To analyze the synergistic effects of applying lavender aroma to a footbath, we analyzed the EEG and emotional responses of footbath, lavender inhalation, and lavender footbath in women in their 30s. Foot baths reduced wave activation, wave and wave inactivation, and SEF50 and SEF90. The foot bath activated waves by about 66% compared to the background EEG, and reduced SEF50 and SEF90 by 0.43 Hz-0.68 Hz and 3.7 Hz, respectively. Lavender inhalation activated α, β, and γ waves at a concentration of 1% or more, and inactivated θ waves. As the concentration of lavender inhalation increased, α waves increased and β and γ waves decreased. Lavender foot bath activates θ waves and α waves, and inactivates β waves and γ waves. Compared with the background EEG, the lavender foot baths reduced SEF50 and SEF90, which are the median frequencies of EEG power, 0.5 Hz and 3.4 Hz, respectively. Lavender showed a positive emotional response when applied to inhalation and foot bath. Lavender showed a positive emotional response when applied to inhalation and foot bath. When the lavender was inhaled at the concentration of 1~10% and the lavender foot bath was applied, the average preference index (API) showed 0.64~0.66 and 3.6 ± 0.6, respectively. Lavender oil has a greater synergistic effect on emotional reactions when applied to an aromatherapy bath than by inhalation. Lavender decreased SEF50 and SEF90 as the API increased. A lavender footbath was superior to lavender inhalation in both emotional and EEG responses, and was more relaxed and calming than a footbath. These results suggest that the aroma foot bath method, in which lavender is applied to a footbath, is more effective in terms of providing relaxation and calming than a footbath or lavender inhalation aromatherapy.

적색과 청색광은 식물의 광합성에 효과적인 파장으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 다양한 조합의 적색과 청색 LED 혼합광에서 자란 방울 토마토 묘의 생장과 정식 후의 생산량과 품질에 대한 영향을 구명하였다. 파 종 후 2주된 방울 토마토 묘(Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. ‘Cuty’)를 적색(655nm)과 청색(456nm) LED의 다양 한 비율의 혼합광[red:blue = 41:59 (59B), 53:47 (47B), 65:35 (35B), 74:26 (26B), 87:13 (13B), or 100:0 (0B)]과 형광등(대조구)이 설치된 생장상에 옮겨준 후 25/20℃ (주/야), 광합성 광량자속 198.6 ± 5 μmol·m-2·s-1 (12시간)의 조건에서 27일간 육묘하였다. 그 후 방울 토마토를 벤로형 온실에 정식하여 75일동안 재배하였다. 정식 전 육묘 단계에서 27일간 LED 처리된 0B 와 59B 처리구를 제외한 모든 RB 혼합광 처리의 지상부 생 체중이 대조구에 비해 높았다. 지상부 건물중과 엽면적 또한 지상부 생체중과 유사한 경향을 보였다. 줄기 신 장은 13B, 26B, 35B에서 대조구와 다른 처리구들에 비해 유의적으로 가장 높았다. 특히, 26B는 59B처리에 비 해 약 3.2배 높은 줄기 신장을 보였다. 정식 후 37일 째에 마딧수는 26B와 47B에서 유의적으로 가장 높았고, 식물 초장은 26B에서 대조구와 59B에 비해 유의적으로 높았다. 가장 높은 총 과실 생산량을 보였던 26B는 대조구에 비해 1.6배, 59B에 비해 1.8배 높은 총 과실 생산량을 보였다. 따라서, 본 연구는 적색과 청색 LED 의 다양한 혼합 비율이 방울 토마토 묘의 생장 및 발달과 정식 후의 과실 생산량과 같은 생식생장에 영향에 중요한 요소임을 제시한다.

