Background: Physical therapy has been widely studied in various fields, however, the academic trends and characteristics has not been systematically analyzed. Semantic network analysis is used as an approach for this study. Objective: To explore academic trends and knowledge system in the physiotherapy research in the Journal of International Academy Physical Therapy (J of IAPTR) Study design : Literature review Method: Semantic network analysis was conducted using the titles of 272 articles published in the Journal of IAPTR from 2010 to 2019. Results: Frequency analysis revealed following most frequently used key words; Stroke (27 times), Balance (21 times), Elder (13 times), Forward head posture (FHP, 11 times), Muscle activity (9 times). The relationship between the presented keywords is divided into six subgroups (FHP and pain, walk and quality, elder and balance, stroke and apoptosis, muscle strength and function) according to their correlation and frequency to be used together. Conclusion: The study is considered to be of help to researchers who want to identify research trends in physiotherapy.

선충포식성 곰팡이는 선충을 포획하기 위하여 다양하고 특수한 기관을 사용한다. 국내 성주지역의 참외 경작지 뿌리 주변의 토양에서 3차원 접착 고리를 형성하여 선충을 포획하는 곰팡이를 분리하였다. 곰팡이의 미세형태 구조를 관찰한 결과 분생포자병은 직립형으로 길이는 290~528 (342.8) μm으로 길었으며, 계란형의 30.5 × 20.3 μm 크기를 가진 1~3개의 분생포자를 형성하였다. 균주의 rDNA의 5.8 S 영역의 염기서열을 분석한 결과, Arthrobotrys속의 계통군에 속하였으며, 특히 Arthrobotrys sinensis와 99%의 유사성을 보였다. 형태적 특징과 분자생물학적 계통 분석을 바탕으로 본 균주는 A. sinensis로 확인되었으며, 이는 국내 미기록종으로 식물기생성선충의 생물학적 조절을 위한 하나의 자원이 될 수 있다.

The black pine bast scale, Matsucoccus thunbergianae Miller et Park, is one of the severe pest to pine forests in South Korea. In 1963, a severe pine damage by unknown causes were reported at Goheung region and it turned out that the damage was caused by the black pine bast scale, M. thunbergianae 20 years later. The black pine bast scale have been causing serious damage to Japanese black pine forests in the east and southwestern coastal area of South Korea and its distribution has been expanded. The areas of Japanese black pine forests damaged by M. thunbergianae was 4,043ha in 41 cities or districts in 2017. In males, two nymphal instars are followed by wingless preadult, the pupa, and the adult, whereas the female adult directly emerges from the second nymphal instar. According to recent sex pheromone survey for male adult, M. thunbergianae occur mainly single generation in South Korea with possibility its phenology was advanced probably due to climate change. Until now, the most effective measure to control the black pine bast scale is to trunk injection with insecticides after thinning of a damaged pine forest.

With the arrival of multimedia environment due to the development of digital technology, advertisement surrogacy type and structure are diversified. This advertising agency is a situation that requires a commission system idea suitable for changing environments. Especially in Korea, there is no legal standard of advertising agent fee. Principles such as the fee rate and the burden body of the fee that depended on this custom are also considered part. In particular, government advertisements, where advertising costs are in short supply compared to private companies, need to establish a more efficient system of subsidies. Currently, the compensation system for advertising agencies in Korea is based on commission However, there are many opinions that it is necessary to have a gross fee system that is necessary for acting as an advertising agency, and there is a strong tendency for actual global advertising companies to pursue the agency fee system. We propose the feasibility of the fee system by analyzing the commission system suitable for the multi-media environment, focusing on the commission, the fee system, etc. The results of the study show that the fee system of the domestic advertising market It can become a method that can complement the market, and it is also a direction for domestic advertising companies to seek in a market where global competition is intense. The research methodology is based on the analysis of the advertising agency fee system of Korea and the comparison of the fee system of the global advertising agency with the analysis of the structure of the advertising market in major overseas countries, , Where basic information such as surveys of prisoners are used together. This result will serve as a guide for efficient advertising by means of marketing communication using media.

