk group의 점수체계의 차이 분석은 카이제곱 검정을 하였다. ROC 곡선 분석을 통해 악성 결절의 예측을 위한 K-TIRADS 점수와 Different risk group의 최적 cut off 값을 결정하였다. 양성과 악성 결절 군의 분류에 따른 K-TIRADS와 Different risk group의 차이검증 결과에서 각각 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다(p=.001). ROC 곡선 분석에서 양성과 악성 결절의 예측을 위한 K-TIRADS에 따른 점수분류에서는 AUC 0.786, Cut-off value> 2를 나타내었으며, Different risk group에서는 AUC 0.640, Cut-off value> 2로 결정되었다(p=.001). 갑상샘 초음파에서 결절을 발견했을 때 양성과 악성 갑상샘 결절을 감별하는 데 도움을 주는 K-TIRADS에 따른 분류체계가 Different risk group에 따른 분류체계보다 갑상샘 결절의 감별진단에 도움을 줄 것으로 생각하며 K-TIRADS에 따른 분류체계를 적용하면, 불필요한 세포 검사를 줄일 수 있고, 악성 결절의 조기발견에 도움이 될 것으로 생각된다.

Background : Codonopsis lanceolata is a perennial plant of Campanulaceae and mainly distributed in East Asia such as Korea, China, and Japan. C. lanceolata has a unique taste and aroma, and it is rich in minerals such as phosphorus and calcium, and vitamin B1 and B2, so our ancestors used the plant as medicinal herb and edible vegetable. However, systematic cultivation and development of varieties have not been achieved compared to demand or high added value. The genetic diversity and relationship analysis of the plants help to increase the efficiency of breeding through genetic variation. Methods and Results : Ten species of Codonopsis plants were used as materials and DNA was extracted from each 4 individuals per species and quantified at a concentration of 10 ng /㎕. The extracted DNA was pooled by species and PCR was performed using the EST-SSR marker developed based on C. lanceolata in the previous study. PCR amplification was carried out using a denaturation at 94℃ for 30 sec, annealing at 58℃ for 30 sec and extension at 72℃ for 30 sec, repeated for 35 total cycles. The PCR products were separated in a 4% agarose gell at 100 V for 40 min. Conclusion : In this study, C. lanceolata collections was determined among several Codonopsis species using these molecular marker. It is expected that the data of this study can be used as reference for genetic polymorphism analysis and related gene studies of Codonopsis species.

Background : Codonopsis lanceolata is a perennial plant of Campanulaceae with characteristic flavor and aroma and this plant has saponin, flavonoid, and inulin, which are reported to have physiological activity and antioxidant activity. In contrast, breeding or study of C. lanceolata varieties had not been done for a long time. Genetic polymorphism and phylogenetic relationship analysis of the plants by region of the crops can help the collection of genetic backgroud data for variety development. Methods and Results : In this study, we collected 26 C. lanceolata lines (95 individual plants) from 26 regions in Korea. We genotyped the collected lines using SSR markers developed in the previous study and analyzed the population structure based on the results. Population structures were analyzed using model-based STRUCTURE software (version 2.3.4) using the following parameters: Number of clusters (K) set = 1 to 12; Number of Iterations = 5; Length of Burning Period = 100,000; Number of MCMC (Markov Chain Monte Carlo) Reps after Burnin = 100,000. As a result, Of the 26 collections, were genetically grouped into 6 or 7 groups. Conclusion : The 26 C. lanceolata collections (95 individual plants) were genetically grouped but not grouped by collected regions. These results suggest that C. lanceolata has diverse genetic backgrounds and this data could be used as a basis for genetic polymorphism analysis of Codonopsis species.

Background : Korean mountain ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) are difficult to industrially apply because of its scarcity and high cost. Advances in plant biotechnology have made it possible to produce mountain ginseng on a large scale using adventitious root cultures in bio-reactors. This study was conducted to develop a cosmetic emulsion using ginsenoside and physiological activity - enhanced raw materials by fermentation process. Methods and Results : Wild ginseng adventitious roots were fermented with Pediococcus pentosaceus HLJG 0702 (KACC 81017BP). ginsenoside contents was analysed by using HPLC. Antioxidant activity was measured by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity and whitening effect was measured by tyrosinase inhibitory activity. After microfluidizer processing was performed to prepare emulsions with homogenized particles, particle size and distribution were measured through a transmission electron microscop e(TEM). Particle stability compares pH, viscosity, light and zeta potential. When fermented with Pediococcus pentosaceus HLJG 0702, the highest change rates of Rg3, Rk1 and Rg5 were shown and the antioxidant activity was increased. The whitening effect was 73.2 ± 0.9% when treated at 100 ㎍/㎖, 1.5 times higher than the control. The optimum particle size and distribution were shown to be 418.0 ± 14.9 ㎚ for 6 times treatment with 0 - 10 times microfluidizer treatment. Stability was about 3% in pH, viscosity and light test. the zeta potential was found to be homogeneous at –33.33 mV. Conclusion : Pediococcus pentosaceus HLJG 0702 Fermented Wild ginseng adventitious roots were found to have effective ingredients and improved physiological activity. We have also developed emulsions that exhibit optimal particle size and distribution