An experimental investigation is performed to study the effect of jet to plate spacing and low Reynolds number on the local heat transfer distribution to normally impinging submerged circular air jet on a smooth and flat surface. A single jet from a straight circular nozzle of length to diameter ratio(l/d) of 83 is tested. Reynolds number based on nozzle exit condition is varied between 500 and 8,000 and jet to plate spacing between 0.5 and 8 nozzle diameter. The local het transfer characteristics are obtained using thermal images from infrared thermal imaging technique. It was observed that at lower Reynolds numbers, the effect of jet to plate distances covered during the study on the stagnation point Nusselt numbers is minimal. At all jet to plate distances, the stagnation point Nusselt numbers decrease monotonically with the maximum occurring at a z/d of 0.5 as opposed to the stagnation point Nusselt numbers at high Reynolds numbers which occur around a z/d of 6.

목적 :본 연구는 자폐 범주성 장애 아동ᆞ청소년을 대상으로 한 실행기능에 대한 중재 동향과 적용된 접근 법을 분석하여 작업치료 임상에서 접근할 수 있는 근거중심의 중재 기반을 마련하고자 한다.연구방법 :2006년 1월부터 2016년 12월까지 해외 학회지에 개제된 연구를 대상으로 MEDLINE, Scopus, PubMed, ProQuest, Cochrane Library 데이터베이스에서 검색하였다. 검색 키워드는 “Autism or ASD AND Executive function AND Intervention or therapy or approach or treatment or training” 이 었고 최종 21편의 연구를 선정하였다.결과 :선정된 연구는 연구의 질적수준, 연구 참여자의 특성, 중재종류, 종속변인으로 측정된 실행기능 영역, 실행기능과 함께 측정된 종속변인, 측정도구 중심으로 분석하였다. 근거수준은 수준Ⅰ에 해당하는 무작 위 대조연구가 8편(38.1%)으로 가장 많았고 19편의 연구가 고기능 자폐 아동을 대상으로 하였다. 실행 기능에 대한 중재의 종류는 총 11가지로 응용행동분석, 인지행동 접근, 보완 대체요법을 사용한 중재가 가장 많았다. 종속변인으로 많이 사용된 실행기능 영역은 인지적 유연성이었고 실행기능과 함께 측정된 종속변인은 사회적 기술과 행동문제가 가장 큰 비중을 차지하였다. 각 영역별 측정도구는 매우 다양하게 나타났는데 대표적으로 많이 사용하는 도구로는 스트롭 검사, 숫자 외우기 검사, 선로 잇기 검사, 런던타 워 검사, 실행기능행동평정척도가 있었다.결론 :연구를 통해 자폐 범주성 장애 아동ᆞ청소년의 실행기능 중재에 대한 동향 및 다양한 중재법, 평가 도구를 알 수 있었다. 실행기능 중재에 대한 연구는 꾸준히 이루어지고 있으나 평가도구가 다양하고 혼 재되어 있으며 실행기능 중재에 초점을 둔 연구는 여전히 제한적이다. 실행기능 결함이 자폐 범주성 장 애의 주요 특징으로 나타나고 중요성이 커지고 있는 만큼 작업치료 분야에서도 실행기능에 관심을 가지 고 평가도구 및 중재와 관련된 다양한 연구들이 활발하게 이루어져야 할 것이다.

The heat transfer of Jet impingement is a very effective technique for exchanging high heat fluxs between a heated plate and a fluid. The purpose of current investigation is to carry out the experiment in order to study heat transfer characteristics between a vertical round water jet and a horizontal surface for different flow rates and geometric conditions. The effect of flow rates on heat transfer were investigated. The data obtained in this study are represented in terms of Nusselt number as a function of Reynolds and Peclet numbers. The correlation for the Nusselts number in terms of the Peclet number and  was obtained. The proposed correlation predicts the current data of heat transfer very well.

The aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) are ancient house-keeping enzymes that catalyze the ligation of tRNAs to their cognate amino acids in the first step of protein synthesis. During the evolution of higher eukaryotes, cytoplasmic ARSs have undergone significant changes including the addition of new domains that are not part of the enzymatic core. These additional regions have been found to be associated with a broad range of biological functions beyond protein synthesis. The non-translational functions of ARSs appear to be regulated by their presence within a cytoplasmic multi-tRNA synthetase complex (MSC), which is assembled through the appended domains. We recently reported that the MSC member glutamylprolyl- tRNA synthetase (EPRS) promotes antiviral gene expression through its infection-specific phosphorylation and release from the MSC. Here, we conducted transcriptome analysis of influenza A virusinfected cells. We particularly focused on the analysis of chemokine-related gene expression, in combination with chemokine array analysis against virus infection. Moreover, the correlation between chemokine expression pattern and EPRS function in response to different stimuli was assessed. The results showed that viral infection increases interferon-response and pro-inflammatory chemokine expression. In contrast, the level of chemokine expression was suppressed in interferon-γ treated cells. Thus, these results further demonstrate the previously reported stimulus-specific EPRS functions in immune responses.

It is well known that the production of transgenic bovine embryos is more difficult than the production of non-transgenic bovine embryos. We performed whether the quality of transgenic bovine embryos expressing the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) can be improved when cultured for 4 days from day 4 until day 8 after activation with epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF), and flavonoid (F) supplements. The EGFP gene was introduced into bovine IVF embryos using microinjector. In experiment, transgenic bovine embryos were cultured in modified CR1aa medium containing 10% FBS at 38.8℃ in an incubator (5% CO2, 5% O2, and 90% N2) for 8 days and embryos were equally divided into four groups [non-treated group (control), 1 μM IGF+EGF (IE), 10 μM F and 1 μM IGF+EGF+10 μ M F (IEF)] at day 4 embryos. In the result, development rate of F treatment group (41.8%) was higher than that of control (33.3%), IE (23.9%) and IEF groups (28.0%). However, hatching rate was significantly high in IE (53.0%) and IEF (65.0%) groups than in control (42.9%) and F group (42.8%) (p<0.05). The EGFP expression rate was not different among all groups (30.0~33.3%) at blastocyst stage. In comparison of total cell number, IE group (145.2±10.4) was significantly higher than control group (101.4±14.3). Apoptotic index of IE group (1.9%) was the lowest compared with that of control (3.3%), F (3.5%) and IEF groups (4.6%). This result demonstrate that the combination of IGF, EGF and flavonoid can be helpful to improve the development potential and the quality of transgenic bovine embryos.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) has caused by expression of amyloid precursor protein (APP), Tau and presenilin (PS) as known as plaques and tangle accumulation. AD transgenic porcine model is necessary for preclinical testing of therapeutic agent because of similar metabolic system between porcine and human. The objective of study was to generate AD transgenic pig by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) with multi-cistronic vector system. AD multi-cistronic vector was 6 well-known mutation on 3 AD related genes, hAPP (K670N/M671L, I716V, V717I), hTau (P301L) and hPS1 (M146V, L286P). Establishment of AD transgenic cell lines was used from Jeju black pig ear fibroblast cells (JB-PEFAD) with the AD multi-cistronic vector. The JB-PEFAD cell was confirmed on mRNA expression, protein synthesis of hAPP, hTau and hPS1 and identification of integration and karyotype. Although fusion rate was no difference in SCNT with JB-PEF AD (SCNTAD) embryos, cleavage and blastocyst formation rates were slightly lower than in SCNT with non-transgenic JB-PEF (SCNTnon-TG). Individual SCNTAD blastocysts were detected hAPP, hTau and hPS1 genomic integration which showed 93.2% (n=30) efficiency in genomic DNA (gDNA) level. It will give us a possibility to develop porcine animal model for AD study in the future.

