The bean bug, Riptortus pedestris, is one of the important pest of soybean, apple, and sweet persimmon. Since its aggregation pheromone was identified, monitoring and controlling the pest by using aggregation pheromone have been developed. Aggregation pheromone of R. pedestris is comprised of (E)-2-hexenyl (E)-2- hexenoate (E2HE2H), (E)-2-hexenyl (Z)-3-hexenoate (E2HZ3H), tetradecyl isobutyrate, and octadecyl isobutyrate. For developing more facile synthetic method, Steglich esterification was applied for syntheisis of E2HE2H and E2HZ3H under various conditions. E2HE2H and E2HZ3H were prepared in a single step with (E)-2-hexenoic acid for E2HE2H and (Z)-3-hexenoic acid for E2HZ3H, and (E)-2-hexenol in aprotic solvents (CH2Cl2, diethyl ether and toluene). Yields of E2HE2H was 59.7-77.3%, 56.1-57.7% and 75.6-77.6% under CH2Cl2, diethyl ether and toluene solvent systems, respectively (purity: 92.8-97.0%). Yield of E2HZ3H was 87.2-90.8% under CH2Cl2 condition (purity: 96.2-97.0%). The applied Steglich esterification method gave as same yield as previously reported method and saved time and cost.

Role of flavonoids in plant against herbivores is well known. Many studies showed that flavonoids are deterrent or have anti-feeding effects to herbivores. In this study phenolic compounds were analyzed as defense materials to brown planthopper (BPH) feeding in four rice varieties using HPLC. Two of them, Chunambyeo and Nackdongbyeo, are BPH-susceptible, and the other two, Chungmo-1006 and Hanambyeo, are BPH-resistant. Changes in flavonoids were investigated by the function of damage period by BPH, Twelve flavonoids were characterized in the four varieties damaged by BPH. Among those flavonoids, apigenin and qurecetin were significantly higher in Chungmo-1006 damaged by BPH. Thus, resistance of Chungmo-1006 to BPH may be attributed to the increase of the two flavonoids contents.

The Laodelphax striatellus(SBPH) (Homoptera:Delphacidae) is a major rice insect pest in Asia. It brings the indirect damage by transmitting Rice Stripe Virus (RSV) and Rice Black-Streaked Dwarf Virus (RBSDV). Molecular markers for genetics studies will be very helpful for dynamics of SBPH and viruses. For surveying genetic variation among populations of SBPH by microsatellite analyses, we used an enrichment strategy to develop microsatellite markers from SBPH. Eight polymorphic microsatellite loci were selected to characterize genetic structuring of SBPH populations.

The Laodelphax striatellus(SBPH: Small Brown Plant Hopper) is known to be not overwintering in South Korea and migrate from China to Korea every year by now, but these days many evidence support the possibility of SBPH overwintering. These insects do considerable damage to the rice production in Korea. If they will come from China, identification of origin of migration is very important to make countermeasure against SBHP outbreak. So we want to know exact the route of long-distance migration of them. In this study, we have developed some microsatellite markers for basic population genetic analysis of SBPH. We will show the genetic characteristics of them

본 연구는 경남 진주에서 여름철에 풀숲에서 아름다 운 소리를 들려주는 정서곤충의 한 종류인 여치 (Gampsocleis sedakovi abscura Walker)에 관한 생 활사를 3년간 (2005~2007)에 조사한 결과이다. 여치는 1년에 1세대 발생하며, 성충의 몸길이는 암컷이 60 ㎜ 정도이며 수컷은 50 ㎜정도이었다. 몸의 색깔은 녹색 또는 암갈색의 두 종류가 있었다. 땅 속에서 알 상태로 월동하며, 야외에서 3월 상순부터 약충을 볼 수 있었으 며 성충의 우화 최성기는 7월 상순이었다. 야외에서 알 기간이 269일, 약충기간이 88일로 성충이 되기까지 357 일이 걸렸다. 3년간 평균 산란기간은 63일이었고, 산란 수는 평균 94개였다. 평균수명은 암컷이 90일, 수컷이 82일이었으며, 성비는 암컷이 52%이었다. 일일 중 성충 의 우화는 오전 8시에서 10시 사이가 가장 많았다.

