Tube, an intracellular protein of the Toll-pathway, forms a complex with Pelle and MyD88, and regulates a signal transduction to activate NF-κB in Drosophila. To understand the antimicrobial function of TmTube, the induction patterns of TmTube were investigated at 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 h-post injection of pathogens into 10th to 12th instar larvae. In addition, we investigated the effects of TmTube RNAi on larval mortality and tissue specific AMP expression in response to microbial challenge. Our results will provide a basic information to elucidate the immunological function of TmTube

본 연구에서는 다양한 온도 (5, 10, 15, 20, 25℃), 조도 (10, 20, 40, 60, 80 μmol photons m-2 s-1) 및 광주기 (10:14, 12:12, 14:10 h L:D) 조건에서 개다시마 유리배우체 단편의 생장 및 성숙 유도조건을 파악하였다. 암배우체 단편의 생장은 20℃, 20 μmol photons m-2 s-1, 10:14 h (L:D) 조건에서 빠른 생장을 보인 반면 수배우체는 15℃, 20 μmol photons m-2 s-1, 14:10 h (L:D) 조건에서 빠른 생장을 보여 차이를 나타내었다. 암배우체의 최적 성숙조건은 15℃, 40 μmol photons m-2 s-1, 14:10 h (L:D) 조건에서 가장 빠른 성숙을 보인 반면 수배우체는 10℃, 20 μmol photons m-2 s-1, 10:14 h (L:D) 조건에서 빠른 성숙을 보여 차이를 나타내었다. 본 연구 결과 확인된 개다시마 유리배우체 단편의 생장 및 성숙조건은 개다시마의 자원조성 및 대량양식 기반조성의 기초자료로 활용될 수 있다.

ICT 기반의 해충 이미지 전송 시스템은 담배거세미나방과 파밤나방을 예찰하고 방제하는데 필요한 효과적인 유인 해충 전송수단이다. 시설 온실내 담배거세미나방과 파밤나방을 유인하기 위하여 스마트 트랩을 이용하였다. 스마트트랩은 나방류 해충유인을 위해 성페로몬 4종 장착하였으며 유인된 해충은 특수 카메라를 이용하여 이미지 촬영이 가능하였다. 또한, 해충유인 발광트랩 처리구는 황색광을 사용한 발광 트랩을 사용하였다. 또한 대조구로 기존에 널리 사용되는 델타트랩은 한 종류의 성페로몬을 장착하여 유인력 검정에 이용하였다. 성페로몬 한 종류만 사용한 델타트랩 처리는 담배거세미나방 페로몬 루어를 사용하였고, 4종류의 성페로몬을 설치한 스마트 트랩 처리구는 담배거세미나방, 뒷날개흰나방, 파밤나방, 왕담배나방용 성페로몬 루어를 사용하였다. 실험은 2018년 6월 1일부터 8월 31일까지 함안 시설원예연구소의 13m2의 소형비닐하우스에서 수행하였으며 공시작물은 파프리카 ‘시로코’ 품종과 토마토 ‘데프니스’ 품종을 사용하였다. 나방류 해충의 유인력 검정결과 파프리카와 토마토를 식재한 온실 모두 성페로몬 루어 한 종류를 설치한 델타트랩보다 유인발광 트랩 처리구에서 높은 나방류 유인율을 나타내었다. 시험기간 유인발광 트랩의 경우 유인 포획된 총 나방수는 파프리카 온실에서 평균 97마리, 토마토 온실에서 75마리가 유인 포획되어 가장 높았다. 그러나, 성페로몬 1종 및 4종을 설치한 델타트랩 및 스마트트랩처리구는 두 개의 온실 모두 평균 5마리 이하의 유인율을 나타내었다. 따라서, 시설내 나방류 예찰 및 유인 방제하기 위해서는 기존 성페로몬만 사용하기 보다는 유인발광 트랩을 함께 설치하는 것이 나방류 유인포획에 효과적이라고 판단되었다.