Jeju Black Cattle (JBC) is an indigenous species of Korea and their mass production and industrialization are required for this high quality indigenous species. For production of elite JBC zygotes, selection of high quality sperm is necessary for in vitro fertilizatioin. In this study, we compared the sperm fertility and developmental capacity of IVF embryos using various JBC sperm (Bull A, B and C). The frozen semen was thawed and confirmed sperm viability and motility. In addition, frozen-thawed sperm was used for a chlorotetracycline(CTC) staining assay and in vitro fertilization. Sperm were classified into three staining patterns. The F pattern is indicative of uncapacitated sperm, the B pattern is indicative of capacitating and capacitated sperm and the AR pattern is indicative of acrosome-reacting sperm or acrosome-reacted sperm, respectively. Several kinds of JBC sperm was inseminated in 44 ㎕ IVF drop contained 10 oocytes with sperm concentration of 1 × 106 cells/ml, and then 2 ㎕ heparin and 2 ㎕ PHE (20 μM penicillamine, 10 μM hypotaurine, 2 μM epinephrine) were added. The sperm viability and motility were higher in sperm 3 species (n=8). When we confirmed sperm capacitation, F pattern and B pattern rate were higher than AR pattern in sperm A group. After IVF, the rates of cleavage and blastocyst development were higher in sperm C group compared to other sperm group. However, the cell number of blastocyst was higher in sperm E group. These results demonstrate that the use of sperm C was effective in production of elite JBC IVF embryos. Additional experimental data are required for more accurate analysis.

Allicin (AL) regulates the cellular redox, proliferation, viability, and cell cycle of different cells against extracellular-derived stress. This study was to investigate the effect of allicin treatment during in vitro maturation (IVM) on porcine oocyte maturation and developmental competence. Porcine follicular oocytes were cultured in 0 (control), 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 μM AL added IVM media. The rate of polar body emission was higher in the 0.1 μM AL-treated group (74.5% ± 2.3%) than in the control (68.0% ± 2.6%). After parthenogenetic activation, the rates of cleavage and blastocyst formation were significantly higher in the 0.1 μM AL-treated group than in the control (p < 0.05). The reactive oxygen species level at metaphase II was not significantly different among all groups. In matured oocytes, the relative mRNA expression of both BAK and CASP3, and BIRC5 were significantly lower and higher, respectively, in the 0.1 AL-treated group than in the control. Also, the mRNA expression of BMP15 and cyclin B, and the activity of phospho-p44/42 MAPK, was significantly increased. These results indicate that supplementation of oocyte maturation medium with allicin during IVM improves the maturation of oocytes and the subsequent developmental competence of porcine oocytes.

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a member of the phospholipid autacoid family and has growth factor and hormone-like activities on various animal cells. In this study, we investigated the effect of LPA on porcine embryo development. Porcine parthenogenetic embryos were treated into various concentrations of 0 (control), 0.1, 1 and 10 μM LPA (0 LPA, 0.1 LPA, 1 LPA and 10 LPA) during in vitro culture for 7 days or cultured in basic culture medium until day 4 and treated LPA from day 4 to day 7. In the LPA treatment for culturing from day 0 to day 7, there was no significant difference on cleavage and blastocyst formation rate. In addition, the blastocyst development proportion which was classified as expanded, hatching, or hatched blastocystshas was no significant difference among all groups. In the LPA treatment for culturing from day 4 to day 7, 0.1 and 1 LPA groups were presented increased blastocyst formation compared to other groups, but cleavage rate and over-expanded blastocyst formation rate were not significantly different among all LPA treated groups. The total cell number was not different but apoptosis was reduced when 1 LPA treated from day 4 to day 7. The relative mRNA expression level of anti-apoptosis gene, BCL2L1 was higher and pro-apoptosis gene, BAK was lower in the 1 LPA treated group than the control. In comparison with the control and the 1 LPA treated group using time-lapse monitoring system, 1 LPA treated embryo was accelerated developmental speed via morula compaction and expanded blastocyst. The 1 LPA treated group significantly increased the relative expression levels of gap junction and tight junction related genes, GJD1, CDH1 and ZO-1 compared to the control. These results indicated that 1 μM LPA supplementation for culturing from day 4 to day 7 post activation is efficient in blastocyst formation and LPA may be helpful for embryo developmental capacity.