Background : The minor saponins produced by the hydrolysis of a major saponins sugar. The minor saponins has high absorption and efficacy compared to major saponin. The acid treatment, heat treatment and fermentation with minor saponin research has been actively conducted. This study was performed in order to investigate the bioconversion of ginsenoside Rg5 of fermented wild ginseng adventitious roots by using lactic acid bacteria. Methods and Results : 20g adventitious roots of ginseng was added to water (10-fold v/w). 10% (v/v) of lactic acid bacteria (Pediococcus pentosaceus HLJG0702[KACC 81017BP]) were inoculated with wild ginseng adventitious roots. For the fermentation process the inoculated samples were transferred to culture room for 1, 3 and 5 days. The fermented samples were dried at room temperature and extracted with 70% ethanol. Extract was concentrated completely at 50 ℃ and Rg5 was analysed by using HPLC. Results showed no significant difference the dry weight of non-fermented and fermented wild ginseng adventitious roots. During the fermentation process, the pH changed from 5.7 to 4.2. HPLC analysis showed higher ginsenoside Rg5 (39.588 mg/g) at 3 days. Conclusion : The fermentation of ginseng root can increase the Rg5 contents and minor saponin composition. This process may be used to enhance the minor saponin thereby increasing in fermented property of wild ginseng adventitious roots.

Background : Codonopsis lanceolata is a flowering perennial climber. The roots are used as medicinal materials or vegetables. C. lanceolata is distributed in India and East Asia such as China, Japan as well as Korea. Recently, demand for C. lanceolata is increasing as a healthy food. In South Korea, this plant is widely cultivated in Gangwon-do province. Although, C. lanceolata is one of the most important medicinal plants in Korea, an elite, inbred line or a variety has not been developed yet. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker is a powerful tool for analysis of genetic relationships. In addition, it is a useful tool for studying the non-reference plant genome, due to its even distribution throughout the genome, as well as its high polymorphism between individuals. Methods and Results : We constructed microsatellite-enrichment libraries using C. lanceolata genomic DNA, and obtained a total of 226 non-redundant contig sequences. Routine PCR was performed using gDNA as templates for the polymorphic markers screening. Finally, total 15 polymorphic SSR markers based on C. lanceolata genomic sequences were successfully developed. These markers were applied to 53 C. lanceolata collected from Korea. 103 alleles of the 15 SSR markers ranged from 3 to 19 alleles at each locus, with an average of 6.87. The average of observed heterozygosity and genetic diversity were 0.42 and 0.62, respectively. The average of polymorphism information content (PIC) value was 0.57. The genetic distance value ranged from 0.73 to 0.93, and there was no observed distinct group according to the collecting areas. Conclusion : We developed 15 novel SSR markers from C. lanceolata genomic sequences for further genetic studies. Also, we concluded that the lineage of C. lanceolata collected in Korea has not been established systematically.

Background : Platycodon grandiflorum is a perennial plant and a member of Campanulaceae family. Since ancient times, they have been using P. grandiflorum as an important medicinal plant in Korea. Platycodin D is the most abundant saponin derived from P. grandiflorum and pharmacologically active component. Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are important enzymes in the saponin biosynthesis. CYP is, in general, the terminal oxidase enzymes and essential roles in saponin biosynthesis pathway by hydroxylation or oxidaition of triterpene skeletons. Methods and Results : We tried to identify CYP genes related to saponin biosynthesis of P. grandiflorum through RNA-seq analysis. The sequencing was performed using Illumina Hi-Seq platform after cDNA library preparation. The produced reads were assembled using CLC Genomics Workbench software (CLC Bio, Inc.). We obtained 122,663 contigs and found 191 putative CYP genes. Familes of CYP716, CYP708, CYP93 and CYP51 were selected as putative saponin biosynthesis related gene families using phylogenetic relationship analysis. Conclusion : The results in this study could help to find the CYPs related to saponin biosynthesis pathway of P. grandiflorum.

