This study aims to verify the impact of a metaverse-based safety education program on the fire safety awareness of elementary school students. Utilizing the National Fire Agency's 119 metaverse program, an educational program was implemented for two months, and the experimental group was examined using paired-sample t-tests, while comparisons with the control group were made using independent-sample t-tests. The results revealed statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups in the area of fire prevention. Although no statistically significant differences were observed over time within each group, the overall average scores for the entire class improved across all areas. Based on these findings, the effectiveness of metaverse-based safety education is suggested; however, a significant difference compared to traditional education was not detected. The study concludes by exploring implications for considerations in the implementation of metaverse safety education in the future.

This study aims to understand the current status of exemptions for traffic accidents during the return of emergency vehicles and to provide suggestions for improvement. A survey was conducted on 3,500 firefighters to investigate the perception of traffic accidents during the return of emergency vehicles, and responses from 505 participants were analyzed. Based On the demographic characteristics and perception of the participants, frequency analysis and variance analysis were used as research methods to analyze basic statistics and the current situation. The results showed that firefighters have concerns and anxieties about traffic accidents during the return of emergency vehicles, and the need for applying exemptions and enacting explicit legal provisions was statistically confirmed. Based on these results, we suggest a policy for exemptions to improve the preparation for re-deployment and to alleviate the concerns and anxieties of firefighters.

In school safety education, it was difficult to apply how to link the safety education according to grades year, and student’s interest was reduced due to the repetition of existing safety education contents and the absence of new teaching methods and tools. In this study, as a new type of safety education, a performance forms fire safety education program was developed. This program aims to increase students’ interest and satisfaction in safety education, and to this end, it was connect with korean elementary science curriculum and combined various engineering teaching materials or tools and methods. Developed program was applied to 2,231 students, 25 schools in 10 regions of Gyeonggi-do and surveyed 476 fifth and sixth grade students program satisfaction and 3 factors of interest in fire safety education who could respond to the survey. As a result of applying the program, more than 90% of students responded more than 'satisfied' in all areas. and statistical test(independent t-test and non-parametric test) indicates over-all satisfaction and interest factors in the program are high regardless of gender and grade, so the effectiveness can be guessed indirectly and there is a universal applicability also. Moreover, examining the influence of student interest level in the satisfaction of the fire safety program, it was found that in order to increase the satisfaction of fire safety education, students should have more fun with the content and feel interest in the teacher's teaching method or explanation.

The phylogenetic relationships of species and genera in the subfamily Nymphalinae from Myanmar were inferred using mtDNA sequence data from 608 bp of cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI). A total of 20 species in 10 genera were sequenced and used to construct phylogenetic trees. The base composition of COI sequences was 38.1% T, 15.6% C, 31.6% A, 14.7% G, revealing strong AT bias (69.7%). The sequence distance of 20 species of Nymphalinae ranged from 1.5% to 15.5%. The transition of nucleotide substitution was more common than transversion. The transition between T and C were higher than transition between A and G, and the transversion between A and T was the highest amongst other types of transversion. The phylogenetic trees were constructed using the neighbor-joining (NJ) and maximum likelihood (ML) methods and showed almost identical topologies. The results indicated that the tribes Junoniini and Nymphalini (sensu Wahlberg et al., 2005) formed monophyletic groups but Kallimini was not monophyletic group. Rhinoplapa polynice formed sister group to Junoniini clade with moderate support in both trees. The relationship of species in Junoniini was ((Junonia + Yoma) + Hypolimnas) and the relationship in Nymphalini was (Symbrenthia + (Vanessa + (Kaniska + Polygonia))). The clustering results were almost identical to current morphological classification.

This study was carried out to know some regional gene difference in carabid beetle, Coptolabrus jankowskii. There are eight subspecies in this species from Korea and it was too difficult to identify by morphological similarity. The mitochondrial ND5 (NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5) gene of Coptolabrus jankowskii from four regions of (Sangju, Daegu, Mt. Jumbong and Jeju island) was compared. The results showed the differences of the base sequence of total 57 sites and the amino acid variation of the 25 sites. The Neighbor-joining tree and Maximum parsimony tree were established based on sequence data of the ND5. In NJ tree, the Jeju area except Songdangri, and Mt. Jeombong region showed close relationship group. In the case of Maximum parsimony tree, the result divided to three separated group, the first connected group was Jeju Songdangri area and the other the Korean peninsula region except Mt. Jeombong. Others were Jeju area except Songdangri, and Mt. Jeombong region.

Pansies butterflies belong to the genus Junonia are widely distributed throughout Myanmar and 6 species of Junonia have been reported in Myanmar. Molecular comparison of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) nucleotide sequences among the species of Junonia was conducted. The nucleotides divergence of COI sequences between species were 2.9 to 7.9% and sequences identity was 92.5-97.7%. The phylogenetic trees were constructed by using Neighbour-joining (NJ) and Maximum likelihood (ML) methods. In both methods, phylogentic trees were showed identical and were revealed that all sequences of Junonia species from Myanmar were in the same cluster with those of the same species from other countries.