Although in vitro production (IVP) techniques of porcine follicular oocytes have progressed and are well studied, the developmental potential of porcine oocytes matured in vitro remains low compared with those matured in vivo. It is well known that one of the reason occurred impair in vitro maturation (IVM) of porcine oocytes is the oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is mainly caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation formed during cellular metabolism. β-cryptoxanthin (BCX) is one of the carotenoid pigment and possesses strong anti-oxidative and free radical scavenging activities and suppresses lipid peroxidation and nitrogen oxide production. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of BCX treatment on porcine oocyte during IVM and their in vitro developmental potential. The follicular oocytes were cultured in IVM medium supplemented with 0, 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 μM BCX (control, 0.1 B, 1 B, 10 B and 100 B). In analysis of intracellular ROS expression level after IVM, 1 B group was the lowest among all groups (p<0.05), while other BCX treated groups are similar to control group. Also, 1 B group was significantly decreased during the classified oocyte maturation stage (GVBD, MⅠ and MⅡ) than control (p<0.05). In addition, the relative mRNA expression level of antioxidant gene (superoxide dismutase-2 and peroxiredoxin-5) was significantly higher in 1 B group than control (p<0.05). After parthenogenetic activation, there was no different in the cleavage rate between two groups, however, the blastocyst formation rate was significantly higher in 1 B group than in control (p<0.05). In embryo quality, the total cell number and DNA fragmentation of blastocysts were no different between two groups. These results demonstrate that BCX is helpful for decreasing ROS level of porcine follicular oocytes and improves their developmental potential.

Allicin (AL) is one of the biologically active substance in garlic. Many researchers found that AL exhibits strong antioxidant activity and considered to represent anti-aging effect in vitro. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of allicin treatment during porcine oocyte aging and their in vitro development. The oocyte was maturated in vitro for 44 h (control) without AL or 44+24 h IVM (24 h aging) with 0, 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 μM allicin (0 AL, 0.1 AL, 1 AL, 10 AL and 100 AL). The 1 AL treated group was significantly increased on maturation rate compared to the 0 AL treated groups, but the other treated groups were not different compared to the 0 AL treated group (p < 0.05). The 1 AL treated group was significantly increased on normal spindle formation and chromosome alignment compared to 0 AL treated group. We checked the effect of AL on parthenogenetic activation (PA) and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryo development using aged oocytes. PA embryos in 1 AL treated group significantly increased the cleavage and blastocyst formation rate compared to control (p < 0.05). However, SCNT embryos of 1 AL treated group were no significant differences in embryo development. In PA embryo quality, the total cell number was significantly higher in 0.1 AL, 1 AL and 10 AL treated groups than control and DNA fragmentation rate in 1 AL was the lowest among all groups. SCNT embryo in 1 AL significantly increased total cell number and decreased DNA fragmentation. The AL treatment on aged oocyte enhanced PA and SCNT embryo developmental capacity. Therefore, AL may be helpful for assisted reproductive technology applying aged oocytes.