Background : This study was carried out to survey the effect of IBA (indole-3-butric acid) concentration on root development characteristics in Viburnum dilatatum cuttings. Methods and Results : The cuttings were collected on July 28, 2016 from plants growing in Korea National Arboretum. Cuttings were treated with different IBA concentrations [0 (control), 10, 100, 1000, 2000 ㎎⋅L-¹] for 10 seconds. Rooting parameters (root number, the longest root length, root fresh weight, root dry weight, rooting percentage, and survival rate) were observed at 8 weeks after cuttings. Rooting percentage was 43, 33, 17, 47, and 40 % at 0, 10, 100, 1000, and 2000 ㎎⋅L-¹ of IBA, respectively. Root number (13.4) was highest under 1000 ㎎⋅L-¹ IBA. Root length (9.4 ㎝) and Root weight (fresh and dry) were highest under 1000 ㎎⋅L-¹ IBA. Conclusion : According to the results, 1000 ㎎⋅L-¹ IBA was the best treatment for increasing percentage rooting percentage and other root development characteristics of V. dilatatum cuttings.

Background : Medicinal crop has been used in the traditional Asian medicinal methods. From ancient times, various kinds of medicinal crop are being cultivated in East Aisa including Korea, China and Japan. In Korea, they used a variety of medicinal plants in folk medicine and oriental medicine since ancient times. Molecular markers can be widely used in a variety of settings such as effective-loci estimation, genetic-diversity characterization, allelic-effect studies, gene-flow studies, quantitative-trait locus (QTL) mapping, and evolutionary studies. The genetic analyses of crops require large numbers of useful molecular markers for genetic or QTL identification, comparative mapping and breeding. Studying the genetic diversity and genetic relationship of crops can assist breeders. Crop genetics within a breeding program enable the economic and effective cultivar development. We tried to develop a variety of molecular markers from Angelica gigas genomic sequences for genetic studies and breeding. Methods and Results : A. gigas resources cultivated in Republic of Korea were collected. Fresh leaves were ground with liquid nitrogen and gDNA was extracted using a DNeasy Plant Mini kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA). We sequenced the whole genomes of five A. gigas accessions using Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform and identified genomic Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) and InDel markers. DNA amplification was conducted using the PCR system (Bio-Rad T-100 Thermal Cycler). PCR products were separated by capillary electrophoresis on the ABI 3730 DNA analyzer (Applied Biosystems) and Fragment analyzer automated CE system (Advanced Analytical Technologies, Ankeny, IA, USA). Conclusion : We developed novel SSR and InDel markers from A. gigas genomic sequences for further genetic studies and breeding.

Aerosols play the important role as scatter or absorb solar radiation, which consequently modies the radiative balance of the atmosphere. Aerosol and its eects, especially its indirect eects, on climate have drawn increasing attention in recent years. Understanding of interactions of aerosols and climate is important to better prediction of future climate change. In this study, the direct and indirect effect of fossil fuel organic carbon aerosol (OC) and its impacts on the climate during the period of the early of 20th century (1901~1920) and the end of 20th century (1986~2005) were investigated. we examine changes in aerosol emission during 20th century. Using HadGEM2-AO (Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model version 2, Atmosphere and Ocean), historical experiments are carried out with and without anthropogenic aerosol emissions (HIST, FIXA) from 1860 to 2005. Fossil fuel organic carbon aerosol (OCFF) emission xed at 1860 is added. Due to the large emission of OC, thick optical depth of the OC appears over Asia, western Europe and eastern north America. e direct eect due to increasing OC influences negative radiative effect at the surface, which leads to a cooling effect on the surface. The OC shows direct eect and indirect eect as well. e variation of total amount of clouds are aected by the OC aerosols emission.

This study describes results on sexual maturation and characteristics of natural spawned eggs to develop a method for the production of stable, healthy fertilized eggs from captive-reared yellowtail kingfish, Seriola lalandi. A total of 59 yellowtail kingfish were captured off the coast of Jeju Island, after which the broodstock was cultured in indoor culture tank (100 m3) until they were 6.1–14.9 kg in body weight. As part of the rearing management for induced sex maturation, the intensity of illumination was maintained at 130 lux. The photoperiod (light/dark; L/D) was set to a 12 L/12 D from October 2013 to January 2014, and 15 L/9 D from February 2014 to June 2014. Feeds comprised mainly EP (Extruded Pellets), with squid cuttlefish added for improvement of egg quality, and was given from April to June 2014. The first spawning of yellowtail kingfish occurred in May 3, 2014, at a water temperature of 17.0°C. Spawning continued until June 12, 2014, with the water temperature set at 20.5°C. Time of spawning was 26 times at this period. The total number of eggs that spawned during the spawning period was 4,449×103. The buoyant rate of spawning eggs and fertilization rate of buoyant eggs during the spawned period were 76.1% and 100%, respectively. The diameters of the egg and oil globule were 1.388 ± 0.041 mm and 0.378 ± 0.029 mm, respectively, which was higher in early eggs than in those from late during the spawned period.

