본 연구는 국내에서 실내 관상용으로 많이 활용되는 스킨답 서스의 실내재배 시 적정 인공광원, 수경재배 전기전도도 농 도 및 용토를 선발하기 위하여 수행하였다. 실내재배 시 인공 광원은 형광등, 적청 LED, 백색 LED로 처리하였다. 수경재배 시 양액 농도는 EC 1.2, 1.6, 2.0ds·m-1 수준으로 하였고, 재 배용토는 제올라이트, 코코피트, 펄라이트, 황토볼 4가지로 달리하였다. 스킨답서스의 실내 재배 시 줄기 길이는 형광등 과 적청 LED 처리보다 백색 LED 처리에서 길어졌다. 잎의 크기는 적청 LED 처리에서 형광등과 백색 LED 처리보다 커 지는 경향이었다. 엽록소 지수값은 백색 LED>적청 LED>형광 등 순으로 높았다. 수경재배 시 스킨답서스의 줄기길이는 EC 농도가 높아질수록 길어지는 경향이었고, 용토별로 비교하면 제올라이트와 코코피트에서 높은 경향이었다. 엽록소 지수값 도 EC 농도와 비례하여 높아졌고, 용토별로는 제올라이트와 코코피트에서 높았다. 스킨답서스의 생체중도 EC 농도가 높 을수록 높았고, 제올라이트와 코코피트에 높은 경향이었다. 상기 결과들을 종합할 때, 스킨답서스의 NFT를 이용한 실내 재배 시 적정 인공광원으로는 백색 LED를, 수경재배 양액의 농도는 EC 1.6∼2.0ds·m-1를, 그리고 NFT 용토는 제올라이 트나 코코피트가 적합하다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

2022년 10월부터 2023년 5월까지 친환경 딸기재배 농가에서 점박이응애는 칠레이리애응애와 사막이리응애, 진딧물은 콜레마니진디벌을 대상으로 하는 천적처리구와 유기농자재를 사용하는 관행방제구에서 천적의 해 충 밀도억제 효과를 조사하였다. 천적처리구에서 점박이응애 성충 밀도는 잎당 1.5마리 이하, 알은 4개 이하로 관리되었고, 사막이리응애는 잎당 최대 0.4마리까지 증가하여 점박이응애 밀도억제에 많은 영향을 미친것으로 보인다. 반면, 관행방제구에서 점박이응애 밀도는 천적 방사구에 비하여 오히려 많은 발생량을 보였지만, 3월 9일부터는 사막이리응애의 증가와 유기농자재의 효과로 점박이응애 밀도는 급격하게 감소하였다. 진딧물 천적 처리구에서 진딧물 밀도는 1월부터 발생하였으며 3월 상순에 잎당 0.3마리까지 증가하였으나 이후 감소하였고, 콜레마니진디벌은 진딧물 발생이 많지 않아 3.9마리/㎡(2회) 방사하는 데 그쳤다. 한편, 관행방제구 포장의 진딧 물은 유기농자재의 영향으로 거의 발생하지 않았다.

Silicon (Si) has the potential to improve plant growth and stress tolerance. The study aimed to explore Si-involving plant responses and molecular characterization of different Si-responsive genes in alfalfa. In this study, the exogenous supplementation of Si enhanced plant growth, and biomass yield. Si-acquisition in alfalfa root and shoot was higher in Si-supplemented compared to silicon deficient (-Si) plants, implying Si-acquisition has beneficial on alfalfa plants. As a consequence, the quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) was significantly increased in silicon-sufficient (+Si) plants. The quantitative gene expression analysis exhibited a significant upregulation of the Lsi1, Lsi2, Lsi3, NIP5;1, and NIP6;1 genes in alfalfa roots, while BOR1, BOR4, NIP2, and NIP3 showed no significant variation in their expression. The MEME results further noticed the association of four motifs related to the major intrinsic protein (MIP). The interaction analysis revealed that NIP5;1 and Lsi1 showed a shared gene network with NIP2, BOR1, and BOR4, and Lsi2, Lsi3 and NIP3-1, respectively. These results suggest that members of the major intrinsic proteins (MIPs) family especially Lsi1, Lsi2, Lsi3, NIP5;1, and NIP6;1 genes helped to pass water and other neutral solutes through the cell membrane and those played significant roles in Si uptake and transport in plants. Together, these insights might be useful for alfalfa breeding and genome editing approaches for alfalfa improvement.