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technique is a key point of producing transgenic animal disease models. During in vitro production of SCNT embryo, the quality of matured oocytes are one of the important factors that regulate embryo developmental capacity. In preliminary test, we confirmed the effect of fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10) on porcine oocyte maturation. In this study, we investigated the developmental potential of SCNT embryos treated with the 10 ng/ml FGF10 (10 F) during in vitro maturation of recipient oocytes. The polar body emission rate was significantly higher in the 10 F treated group than control group. After SCNT, although the rate of fusion was no significant difference, the rate of cleavage and blastocyst formation was significantly increased in the 10 F treated group (p<0.05). In 10 F treated group, the total cell number was increased and the percentage of apoptotic cell was decreased in the blastocyst stage at day 7 (p<0.1). The transcription level of apoptosis relative gene, Casp3 was significantly decreased, while anti-apoptosis gene BCL2l1 was increased in the 10 F treated group compared to control group. The 10 F treated group was highly expressed the reprogramming related genes, Sox2 and POU5f1. Also, the first cleaving time was more faster and the percentage of cell block was significantly lower in 10 F treated group than in control group. In this study, we confirmed that 10 ng/ml FGF10 has effect on enhance the oocyte maturation and developmental capacity. These results demonstrate that FGF10 treatment can be used for in vitro development of porcine SCNT embryos and subsequent production of transgenic animal model.

Jet impingement heat transfer is a very effective technique for exchanging high heat fluxs between a heated plate and a fluid. The purpose of this study is to investigate the heat transfer characteristics of a rectangular free water jet normally or obliquely impinging onto a flat plate. The water jet issued from a rectangular slot nozzle with a cross section of 1.5mm⨉40mm. The mean velocities of nozzle exit were varied from 1.5m/s to 6.1m/s. The Reynolds number range based on the nozzle gap and the mean velocity was 2200∼8800. Various impingement angles between the vertical rectangular water jet and the inclined flat surface were investigated : 90˚, 70˚, 60˚ and 50˚ . The Nusselt number is high at the impingement line, and decreases with departures from it. The stagnation Nusselt numbers were compared to predictions of several correlations proposed by other researchers. The locations of the peak Nusselt numbers do not coincide with the geometric center of the rectangular jet on the surface.

본 실험은 SCB(slurry composting and biofiltration) 액비의 방울 토마토(Solanum lycopersicum L. ‘Unicon’) 수경재배 이용가능성을 알아보기 위해 실시 되었다. 배양액처리 대조구로는 방울 토마토 전용 배양액(Control 1N)을 사용하였고, 이 배양액의 질소량(218.32mg · L−1) 을 기준으로 시판양액 1N(CNS 1N), SCB 1/2N, SCB 1N, SCB 2N을 타이머 제어에 의해 하루에 440~520mL 을 공급하였다. 31일 동안 재배한 후 지상부 생체중과 건물중, 엽면적, 초장, 줄기직경, SPAD값, 마디수를 조사하였으며, 그 후 주 1회 총 7번의 과실을 수확하여 총 생산량과 상품성 과실 비율, 과실중, 당도와 산도, 과실 의 총 페놀 농도 및 항산화도, 배꼽썩음병 발생률을 조사하였다. 그 결과 SCB처리 중에는 SCB 1/2N은 지상부 생체중·건물중, 엽면적, 줄기직경, 마디수 및 SPAD 값에서 Control 1N 및 CNS 1N과 유의적 차이를 보이지 않으면서 우수한 생육을 유도하였다. SCB는 질소 농도가 증가하면서 점차로 생육의 저해현상을 보였다. 과실의 총 생산량은 Control 1N에서 가장 높았으며, SCB 처리중 생장이 가장 좋았던 SCB 1/2N 처리구는 Control 1N 총 생산량의 47%를 기록하였다. 상품성 과실 비율도 SCB 1N과 SCB 1/2N 처리구는 약 57~58%로 낮게 나타났다. 당도와 산도, 총 페놀 농도와 항산화도에서는 SCB 2N에서 가장 높은 수치를 보였고, 나머지 처리구와 대조구에서는 유의적으로 차이를 보이지 않았다. 배꼽썩음병은 Control 1N, CNS 1N에서는 발생하지 않았지만, SCB 2N, 1N, 1/2N 처리구는 각각 약 7, 13, 19%의 발생률을 나타내었다. 결론적으로 SCB 1/2N 처리는 Control 1N와 CNS 1N과 비교해서 방울토마토의 영양생장에는 양호한 결과를 보였지만, 과실의 수량과 품질을 유지하지는 못했다. 따라서 SCB 액비는 방울토마토 시설 수경 재배에서 배양액으로의 가능성은 확인하였지만, 과실의 생산량과 상품성을 고려한다면 개화기 및 과실 비대기에 추가적인 무기 양분의 공급이 필요할 것으로 판단되었다.