Background : Platycodon grandiflorum is a perennial plant and a member of Camanulaceae family. Since ancient times, they have been using P. grandiflorum as an important medicinal plant in Korea. Platycodin D is the most abundant saponin derived from P. grandiflorum and pharmacologically active component. UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) are important enzymes in the saponin biosynthesis. UGT is a glycosyltransferase and act on the final step of the secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Methods and Results : We tried to identify UGT genes related to saponin biosynthesis of P. grandiflorum through RNA-seq analysis. The sequencing was performed using Illumina Hi-Seq platform after cDNA library preparation. The produced reads were assembled using CLC Genomics Workbench software (CLC Bio, Inc.). We obtained 122,663 contigs and found 137 putative UGT genes. Familes of UGT71, UGT73, and UGT74 were selected as putative saponin biosynthesis related gene families using phylogenetic relationship analysis. qPCR condition about UGT73 is preheating 94℃ 180 sec, denaturation 94℃ 60 sec, annealing 53℃ 60 sec, extension 72℃ 90 sec, final extension 72℃ 600 sec, 45 cycles repeated. Conclusion : The results in this study could help to find the UGTs related to saponin biosynthesis pathway of P. grandiflorum.

Background : Clematis trichotoma is a deciduous climber belonging to the family Ranunculaceae. This study was carried out to survey the effect of shading levels on growth characteristics in Clematis trichotoma seedling. Methods and Results : Seeds were collected from plants growing in the Mt. Kariwang Jeongseon, Gangwon-do in October 2013, and they were sown to 96 cell plug tray filled with Peatmoss (TKS-2) soil at March, 2015. The experiment was performed with four different shading levels (0, 30, 60, 90%) at July, 2015. According to the experiment, plant height was the highest under 90% of shading. It was found that fresh weight and dry weight of clematis trichotoma were the highest under 90% of shading. The leaf number was the highest under 30% of shading. The leaf number decreased as the shading level increased. Root number and length were the highest under 90% of shading. Conclusion : According to the results, Clematis trichotoma seedling showed the highest growth under 90% shading.

Background : Scrophularia koraiensis is a herbaceous perennials belonging to the family Scrophulariaceae. This study was carried out to survey the effect of soil types on growth characteristics in Scrophularia koraiensis seedling. Methods and Results : Seeds were collected from plants growing in the Mt. Kariwang Jeongseon, Gangwon-do in September 2014, and they were sown to 128 cell plug tray filled with Peatmoss (TKS-2) soil at March, 2015. The experiment was performed with four different soil types (Peatmoss, Peatmoss + Perlite, Peatmoss + Granite soil, Commercial soil). According to the experiment, stem diameter was the highest under commercial soil. The leaf width and length were the highest under commercial soil. Main root diameter and lengh were the highest under commercial soil. Conclusion : According to the results, Scrophularia koraiensis seedling showed the highest growth in commercial soil.

Background : Scrophularia koraiensis is a herbaceous perennials belonging to the family Scrophulariaceae. This study was carried out to survey the effect of LED on root develop characteristics in Scrophularia koraiensis seedling. Methods and Results : Seeds were collected from plants growing in the Mt. Kariwang Jeongseon, Gangwon-do in September 2014, and they were sown to 128 cell plug tray filled with Peatmoss (TKS-2) soil at March, 2015. The experiment was performed with three different LED (Blue, Red, Blue + Red) at July, 2015. Morphological characteristics of root (total root length, root projet area, root surface area, root diameter and root volume) were analyzed with WinRHIZO software. Seedling root growth of scrophularia koraiensis was surveyed to be the highest at the Blue + Red LED in all measuring. Total root length was measured high in the order of Blue + Red, Red, Blue LED. Conclusion : According to the results, Scrophularia koraiensis seedling showed the highest root growth in Blue + Red LED.

Background : Angelica gigas is a monocarpic biennial or short lived perennial plant. A. gigas, also called Dang Gui or Korean Angelica, is a major medicinal herb used in Asian countries such as Korea, Japan and China. In Korea, we are using the roots of A. gigas, but, they are using Angelica sinensis in China and Angelica acutiloba in Japan to obtain many active constituents. The biggest problem in the using of A. gigas would be the confusion with A. acutiloba or A. sinensis. These three plants can't be distinguished by appearance. And the constituent ratios of the three plants are different. This confusion can cause an accident or the pharmaceutical effects do not meet the expectations. In this study, we developed chloroplast SSR markers that can distinguish A. gigas, A. acutiloba and A. sinensis. Methods and Results : We collected A. gigas, A. acutiloba and A. sinensis. and extrated DNA using CTAB method. The DNA was diluted to 10 ng/㎕ and kept -20℃. We designed the primer sets using CLC Main Workbench based on chloroplast DNA SSR region of A. gigas. PCR were performed on the three angelica plant samples (in 5 repeat). Conclusion : We made five primer sets from five SSR regions of A. gigas cpDNA. All of the primer sets amplified the amplicon effectively. Two of the 5 primer sets had polymorphism. We can distinguish A. gigas, A. acutiloba, and A. sinensis using the 2 primer sets