The experiment aim to breed an early-maturing variety of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). It was conducted at the Grassland and Forage Crops Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Cheonan, Korea, from 2022 to 2023. The new variety named “Oasis” is a diploid with green leaves and has a semi-erect growth habit in late fall, and an erect growth habit in early spring. With a heading date of May 10, Oasis is categorized as an early-maturing variety. Compared with the “Florida80” as a control variety, Oasis’s flag leaf was 1 mm wider and 2 cm shorter, while the plant length was 7.8 cm longer. Additionally, the ear of Oasis was 1.2 cm longer than that of Florida80, and it showed lodging resistance. The dry matter yield of Oasis (8,805 kg/ha) was higher than that of Florida80. The total digestible nutrient and crude protein contents of Oasis were 64.5%, and 9.3%, respectively, which were 1.1% and 0.6% higher than those of Florida80, respectively. The neutral and acid detergent fiber contents in Oasis were 54.2% and 30.8%, respectively, which was 1.9% and 1.4% lower than those of Florida80, respectively. These results indicate that Oasis has good dry matter yield in the most of region and especially, middle and northern region of South Korea.

In this study, the process of compressing/packaging the spent filters of Kori Unit 1, which was conceptually presented in the previous study, is advanced so that disposal suitability for each step can be secure efficiently. In particular, the differences between the previous study and this study are that the disposable filters are screened using an In-Situ Object Counting System (ISOCS), and the method of collecting representative samples for development of scaling factor is specified. The process of compressing/packaging the spent filters consists of 7 stages as follows. 1) Collecting: The spent filters temporarily stored in the filter room are collected by dose and type remotely using a robot system to minimize the radiation exposure of workers according to a pre-established packaging plan. 2) Screening: The gamma activity concentration of the spent filters received by the robot system is measured by ISOCS. The spent filters below the low-level waste concentration limit and the surface dose are transferred into the compression system, while the others are returned in the filter room again. 3) Sampling: The external perforator drilling/cutting the filter was developed for sampling required for the new scaling factors. Since the sampling is collected remotely, the risk of exposure to workers can be reduced. The newly developed scaling factor will be used to verify the disposal suitability of the packages. 4) Compression: According to the pre-established plan, the spent filter collected by dose and type, is supplied to the compression system considering the dose and radionuclide inventory. Whether to additionally store the compressed filter in the drum is determined by checking the accumulated dose. 5) Immobilization: Immobilization with a safety material is necessary when inhomogeneous wastes, like spent filters, have the total radionuclide concentration with a half-life of more than 20 years is 74,000 Bq/g or more and for filling rate or non-dispersible treatment of particulates. 6) Packaging and Analysis: Waste information is labelled onto the package after the measurements of surface dose rate and surface contamination. Finally, using the drum assay system, the gamma radionuclide concentration is measured to identify at least 95% of the total radioactivity concentration of the package. 7) Temporary Storage and Delivery: The packages are moved to temporary storage in the plant prior to disposal. After establishing the plan for delivery and applying for a takeover request to KORAD, if the acceptance inspection is passed, the packages are transported to the disposal facility.