Cryopreservation of epididymal spermatozoa offers a potential tool for rescuing genetic material from males of genetically elite populations. Castration, catastrophic injury, sudden death or any other event that makes semen collection or mating impossible may prematurely terminate a stallion reproduction. Stallion epididymal spermatozoa vary widely in the loss of progressive motility, acrosomal integrity, and viability during freezing and thawing. The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of (1) freezing package types on cryopreservation efficiency, (2) thawing temperatures (37, 56 or 70℃) on Computer Assisted Sperm Analysis (CASA) parameters and (3) post-thawing incubation time (0, 1, 2 or 4h) on castrated stallion epididymis. Post-thawed sperm motility ranged between 59.69% and 64.28% (56℃ and 37℃) in various thawing temperatures. When stallion epididymis sperm was frozen, straw was better than freezing tube on VCL (Velocity of Curvilinear Line) and VAP (Velocity of Average Path) parameter. Higher percentage of motility was observed at 37℃ thawing temperature even though no significant difference was observed among various temperatures. The motility, VCL, ALH (Amplitude of Lateral Head displacement), VAP, BCF (Beat-Cross Frequency) and STR (Straightness index) parameter of post-thawed sperm were significantly decreased by increasing the incubation time for all thawing temperatures. The present study showed that type of freezing package (Straw vs. Freezing tube) was not significantly different on cryopreservation efficiency. Furthermore, stallion epididymal spermatozoa frozen-thawed at 37℃ for 1 min resulted the highest proportion of motility and velocity movement. In addition, motility and viability of frozen-thawed stallion epididymal spermatozoa were also decreased by incubation.

This study was carried out to examine a molecular marker system for parentage test in Jeju Black cattle (JBC). Based on the preliminarily studies, we finally selected for construction of a novel genetic marker system for molecular traceability, identity test, breed certification, and parentage test in JBC and its related industrial populations. The genetic marker system had eight MS markers, five indel markers, and two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; g.G299T and g.del310G) within MC1R gene which is critical to verify the breed specific genotypes for coat color of JBC differing from those of exotic black cattle breeds such as Holstein and Angus. The results showed lower level of a combined non-exclusion probability for second parent (NE-P2) of 4.1202×10-4 than those previously recommended by International Society of Animal Genetics (ISAG) of 5.000×10-4 for parentage, and a combined non-exclusion probability for sib identity (NE-SI) of 2.679×10-5. Parentage analysis has been successfully identified the JBC offspring in the indigenous population and cattle farms used the certified AI semens for production using the JBC-derived offspring for commercial beef. This combined molecular marker system will be helpful to supply genetic information for parentage test and traceability and to develop the molecular breeding system for improvement of animal productivity in JBC population.

The purpose of this study was to provide basic information regarding desirable body image recognition by examining body image recognition 395 middle school students in the Chungnam area. The average age of the subjects was 13.7 years for boys and 12.6 for girls. Their average height and weight were 165.4 ㎝ and 57.1 ㎏ for boys, and 155.7 ㎝ and 48.8 ㎏ for girls. As for body shape, girls thought that they were overweight more often and wanted to lose weight compared to the boys. Over half of the respondents answered that their weight control efforts were not systematic such ad via professional counseling. Weight control by students was attempted by themselves in order to control their weight by skipping meals. Further, the subjects exhibit dietary behavioral problems such as overeating, skipping meals, unbalanced diet, and eating speed. In conclusion, correct body image recognition is needed and families and schools should make efforts to help students properly control their weight and adopt proper eating habits.