The black pine bast scale, Matsucoccus thunbergianae Miller et Park, is one of the severe pest to pine forests in South Korea. In 1963, a severe pine damage by unknown causes were reported at Goheung region and it turned out that the damage was caused by the black pine bast scale, M. thunbergianae 20 years later. The black pine bast scale have been causing serious damage to Japanese black pine forests in the east and southwestern coastal area of South Korea and its distribution has been expanded. The areas of Japanese black pine forests damaged by M. thunbergianae was 4,043ha in 41 cities or districts in 2017. In males, two nymphal instars are followed by wingless preadult, the pupa, and the adult, whereas the female adult directly emerges from the second nymphal instar. According to recent sex pheromone survey for male adult, M. thunbergianae occur mainly single generation in South Korea with possibility its phenology was advanced probably due to climate change. Until now, the most effective measure to control the black pine bast scale is to trunk injection with insecticides after thinning of a damaged pine forest.

The induction of regeneration and the maturation of the free-living gametophytes of Undaria pinnatifida were studied at temperatures (5, 10, 15 and 20℃), irradiance (5, 10, 20 and 40 μmol photons m-2 s-1) and photoperiods (14 : 10, 12 : 12 and 10 : 14 h L : D). Female gametophyte fragments were maintained in active regeneration without them reaching sexual maturity under conditions of 15℃, 20 μmol photons m-2 s-1, 10 : 14 h (L : D); by contrast, the conditions for male gametophytes were slightly different at 15℃, 5 μmol photons m-2 s-1, 14 : 10 h (L : D). The sexual maturation of female and male gametophytes took place under 5℃, 20-40 μmol photons m-2 s-1, 10 : 14 h (L : D) and 15℃, 40 μmol photons m-2 s-1, 10 : 14 h (L : D), respectively. These results provide basic information for controlling the regeneration and maturation of free-living gametophytes for srain improvement as well as the cross breeding of U. pinnatifida.

The macroalgal community structure was examined at the subtidal zones of six study sites, on the Southern coast of Korea from between May and August 2015. A total of 132 seaweeds, comprising 10 green, 28 brown and 94 red Seaweed, were identified. The seaweed biomass was 80.32 g dry wt. m-2 in average, and it was maximal at Geomundo (166.94 g dry wt. m-2) and minimal at Byeongpungdo (14.52 g dry wt. m-2). On the basis of the biomass, the Ecklonia cava was a representative species, distributed widely in the subtidal zone of the three islands (Yeoseodo, Geomundo, Baekdo). Also, the Sargassum sp. was dominant at Sejondo and Hongdo. The turbidity and light transmittance was divided into two groups. The seaweed community structure of group A (Byeongpungdo, Sejondo, Geomundo) was characterized by high turbidity, low light transmittance and a lower habitat depth than were observed in group B (Hongdo, Baekdo, Yeoseodo). As the water depth increased, the biomass decreased due to the lowered light transmittance. In Byeongpungdo and Sejondo, which showed high turbidity and low light transmittance, the degree of seaweed coverage was decreased with the depth of water. The ESGⅡ ratio of the Ecological Status Group was higher than fourty percentage in Byeongpungdo and Baekdo. Community indices were as follows: dominance index (DI) 0.35-0.90, richness index (R) 7.03-17.93, evenness index (J′) 0.22-0.60, and diversity index (H′) 0.79-2.18. The Macroalgal zonation of the subtidal zone was calculated by the Ecklonia cava and Brown algal population on five islands (Byeongpungdo, Yeoseodo, Geomundo, Beakdo, Hongdo). On the other hand, Undaria pinnatifida and Sargassum sp. dominated at Sejondo. Additionally, the biomass ratio and the species richness of green algae was lower in group A. These differences in the seaweed community structure may have resulted from the effects of turbidity and light transmittance.

We had evaluated of insecticidal effect from Insecticide-treated net (ITN) that coated by deltamethrin against Monochamus alternatus which serves as a vector for Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. In this experiment, vector has been shown that rapid insecticidal effect response time within 1 hour when they were contacted with ITN. In addition, vectors were showed high mortality within 48 hours. To evaluate insecticidal persistency of ITN and whether releasing insecticide to water, ITNs were soaked in water over various time periods. Water has not shown insecticidal effect to vectors and small amount of insecticide were detected that would not be harmful to other non-target organic being such as honeybee. Also, reduction of insecticidal effect was not observed from the ITN. Taken together, our results suggest that ITN had got highly insecticidal effect to vector as well as could be applied to effectively prevent dispersal of the vector on the field.