Fescues, which are widely cultivated as grasses and forages around the world, are often naturally infected with the endophyte, Epichloë. This fungus, transmitted through seeds, imparts resistance to drying and herbivorous insects in its host without causing any external damage, thereby contributing to the adaptation of the host to the environment and maintaining a symbiosis. However, some endophytes, such as E. coenophialum synthesize ergovaline or lolitrem B, which accumulate in the plant and impart anti-mammalian properties. For example, when livestock consume excessive amounts of grass containing toxic endophytes, problems associated with neuromuscular abnormalities, such as convulsions, paralysis, high fever, decreased milk production, reproductive disorders, and even death, can occur. Therefore, pre-inoculation with non-toxic endogenous fungi or management with endophyte-free grass is important in preventing damage to livestock and producing high-quality forage. To date, the diagnosis of endophytes has been mainly performed by observation under a microscope following staining, or by performing an immune blot assay using a monoclonal antibody. Recently, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based molecular diagnostic method is gaining importance in the fields of agriculture, livestock, and healthcare given the method’s advantages. These include faster results, with greater accuracy and sensitivity than those obtained using conventional diagnostic methods. For the diagnosis of endophytes, the nested PCR method is the only available option developed; however, it is limited by the fact that the level of toxic alkaloid synthesis cannot be estimated. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to develop a triplex real-time PCR diagnostic method that can determine the presence or absence of endophyte infection using DNA extracted from seeds within 1 h, while simultaneously detecting easD and LtmC genes, which are related to toxic alkaloid synthesis. This new method was then also applied to real field samples.

This study was conducted to investigate the forage characteristics of very early-maturing Italian ryegrass (IRG) three cultivars within September, 2021 to July, 2022 in Cheonan, Korea. We used three different cultivars of Italian ryegrass in this study “Greenfarm” “Greenfarm2ho” and “Greenfarm3ho” The results of heading date in this study, “Greenfarm” was recorded 3 days earlier than the other two cultivars, and its lodge tolerance score was the highest among the three. However, in case of plant length, there was no significantly difference in whole cultivars, in addition disease resistance, insect resistance and cold tolerance were not significantly different in three cultivars. The forage productivity of “Greenfarm2ho” was recorded the highest, especially the 1st harvesting of “Greenfarm2ho” yielded significantly the highest and superior to other varieties. As a result of feed value analysis, three cultivars were generally superior to overseas varieties and in particular, “Greenfarm2ho” was recorded to have excellent value because of the lowest NDF and ADF content. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in crude protein content among three varieties. In case of the monosaccharides content "Greenfarm3ho” had significantly higher glucose content than other two varieties, therefore the “Greenfarm” has advantage for preparing high quality of silage. In contrast, there was no significant difference among three varieties in fructose content.

최근 AI 기술은 하루가 다르게 빠르게 발전하고 있고, AI기술은 각 분야에서 다양하게 사용되어지고 있다. 본 논문은 예술분야에서 AI기술의 활용으로 COVID-19 상황에서 인간관계, 개인적인 이유로 지친 마음을 위 로해주는 힐링 게임을 제작하였다. 제작한 힐링게임에서는 주로 Self-help-therapy의 효과를 얻을 수 있어, 치 료자의 도움없이 이용자가 힐링게임을 통하여 일상적 이용과정에서 치유적 효과를 얻을 수 있는 것을 기대 하고 있다. 게임 리뷰 데이터를 통계 분석하여 힐링게임으로 대중들이 요구하는 부분을 수용하여 힐링게임 이 제작되었으며, 사용자는 게임 시작 전 간단한 스토리라인과 AI와 상호작용할 수 있는 간단한 대화를 통 화여 Self-help-therapy 효과를 얻을 수 있었다.