The Nilaparvata lugesn(BPH) and Laodelphax striatellus(SBPH) are major insect pests of rice in Korea. These BPHs migrate from China to Korea, but we have not exactly known about the route of long-distance migration of them. Molecular markers including microsatellite will be critical to asses gene flow in relation to geographical distance. In our work several microsatellite markers were developed for basic population genetic analysis of BPH and SBPH. Among each 21 microsatellite markers in BPH and SBPH, we could select 6 markers for BPH and 2 markers for SBPH as putative markers for analysis of population genetics. Others are further investigated for the possibility as markers. Development of polymorphic microsatellite loci are final stage of our work. But for good microsatellite markers to population genetics, we should do more experiments. Our work for development of microsatellites should facilitate the study of future population genetics of BPH and SBPH, and eventually elucidate the route of BPH and SBPH migration to Korea.

An attempt was made to stimulate future research by providing exemplary information, which would integrate published knowledge to solve specific pest problem caused by resistance. This review was directed to find a way for delaying resistance development with consideration of chemical(s) nature, of mixture, rotation, or mosaics, and of insecticide(s) compatible with the biological agents in integrated pest management (IPM). The application frequency, related to the resistance development, was influenced by insecticide activity from potentiation, residual period, and the vulnerability to resistance development of chemical, with secondary pest. Chemical affected feeding, locomotion, flight, mating, and predator avoidance. Insecticides with negative cross-resistance by the difference of target sites and mode of action would be adapted to mixture, rotation and mosaic. Mixtures for delaying resistance depend on each component killing very high percentage of the insects, considering allele dominance, cross-resistance, and immigration and fitness disadvantage. Potential disadvantages associated with mixtures include disruption of biological control, resistance in secondary pests, selecting very resistant population, and extending cross-resistance range. The rotation would use insecticides in high and low doses, or with different metabolic mechanisms. Mosaic apply insecticides to the different sectors of a grid for highly mobile insects, spray unrelated insecticides to sedentary aphids in different areas, or mix plots of insecticide-treated and untreated rows. On the evolution of pest resistance, selectivity and resistance of parasitoids and predator decreased the number of generations in which pesticide treatment is required and they could be complementary to refuges from pesticides To enhance the viability of parasitoids, the terms on the insecticides selectivity and factors affecting to the selectivity in field were examined. For establishment of resistant parasitoid, migration, survivorship, refuge, alternative pesticides were considered. To use parasitoids under the pressure of pesticides, resistant or tolerant parasitoids were tested, collected, and/or selected. A parasitoid parasitized more successfully in the susceptible host than the resistant. Factors affecting to selective toxicity of predator are mixing mineral oil, application method, insecticide contaminated prey, trait of individual insecticide, sub-lethal doses, and the developmental stage of predators. To improve the predator/prey ratio in field, application time, method, and formulation of pesticide, reducing dose rate, using mulches and weeds, multicropping and managing of surroundings are suggested. Plant resistance, predator activity, selective insect growth regulator, and alternative prey positively contributed to the increase of the ratio. Using selective insecticides or insecticide resistant predator controlled its phytophagous prey mites, kept them below an economic level, increased yield, and reduced the spray number and fruits damaged.

VapormateTM, the new gas formation of ethyl formate(EF) with carbon dioxide, is an MB(methyl bromide) alternative fumigant for grains and perishable commodities especially to control quarantine pest. To gain systematic efficacies of VapormateTM, vaporized gases in Tedlar bag were collected from liquefied gases in cylinder. Vaporized gases were used for collecting efficacy data to Tetranychus urticae, two-spotted spider mite, for 6hr at 26± 1℃. When applied 25, 51, 77 and 102 ml/L of vaporized gas for 6hr, mortality of T. urticae female adult were 83.3, 97.8, 100, and 100%, respectively, at 24hr after fumigation. Also, at 77 and 102 ml/L of vaporized gas for 4hr treatment at 26± 1℃, the mortality of T. urticae female was 96.7 and 97.8%, respectively. This preliminary result may help to understand further scaled-up VapormateTM fumigation applied with different type of commodities.