We reported a new white soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera sojae in 2016. This species is closely related to H. glycineswhich has the same host plant. Morphological observations of the cyst, female, male and second-stage juveniles indicatedthat this species is differed from those of H. glycines. Cysts of H. sojae appeared more round, shining and darker thanthat of H. glycines. The distribution of this new cyst nematode in soybean field in Korea is unknown yet. In 2016, 270soil samples were collected from soybean fields and examined the existence of H. glycines and H. sojae. Total of 111samples (41.1%) contained cysts. Among them 77% were H. glycines and 23% were H. sojae. Our results suggest thatextensive researches are required for white soybean cyst nematode.

This study is the identification of root-knot nematode (RKN), Meloidogyne hapla, from strawberry in Korea using molecular analyses. Strawberry plants showed localized stunting and galled roots. Molecular analyses of COⅡ/lrRNA, 28S rDNA D2-D3 segment and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region were employed for the identification of Meloidogyne spp. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification of COⅡ/lrRNA region produced a single fragment ca 528bp. Restriction digestion of the amplified PCR products with Dra1 enzyme produced two fragments at 200 and 250bp indication M. hapla. 28S rDNA D2-D3 segment and ITS were cloned and sequenced. 28S rDNA D2-D3 segment and ITS region produced a single fragment of 1004bp and 560bp, respectively. In BLAST search in Genbank, all sequences accord with other known M. hapla. As a result, all of the RKN samples were M. hapla. This study suggests that the dominant species of RKN on strawberry is M. hapla in Korea.

The work presented in this report was a detailed comparative study of the electrochemical response exhibited by graphite anodes in Li-ion batteries having different physical features. A comprehensive morphological and physical characterization was carried out for these graphite samples via X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Later, the electrochemical performance was analyzed using galvanostatic charge/discharge testing and the galvanostatic intermittent titration technique for these graphite samples as negative electrode materials in battery operation. The results demonstrated that a material having a higher crystalline order exhibits enhanced electrochemical properties when evaluated in terms of rate-capability performance. All these materials were investigated at high C-rates ranging from 0.1C up to 10C. Such improved response was attributed to the crystalline morphology providing short layers, which facilitate rapid Li+ ions diffusivity and electron transport during the course of battery operation. The values obtained for the electrical conductivity of these graphite anodes support this possible explanation.

The objective of the study was to measure the beneficial effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculation on the nutritive value of oat silage collected from thirteen regions in the Republic of Korea. The contents of crude protein, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and crude ash (CA) were slightly lower in LAB inoculated silage when compared with the control silage, whereas inoculation of LAB resulted in increased total digestible nutrient (TDN). Higher number of LAB, but lower count of yeast and fungi indicated the effectiveness of the LAB inoculation on oat silage fermentation. LAB inoculation resulted in low pH silage, which may prevent undesirable microbial growth. The LAB inoculation promoted lactic acid dominant fermentation with marginal levels of acetic acid and butyric acid in oat silage. These data suggest that the LAB inoculation may preserve oat silage at better quality for ruminant animal production.

An experiment was carried out to determine the homofermentative activity of Lactobacillus plantarum KCC-10 and KCC-19 on the ensiling of whole crop barley (WCB). The crude protein in the silages was slightly higher in the KCC-10 and KCC-19 treatments compared to the control, but there was no significant difference between the two inoculant-treated silages. Nutrient parameters such as acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber and in vitro dry matter digestibility in L. plantarum KCC-10 and KCC-19 treated silages did not differ from those in the control silage. The lactic acid content increased in KCC-10 and KCC-19 treated silage when compared with the control silage but the contents of acetic acid and butyric acid produced in KCC-10 and KCC-19 treated silages were similar with the control silage. Further, the number of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in KCC-10 treated silage demonstrated a significant increase when compared to the control. Especially, KCC-19 treated silage showed greater lactic acid bacterial growth potential. Other microbes such as yeast and fungi were not detected in KCC-10 and KCC-19 treated WCB silages. Hence, this study suggests that the addition of L. Plantarum KCC-10 and KCC-19 to the WCB silage can improve fermentation quality for the production of high-quality silage.