1970년대 이후 게임시장 규모의 폭발적 성장과 함께 하드웨어의 발전을 바탕으로 온라인 게임의 성장을 비 롯하여 게임 규모는 지속적으로 확장하고 있다. 대규모 자본과 인력이 투입된 이른바 AAA게임은 게임의 시장규모를 증가시킨 순기능 이외에 게임플레이의 획일화를 가져온 역기능으로도 작용하게 되었다. 이러한 시장의 반대측면에서 소규모 또는 1인 개발자들에 의해 개발되는 인디게임이 차츰 주목받고 성장하고 있 는 추세에 있다. 특히 ‘마인크래프트’의 성공 이후에 인디게임 업계로 진입하는 소규모 게임 개발자와 1인 게임 개발자들의 양도 동반 증가하였으며, 이들은 AAA게임이 가지지 못한 독특한 아이디어와 디자인 요소 를 활용하고, 크라우드 펀딩 등의 방법을 통해 자금을 조달하는 제작 형태를 띄고 있다. 인디게임은 2022년 현재 게임 플랫폼 ‘스팀’에 등록된 게임수가 40043개에 이를 정도로 지속적인 시장 확대를 이루고 있으나 최근, 스폰서와 대규모 투자를 바탕으로 한 인디게임 개발의 추세에 힘입어 소규모 또는 1인 인디게임 개 발자들의 경쟁력은 낮아지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 2020년부터 2022년까지 ‘인디게임‘ 키워드를 바탕으로 빅 데이터 분석방법을 통하여 인디게임 산업의 이슈를 추출하고 이슈와 관련한 게임의 현황과 향후 인디게임 방향성을 밝혀보고자 하였다. 연구의 결과로 2020년의 인디게임 플랫폼의 보급과 함께 시장이 확장되는 것 을 알 수 있으며, 2021년은 인디게임 보급을 뒷받침 할 수 있는 지원정책이 확산되는 현상을 파악할 수 있 었다. 2022년은 다양한 해외 플랫폼을 바탕으로 지원정책에 힘입어 지속적으로 제작되고 있으며 해외진출 을 시도함과 동시에 인디게임 산업의 활성화를 위한 육성정책이 이루어지고 있음을 알 수 있다.

Silicon oxide (SiOx) has been considered one of the most promising anode materials for lithium-ion batteries due to having a higher capacity than the commercial graphite anodes. However, its practical application is hampered by very large volume variations. In this work, pyrolysis fuel oil is the carbon coating precursor, and physical vapor deposition (PVD) is performed on SiOx at 200 and 400 °C (SiOx@C 200 and SiOx@C 400), followed by carbonization at 950 °C. SiOx@C 200 has a carbon coating layer with a thickness of ~ 20 nm and an amorphous structure, while that of SiOx@C 400 is approximately 10 nm thick and has a more semigraphitic structure. The carbon-coated SiOx anodes display better charge–discharge performance than the pristine SiOx anode. In particular, SiOx@C 200 shows the highest reversible capacity compared with the other samples at high C-rates (2.0 and 5.0 C). Moreover, SiOx@C 200 exhibits excellent cycling stability with a capacity retention of 90.2% after 80 cycles at 1.0 C. This result is ascribed to the suppressed volume expansion by the PFO carbon coating on SiOx after PVD.

Artificial graphites have been used in various applications, for example, as anode materials for Li-ion batteries, C/C composites, and electrodes for aluminum smelting, due to their unique mechanical strength and high thermal and electrical conductivity. Artificial graphites can be manufactured by a series of kneading, molding, carbonization and graphitization processes with an additional impregnation process. In this study, the influence of the process variables in the kneading and carbonization/graphitization process on the properties of the resulting carbon block was systemically investigated. During the kneading process, the optimum kneading temperature was 90 °C higher than the softening point of the binder pitch; thus, the binder pitch reached its maximum fluidity. On the other hand, during the carbonization and graphitization process, the structural properties of carbon blocks prepared at different heat treatment temperatures were examined and their structural change and evolution were closely described according to the temperature and divided into low-temperature carbonization and high-temperature carbonization/graphitization. Based on this study, we expect to provide a better understanding of setting the parameters for thermally conductive carbon block manufacturing.

Barnyard millet is a short-lived tropical, short-term C4 plant and has superior vitality in humid conditions owing to its freshwater habitat. It shows strong adaptability to soils with poor drainage and low fertility, and efficiently competes with rice in paddy fields. Barnyard millet grain is used as feed in the Indian region and is a great source of dietary fiber, proteins, fats, vitamins, and some essential amino acids. Considering its high nutritional value and its potential as a food resource and fodder crop, various countries are showing interest in cultivating barnyard millet. However, in Korea, farm households have not yet recognized the benefits of cultivating barnyard millet, and research regarding this is scarce. In this review, the features of forage barnyard millet and its related research trends are discussed, with the aim of improving interest in this crop and promoting its cultivation.