The objective of the study was to measure the beneficial effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculation on the nutritive value of oat silage collected from thirteen regions in the Republic of Korea. The contents of crude protein, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and crude ash (CA) were slightly lower in LAB inoculated silage when compared with the control silage, whereas inoculation of LAB resulted in increased total digestible nutrient (TDN). Higher number of LAB, but lower count of yeast and fungi indicated the effectiveness of the LAB inoculation on oat silage fermentation. LAB inoculation resulted in low pH silage, which may prevent undesirable microbial growth. The LAB inoculation promoted lactic acid dominant fermentation with marginal levels of acetic acid and butyric acid in oat silage. These data suggest that the LAB inoculation may preserve oat silage at better quality for ruminant animal production.

An experiment was carried out to determine the homofermentative activity of Lactobacillus plantarum KCC-10 and KCC-19 on the ensiling of whole crop barley (WCB). The crude protein in the silages was slightly higher in the KCC-10 and KCC-19 treatments compared to the control, but there was no significant difference between the two inoculant-treated silages. Nutrient parameters such as acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber and in vitro dry matter digestibility in L. plantarum KCC-10 and KCC-19 treated silages did not differ from those in the control silage. The lactic acid content increased in KCC-10 and KCC-19 treated silage when compared with the control silage but the contents of acetic acid and butyric acid produced in KCC-10 and KCC-19 treated silages were similar with the control silage. Further, the number of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in KCC-10 treated silage demonstrated a significant increase when compared to the control. Especially, KCC-19 treated silage showed greater lactic acid bacterial growth potential. Other microbes such as yeast and fungi were not detected in KCC-10 and KCC-19 treated WCB silages. Hence, this study suggests that the addition of L. Plantarum KCC-10 and KCC-19 to the WCB silage can improve fermentation quality for the production of high-quality silage.

An investigation was carried out to evaluate the potential role of Lactobacillus Plantarum KCC-10 and KCC-19 on the quality and fermentation characterization of Italian ryegrass (IRG) silages. The physiochemical properties of IRG silage such as crude protein content, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, total digestible nutrient and in vitro dry matter digestibility were not affected by KCC-10 and KCC-19. The pH of IRG silage in KCC-10 and KCC-19 treatments decreased compared to the control (p<0.05), while the lactic acid content in KCC-10 and KCC-19 treatments increased compared to the control (p<0.05). In addition, the number of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in the KCC-10 treatment increased compared to the control (p<0.05). The number of lactic acid bacteria in KCC-19 increased, but there was no significant difference in all treatments. Therefore, we recommend L. plantarum KCC-10 and KCC-19 as potential additive candidates in IRG silage with lots of advantages.

We have identified novel ricin-type (R-type) lectin by sequencing of random clones from cDNA library of the coleopteran beetle, T.molitor. The cDNA sequence is comprised of 495 bp encoding a protein of 164 amino acid residues and shows 49% identity with galectin of Tribolium castaneum. Bioinformatics analysis shows that the amino acid residues from 35 to 162 belong to ricin-type β-trefoil structure. The transcript was significantly upregulated after early hours of injection with peptidoglycans derived from Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacteria, beta-1, 3 glucan from fungi and an intracellular pathogen, L. monocytogenes suggesting putative function in innate immunity.

Pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is associated with the pine wilt disease and transmitted by pine sawyer, Monochamus alternatus. Because pine sawyer has one-year life cycle, one natural infection of PWN is occurred a year. Therefore, artificial propagation method of PWN is needed to improve experiment associated with PWN. In this study, effect of diameter, paraffin sealing of twig and dosage on pine wood nematode reproduction in Japanese black pine, Pinus thunbergii. PWN reproduction was compared in twigs of P. thunbergii and P. densiflora. Numbers of reproduced PWN were higher with decreasing diameter of twig. Distance (5 and 10 cm) from inoculation site of PWN did not influence reproduction of PWN. Reproduced numbers of PWN were higher in the paraffin-sealing twig than non-sealing twig. Dosage of PWN influenced reproduction of PWN. Reproduction rate was the highest at the rate of 10 IJs (13.7 and 61.1-fold increasing in P. densiflora and P. thunbergii, respectively 30 days later) whereas lowest at the rate of 1000 Ijs (1.1 and 0.7-fold increasing in P. densiflora and P. thunbergii, respectively 30 days later). Numbers of reproduced PWN were more in P. thunbergii than P. densiflora.