An investigation was carried out to evaluate the potential role of Lactobacillus Plantarum KCC-10 and KCC-19 on the quality and fermentation characterization of Italian ryegrass (IRG) silages. The physiochemical properties of IRG silage such as crude protein content, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, total digestible nutrient and in vitro dry matter digestibility were not affected by KCC-10 and KCC-19. The pH of IRG silage in KCC-10 and KCC-19 treatments decreased compared to the control (p<0.05), while the lactic acid content in KCC-10 and KCC-19 treatments increased compared to the control (p<0.05). In addition, the number of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in the KCC-10 treatment increased compared to the control (p<0.05). The number of lactic acid bacteria in KCC-19 increased, but there was no significant difference in all treatments. Therefore, we recommend L. plantarum KCC-10 and KCC-19 as potential additive candidates in IRG silage with lots of advantages.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of joint position on the distraction distance in patients with adhesive capsulitis of glenohumeral joint. The study was conducted upon 20 adults in their 40's with the findings of adhesive capsulitis of glenohumeral joint. These subjects were subdivided into 3 groups, which were a group with neutral position(n=7), second group with resting position(n=7) and third group with end-range position( n=6). After having the subject wearing sleeveless shirts exposing armpit and lying straight on the plinth, a physical therapist with OMT qualification pulled glenohumeral joint at the Grade Ⅲ of Kaltenborn-Evjenth traction; and the distance between glenoid fossa and humeral head was measured with ultrasound. Following the application of traction, the group with resting position(.67±0.29) exhibited the longest distance between humeral head and glenoid fossa, and it was followed by neutral position(.50±0.25) and end-range position(.35±.21) in this order. From the comparison of these groups, there was no significant difference in distraction distance between resting position and neutral position; and there was again no significant difference in distraction distance between end-range position and neutral position. However, there was a significant difference in distraction distance between end-range position and resting position(p<.05). Upon application of the Grade Ⅲ of Kaltenborn-Evjenth traction, it was evident that the distance between humeral head and glenoid fossa can be varied depending on the location of the joint.

Conservation biological control (CBC) is one of the pest management tactics based on protecting and maintaining natural enemies that already exist in the crop environment. Among many appropriate practices to control pests, CBC has been considered as a sustainable means and a less expensive alternatives to chemicals. It contains an introduction of non-crop plants as shelter habitat for providing natural enemies with food sources, overwintering or refuges shelters. As a small scale experiment of CBC, we tried to intercrop six kinds of floral plants (buckwheat, red clover, Agastache rugosa, Chrysanthemum indicum, Allium tuberosum, Lythrum anceps) with napa cabbage in order to attract some natural enemies, especially parasitic wasps that could be fed on them in the cabbage fields, which is a novel way for conservation of natural enemies, but none showed significant result. For the development of integrated pest management system by harmonizing biological and chemical control, we carried out evaluating toxicity of 30 pesticides to parasitoids and investigating effectiveness of traps. With leaf dipping method for adult and body dipping method for cocoons, 12 pesticides showed under 30% of toxicity being selected as safer by IOBC. Using sex-pheromone traps for attracting lepidopteran pests showed that DBM, CAW and CL occurred less than untreated fields; 67.5%, 70.6% and 44.0%, respectively. Also, yellow sticky traps could reduce some pests; 52% for flea beetle, 62% for cabbage sawfly and 41% for Phaedon brassicae. These results are expected to give basic information to develop conservation biological control of DBM with indigenous parasitoids in the cabbage fields on a large scale in the future. Before developing and distributing a promising pest control method, we should consider whether it can be compatible with other agricultural practices or various situations around fields.

Salmonella species is one of the major bacterial agents that causes gastrointestinal disease in pigs. Natural antimicrobials derived from plants may be alternative therapeutics that could replace currently used antibiotics in the control of infectious disease. In this study, we assessed the antibacterial activity of Oenothera biennis L. extract against Salmonella Typhimurium both in vitro and in vivo. O. biennis L. extract had a strong inhibitory effect on S. Typhimurium in vitro, reducing bacterial growth by 87%. For the in vivo experiment, 16 post-weaned pigs were divided into 4 groups consisting of 4 pigs each: an uninfected, untreated negative control group; an untreated positive control group that was infected with S. Typhimurium; and two groups that were infected with S. Typhimurium and treated with either 0.1% or 0.5% O. biennis L. extract. Pigs were followed for 21 days after infection, and their body weight, daily gains, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and feed efficiency (FE) were monitored. The pigs treated with O. biennis L. extract had significantly higher daily gains than the positive control group (p<0.05). The O. biennis L. extract-treated pigs also exhibited better weight gain and FE, as well as a lower FCR and less severe diarrhea, than the positive controls but these results were not statistically significant. Our study demonstrates that O. biennis L. extract has antibacterial effects against S. Typhimurium, both in vitro and in vivo, and that these antibacterial effects may produce better growth performance in pigs infected with S. Typhimurium.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of biological membrane transfer modifier, lysophospholipd (LPLs) on the parameters from in vitro rumen simulated fermentation. Commercially available LPLs product (LipidolTM) was supplemented into experimental diets which consisted of orchard grass and concentrate diet (60:40) in different levels (0.1%, 0.3% and 0.5%). Then in vitro rumen simulated fermentation was performed. Although, a declining trend of pH was found in treatments, all pH values were detected in a range relevant to normal rumen fermentation. Gas production, ammonia nitrogen and total VFA production were greatly influenced by the supplementation of LPLs. All parameters were increased along with increased levels of LPLs in diet. As a result, 0.1% of LipidolTM is recommended based on the determined in vitro rumen fermentative parameters in this study.

사용후연료 건식저장용기의 전복사고조건에 대한 1/3 축소모델의 시험을 실시하여 전복해석에 대한 검증을 하였다. 전복해석은 전복각도에 따른 위치에너지와 동일한 운동에너지를 가지는 초기각속도를 이용하여 결정된 각 점에서의 속도를 충돌직전 모델에 대한 초기경계값으로 입력하여 해석하였다. 전복시험에 따른 캐니스터의 구조적 건전성을 확인하기 위하여 육안검사와 함께 액체침투법과 초음파 탐상법와 같은 비파괴검사를 실시하였다. 전복충격에 의하여 저장용기의 뚜껑 에 변형 이 발생되었지만 캐니스터의 구조적 건전성이 유지되었다. 시험에서 취득한 변형률과 가속도를 해석결과와 비교하여 해석 에 대한 검증을 실시하였다. 해석결과는 시험결과보다 대체로 두 배 정도의 큰 값을 주는 것으로 나타났다.

Nonhost resistance is a plant immune response to resist most pathogens. The molecular basis of nonhost resistance remains poorly understood but recognition of pathogen effectors by immune receptors, a response known as effector-triggered immunity, has been proposed as a component of nonhost resistance. We performed transient expression of 54 P. infestans RXLR effectors in pepper accessions using optimized heterologous expression methods and analyzed the inheritance of effector-induced cell death in an F2 population derived from a cross between two pepper accessions. Pepper showed a localized cell death response upon inoculation with P. infestans, suggesting that recognition of effectors may contribute to nonhost resistance in this system. Nonhost pepper accessions recognized from 2 to 36 effectors. Among the effectors, PexRD8 and Avrblb2 induced cell death on a broad range of pepper accessions. Segregation of effector-induced cell death in an F2 population derived from a cross between two pepper accessions fit a 15:1, 9:7 and 3:1 depending on the effector. Our genetic data suggests that single or two independent/complementary dominant genes are involved in the recognitions RXLR effectors. Our findings indicate that multiple loci recognizing a series of effectors underpin nonhost resistance of pepper to P. infestans and may confer resistance durability.