본 연구의 목적은 토종다래의 용매별 추출물에 따른 약리활성에 대한 검증 및 효능 평가로서 토종다래의 항산화, 항염증에 대한 효과를 확인하였다. 염증 반응은 자극이 가해지면 histamine, serotonin, prostaglandin과 같은 혈관 활성물질에 의해 혈관 투과성이 증대되어 염증을 유발하고 cytokine, free radical, lysosomal enzyme 등 다양한 매개 인자가 관여한다. 자극에 의한 macrophage cell의 염증반응은 tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin-6(IL-6), interleukin-1β(IL-1β)와 같은 pro-inflammatory cytokine의 발현이 유도되고, inducible nitric oxide synthase(i-NOS)와cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2)에 영향을 받는 유전자의 발현을 자극하게 되어 nitric oxide(NO) 등의 염증 인자가 생성된다. 이에 따라 토종다래 추출물의 항염증에 대한 연구를 위해 이에 영향을 주는 인자인 i-NOS, COX-2의 단백질 발현억제 작용을 확인하였다. 그 결과, HKE > HKA > HKW 순서로 높은 효능을 확인 할 수 있었다. 가장 효과가 좋은 HKE 처리군에서 다양한 염증성 인자의 mRNA 발현량을 확인하였다. 측정 결과, HKE(2,000 μg/mL)는 i–NOS, COX-2, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α mRNA 발현이 각각 93.2%, 27.9%, 96.4%, 89.4%, 73.9% 억제되는 효과를 확인할 수 있었다. 또한, HKE의 nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κB) 단백질 발현에 농도의존적으로 유의미한 결과를 확인하였으며, 이에 토종다래의 항염증효과는 LPS에 의한 TLR4의 자극에서 NF-κB 경로의 완화로 나타는 것임을 검증하였다. 결론적으로 토종다래는 70% ethanol 추출물(HKE)의 항염증 효과가 가장 높았으며, HKE는 대식세포에서 NF-κB 염증관련 경로의 억제로 세포 내 mRNA 및 단백질 수준에서의 염증인자들의 생성을 저해하여 항염증 효과가 명백히 확인되었다. 향후 본 연구팀은 토종다래의 항염증과 관련된 유효성분의 분리정제 및 구조분석을 진행할 예정이다.

Background : Schizandra chinensis Baillon have five tastes and lately it is using a beverage broadly. Schizandra chinensis is one of the top producing medicinal plant in Korea. Mungyeong of Gyongbuk province produce almost of Schizandra chinensis. Maturity of Schizandra chinensis get 3 years and proliferation of Schizandra chinensis was not a manual. It is needed that a new cultivar has a big fruit and high quality chracteristics using processed food and beverage. Methods and Results : 105 lines of Schizandra chinensis were collected on Mungyeong, Yeongwol, Jinan. It were studied it’ characteristics especially it’s fruit trait. Fruit traits of Schizandra chinensis were researched on fruit length, fruit weight, maturity, number of fruit, male and female ratio, powdery mildew. Fruit length of Schizandra chinensis is relation of fruit weight. It were founded 15 lines of long fruit length. 5 lines were studied high fruit weight and it’s weight were 32 to 41g. Number of fruit has relation with fruit weight and high fruit weight gets many fruits. it’s numer of fruits were 3 to 41. Male and female ratio were very impotant characteristic. High level of female ratio has quantity of fruit. High level of female ratio were founded 2 lines. Finally It was selected 3 good breed lines of Schizandra chinensis. Conclusion : 105 lines of Schizandra chinensis Baillons were collected on Mungyeong, Yeongwol, Jinan. It were founded 15 lines of long fruit length and 5 lines were studied high fruit weight. High level of female ratio were founded 2 lines. 3 good breed lines of Schizandra chinensis were selected.